Clinical and Diagnostic Findings in Dogs Infected with Trichuris vulpis: A Retrospective Study.

Trichuris vulpis is a parasite of the large intestine of canids and has a global distribution. Despite its well-established epidemiology, the question of its pathogenicity in dogs remains debated. It has been suggested that younger age and concurrent infection with Ancylostoma caninum may be responsible for more severe clinical presentations. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical and diagnostic features of T. vulpis-infected dogs and to compare these findings with dogs infected with both T. vulpis and other intestinal parasites (poly-infected dogs). Forty-five dogs were included, with twenty-five being solely infected by T. vulpis and twenty poly-infected dogs. Only weight loss was more frequent (p = 0.006) in poly-infected dogs compared to T. vulpis mono-infected dogs. No significant differences were observed in laboratory abnormalities between mono-infected and poly-infected dogs. Only diarrhea was more frequent (p = 0.007) in younger dogs compared to adults. The egg shedding pattern was significantly higher (p = 0.04) among adult dogs compared to young ones, and there was a significant positive correlation between egg shedding and age (r = 0.41; p = 0.005). These findings suggest that T. vulpis might be responsible for both clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities in dogs, irrespective of the host's age and the presence of other intestinal parasites.

High flow oxygen therapy versus conventional oxygen therapy in dogs and cats undergoing bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage: a pilot study.

Objectives: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of high flow oxygen therapy (HFOT), and to record SpO2 and desaturation episodes in dogs and cats receiving HFOT or conventional oxygen therapy (COT) during bronchoscopy ± bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Materials and methods: Dogs and cats undergoing bronchoscopy ± BAL between January and May 2023 were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups: HFOT (HFOT group; two cats and four dogs) and COT (COT group; one cat and five dogs). HFOT and COT were started at the beginning of the bronchoscopy. HFOT was delivered with a gas flow rate of 1 L/kg/min at an FiO2 of 100% and a temperature of 34°C (pediatric mode) or 37°C (adult mode). COT was delivered through the working channel of the bronchoscope at a rate of 1.5 L/min. The safety and feasibility of HFOT were assessed, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured by pulse oximetry every 30 s throughout the procedure. Measurements and main results: HFOT was feasible and safe in both dogs and cats with no complications reported. While there was no significant difference in the number of desaturation episodes (SpO2 < 94%) between the two groups, none of the patients in the HFOT group experienced severe desaturation (SpO2 < 90%). In contrast, two patients in the COT group had an SpO2 < 90%. Mean SpO2 was significantly higher in the HFOT group compared to the COT group at T0 (98% ± 2% vs. 94 ± 2%), T0.5 (98% ± 2% vs. 94% ± 3%) and T1 (98% ± 2% vs. 94% ± 4%). Conclusion: To the authors' knowledge, this is the largest study conducted to date using HFOT during bronchoscopy in dogs and cats. Our results suggest that HFOT is feasible and safe during bronchoscopy ± BAL. Furthermore, HFOT may reduce the risk of desaturation episodes in dogs and cats undergoing bronchoscopy and BAL.

Occurrence of cardiovascular events in 168 cats with acute urinary tract obstruction.

Background: Cardiovascular dysfunction associated with acute kidney injury has been recently described in veterinary medicine, but limited information is available for cats with urinary tract obstruction (UTO). Objective: This retrospective study aimed to describe the type, frequency, timeline, and risk factors for cardiovascular events (CVEs) in cats treated for acute UTO. Animals and procedures: Medical records of cats admitted to the intensive care unit for either upper (ureteral: UUTO) or lower (urethral: LUTO) UTO from 2016 to 2021 were reviewed. Cardiovascular events were defined as development of arrhythmia, heart murmur or gallop sound, clinical signs consistent with fluid overload (CRFO), or decreased tissue perfusion (DTP). Results: One hundred and sixty-eight cats with UTO were recruited (56 with UUTO and 112 with LUTO). Cardiovascular events were reported in 61.9% of cases, including arrhythmia (33.6%), gallop rhythm (28.1%), heart murmur (15.3%), CRFO (14.4%), and DTP (8.6%). Potassium concentration, preexisting chronic kidney disease, and renal pelvic dilation at abdominal ultrasonography were associated with CVE occurrence in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: This study highlighted frequent CVEs in cats treated for UTO, with a potential strong impact on outcome. Therefore, cardiovascular parameters of cats with preexisting chronic kidney disease or those admitted with hyperkalemia or renal pelvic dilation should be closely monitored.

