Catastrophic Case of West Nile Virus Rhombencephalitis in AIDS.

West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family of viruses. It was first isolated and identified in 1937. Patients typically present with flu-like symptoms or are asymptomatic; however, neuroinvasive West Nile can lead to significant neurological impairment. Herein presented is a catastrophic case of WNV rhombencephalitis in a male patient newly diagnosed with AIDS. This report sheds light on the potential for severe neurological complications in co-infected patients and emphasizes the importance of early recognition.

A Clinicopathological Categorization System for Clinical Research in Coccidioidomycosis.

A wide array of clinical manifestations follow infection with Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii, ranging from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening pulmonary disease or extrapulmonary dissemination and meningitis. Epidemiological studies require consistent definitions of cases and their comparative clinical features. Understanding host and pathogen determinants of the severity of coccidioidomycosis also requires that specific clinical features (such as coccidioidal meningitis) and their overlap be precisely defined and quantified. Here we propose a system for categorization of outcomes of coccidioidomycosis in individuals who are not overtly immunocompromised that harmonizes clinical assessments during translational research of this increasingly common disease.

Coccidioidal Pulmonary Cavitation: A New Age.

Coccidioides species are thermally dimorphic fungi found in geographically defined areas of the Western Hemisphere. The primary portal of entry is respiratory, with symptomatic pneumonic diseases as the most common presentation. Subsequent pulmonary complications as well as extrapulmonary metastatic infection may occur, either of which may be the presenting disease manifestation. Cavitary lung disease may be found incidentally or when investigating symptoms such as cough or hemoptysis. This study aims to explore the spectrum of coccidioidal cavities and the evaluation and management in a cohort of patients seen at Kern Medical over the last 12 years.

Isavuconazole in the Treatment of Chronic Forms of Coccidioidomycosis.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection with a range of clinical manifestations. Currently used antifungal agents exhibit variable efficacy and toxicity profiles that necessitate evaluation of additional therapeutic options. Improvement was observed in the majority of patients treated with isavuconazole, with clinical failures observed only in those with coccidioidal meningitis.

A Double Whammy Pneumonia: The First Reported Case of Concurrent Neisseria meningitidis and SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia.

Meningococcal pneumonia (MP) is a rare manifestation of meningococcal disease. The MP was first described in 1907 when Neisseria meningitidis (NM) isolates were identified in sputum samples obtained from soldiers with pneumonia. Preceding and concurrent viral infections constitute a major risk for MP. During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, a significant increase in MP cases were reported in patients with preceding influenza infection. Despite the end of the last H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2010, seasonal influenza infections still pose a risk