Survenue d'anomalies cardio-vasculaires chez 168 chats présentés pour obstruction du tractus urinaire. Contexte: Si des anomalies cardiovasculaires secondaires à une insuffisance rénale aigue ont été décrites récemment en médecine vétérinaire, ces données restent limitées concernant les obstructions du tractus urinaire (OTU) chez le chat. Objectif: Décrire le type, la fréquence, le délai d'apparition et les facteurs de risques d'anomalies cardio-vasculaires (ACV) chez des chats hospitalisés pour OTU aigue. Animaux et protocoles: Les dossiers médicaux des chats admis en unité de soins intensifs pour obstruction du tractus urinaire haut ( urétérales-OTUH) et bas (urétrales-OTUB) entre 2016 et 2021 ont été consultés. Les ACV retenus étaient des arythmies cardiaques, le développement de souffles cardiaques et de bruits de galop, les signes relatifs à une surcharge en fluide (SRSF) et de diminution de la perfusion tissulaire (SDPT). Résultats: Cent soixante-huit chats avec des OTU ont été recrutés (56 OTUH, 112 OTUB). Des ACV ont été observés dans 61,9 % des cas, incluant des arythmies (33,6 %), l'apparition de bruits de galop (28,1 %) et de souffles cardiaques (15,3 %), des SRSF (14,4 %) et des SDPT (8,6 %). La concentration plasmatique en potassium, la présence d'une MRC sous-jacente et d'une dilatation pyélique à l'échographie abdominale ont été associées à la présence d'ACV par l'analyse multivariée. Conclusions: Cette étude montre que les ACV surviennent fréquemment chez les chats présentés pour OTU, et suggère un impact sur la survie de ces animaux. Les animaux avec un historique de MRC, ceux présentés avec une hyperkaliémie et/ou avec une dilatation pyélique à l'échographie abdominale devraient être surveillés avec plus de précautions que les autres.(Traduit per les auteurs).

Idiopathic synchronous diaphragmatic flutter in a 2-year-old Jack Russell terrier dog.

A 2-year-old neutered male Jack Russell terrier dog was presented for persistent, involuntary, bilateral contractions of the hypochondriac regions of the abdominal wall that had been present for 1.5 y. Electrocardiography and fluoroscopic evaluation revealed that the contractions were synchronous with the heartbeat, consistent with a synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. Thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and serum electrolytes did not identify an underlying cause. This case report describes a rare presentation of idiopathic, long-lasting, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter in a dog. Key clinical message: Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter is a rare condition characterized by contractions of the diaphragm that are synchronous with the heartbeat; this condition can mimic a serious cardiac or respiratory condition.

Flottement diaphragmatique synchrone idiopathique chez un chien Jack Russell terrier de 2 ans. Un chien terrier Jack Russell mâle castré de 2 ans a été présenté pour des contractions persistantes, involontaires et bilatérales des régions hypocondriaques de la paroi abdominale qui étaient présentes depuis 1,5 ans. L'électrocardiographie et l'évaluation fluoroscopique ont révélé que les contractions étaient synchrones avec le rythme cardiaque, et compatibles avec un flottement diaphragmatique synchrone. Les radiographies thoraciques, l'échocardiographie et les électrolytes sériques n'ont pas permis d'identifier de cause sous-jacente. Ce rapport de cas décrit une présentation rare de flottement diaphragmatique idiopathique, de longue durée et synchrone chez un chien.Message clinique clé :Le flottement diaphragmatique synchrone est une affection rare caractérisée par des contractions du diaphragme synchrones avec les battements cardiaques; cette condition peut imiter une affection cardiaque ou respiratoire grave.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Prevalence and clinical relevance of cholelithiasis in cats: A multicenter retrospective study of 98 cases.

BACKGROUND: Cholelithiasis is an uncommon and mainly incidental finding in dogs; current literature on this topic is scarce in cats. HYPOTHESIS: Report prevalence, clinical presentation, management, and outcome of cholelithiasis in cats. ANIMALS: Ninety-eight cats with cholelithiasis. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter case series. Electronic databases from 3 hospitals were searched for cats diagnosed with cholelithiasis by ultrasonography (US). Cholelithiasis was classified as incidental (IC) or symptomatic (SC) depending on clinicopathological signs, biliary tract US appearance, and presence of another disease potentially explaining the clinical presentation. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate factors associated with clinical expression of cholelithiasis and, within the SC group, survival. RESULTS: The observed prevalence of cholelithiasis was 0.99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79%-1.19%) among cats that underwent abdominal US. Cholelithiasis was classified as IC in 41% and SC in 59%. Choleliths found in multiple locations within the biliary tract (odds ratio [OR], 8.11; 95% CI, 2.32-34.15; P = .001) or associated with US signs of obstruction (OR, 18.47; 95% CI, 2.13-2413.34; P = .004) were significantly associated with SC. Concurrent hepatobiliary diseases were suspected or confirmed in 83% of cases with SC. Forty-three cats (74%) with SC survived to discharge. Biliary tract obstruction (BTO) was negatively associated with survival (OR, 13.87; 95% CI, 1.54-124.76; P = .001). None of the cats with IC that had available follow-up (47%) developed clinicopathological signs related to cholelithiasis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Cholelithiasis is uncommon and can be asymptomatic in cats. Symptomatic cholelithiasis frequently is associated with another hepatobiliary disease or BTO or both. Biliary tract obstruction is associated with poorer outcome.

Asymptomatic Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Dogs and Cats-A French and Belgian Rural and Urban Areas Study.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are important tools for controlling rodent pests, but they also pose a health threat to non-target species. ARs are one of the most common causes of pet poisoning. However, exposure of domestic animals to subclinical doses of ARs is poorly documented. To study the random exposure of dogs and cats to ARs, feces from animals showing no clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning were collected from a network of French and Belgian veterinarians. We analyzed fresh feces from 304 dogs and 289 cats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This study showed a limited prevalence of AR exposure in dogs and cats of 2.6 and 4.5% respectively. In both species, access to the outdoors is a risk factor for ARs exposure. In contrast, the sex of the animals did not affect the ARs exposure status. The observation of the ratio of cis and trans isomers suggested primary exposure in dogs, but also in some cats. While primary exposure in dogs appears to be related to the use of ARs as plant protection products, primary exposure in cats may be malicious, as warfarin, an anticoagulant formerly used as a rodenticide and now used only in humans, was found in 4 of 13 exposed cats. Secondary exposure may also occur in cats.Our study showed reduced exposure in dogs and cats, compared to wildlife, which often has high exposure, especially in areas where rodent control is important.

Report of One-Year Prospective Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Dogs and Cats in France with Various Exposure Risks: Confirmation of a Low Prevalence of Shedding, Detection and Complete Sequencing of an Alpha Variant in a Cat.

Despite the probable zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, only limited research efforts have been made to understand the role of companion animals in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. According to recent serological prevalence studies, human-to-companion animal transmission is quite frequent, which led us to consider that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animal to human, albeit negligible in the present context, may have been underestimated. In this study, we provide the results of a prospective survey that was conducted to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 isolation rate by qRT-PCR in dogs and cats with different exposure risks and clinical statuses. From April 2020 to April 2021, we analyzed 367 samples and investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using qRT-PCR. Only four animals tested positive, all of them being cats. Three cats were asymptomatic and one presented a coryza-like syndrome. We describe in detail the infection in two cats and the associated clinical characteristics. Importantly, we obtained SARS-CoV-2 genomes from one infected animal and characterized them as Alpha variants. This represents the first identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant in an infected animal in France.

High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets from COVID-19+ households.

In a survey of household cats and dogs of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, we found a high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, ranging from 21% to 53%, depending on the positivity criteria chosen. Seropositivity was significantly greater among pets from COVID-19+ households compared to those with owners of unknown status. Our results highlight the potential role of pets in the spread of the epidemic.

Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for the detection of a feline insulinoma.

CASE SUMMARY: A 14-year-old cat was presented with a 2-week history of ataxia, seizure-like episodes, vomiting and weight loss. Serum biochemistry revealed severe hypoglycaemia, associated with low serum fructosamine and high insulin concentrations. On abdominal ultrasound, a focal hypoechoic well-defined mass in the left limb of the pancreas was identified and the presence of an additional smaller nodule was suspected. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) confirmed the presence of both lesions and revealed a third, even smaller nodule. Partial pancreatectomy was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of a multifocal insulinoma. Six months later, the cat presented with tenesmus and obstipation. A colorectal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed with histopathology after partial excision of a colorectal mass. The cat was euthanased a month later owing to recurrent episodes of severe obstipation. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION: This is the first clinical description of the use of CEUS in the diagnosis of feline insulinoma. Furthermore, the available scientific literature on feline insulinoma was reviewed.

Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 201 cases.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown an increased prevalence of positive urine culture (PUC) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD); no information is available in dogs. OBJECTIVES: To document the PUC frequency in a cohort of dogs with CKD, determine risk factors for PUC, and identify associations between clinicopathologic data and PUC. ANIMALS: Two hundred one client-owned dogs with CKD. METHODS: Retrospective, observational study. Dogs recruited from 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were included if they were diagnosed with CKD and had a culture performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. The PUC frequency was calculated, multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors, and associations with clinicopathologic data were investigated. RESULTS: Sixty-five dogs (32%) with CKD had PUC, including 8 (28%) in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1; only 8% showed signs of a urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67%). A PUC was more likely in females (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-6.37; P < .001) than males and in dogs with isosthenuria (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.24-5.03; P = .01) than in dogs with urine-specific gravity 1.013-1.024. A positive leukocyte esterase test and microorganisms found by urine sediment analysis were significantly associated with PUC (both P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs with CKD, even IRIS stage 1, have a high frequency of PUC and most cases are asymptomatic. A urine culture could be considered in the routine evaluation of dogs with CKD, but the clinical relevance of a PUC remains unknown and needs further evaluation.

Assessment of CCL2 and CXCL8 chemokines in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue samples from dogs affected with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a progressive disease of the lung parenchyma that is more prevalent in dogs of the West Highland white terrier (WHWT) breed. Since the chemokines (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) have been implicated in pulmonary fibrosis in humans, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether these same chemokines are involved in the pathogenesis of CIPF. CCL2 and CXCL8 concentrations were measured by ELISA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from healthy dogs and WHWTs affected with CIPF. Expression of the genes encoding CCL2 and CXCL8 and their respective receptors, namely (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) and (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2), was compared in unaffected lung tissue and biopsies from dogs affected with CIPF by quantitative PCR and localisation of CCL2 and CXCL8 proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry. Significantly greater CCL2 and CXCL8 concentrations were found in the BALF from WHWTs affected with CIPF, compared with healthy dogs. Significantly greater serum concentrations of CCL2, but not CXCL8, were found in CIPF-affected dogs compared with healthy WHWTs. No differences in relative gene expression for CCL2, CXCL8, CCR2 or CXCR2 were observed when comparing lung biopsies from control dogs and those affected with CIPF. In affected lung tissues, immunolabelling for CCL2 and CXCL8 was observed in bronchial airway epithelial cells in dogs affected with CIPF. The study findings suggest that both CCL2 and CXCL8 are involved in the pathogenesis of CIPF. Further studies are required to determine whether these chemokines might have a clinical use as biomarkers of fibrosis or as targets for therapeutic intervention.

Procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide concentrations in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with chronic bronchitis and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterised by an abnormal accumulation of collagen type III in the pulmonary interstitium. Procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide (PIIINP) is used as a marker of collagen type III synthesis. In this study, the concentrations of PIIINP were investigated in dogs with IPF (n=15), dogs with chronic bronchitis (CB, n=19), dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP, n=13) and healthy dogs (n=25). PIIINP concentrations in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed by radioimmunoassay. Serum PIIINP values did not differ between groups, indicating that serum PIIINP is not useful in evaluating respiratory diseases in dogs. BALF PIIINP was significantly elevated in dogs with IPF compared with healthy dogs (P=0.002) and dogs with CB (P<0.001). BALF PIIINP was significantly higher in dogs with EBP than in dogs with CB (P=0.003) or healthy dogs (P=0.022). There were no differences in BALF PIIINP concentrations between dogs with IPF and dogs with EBP or between dogs with CB and healthy dogs. These results indicate that IPF is associated with elevated BALF PIIINP concentrations. BALF PIIINP concentrations also are elevated in EBP, possibly due to secondary fibrotic changes.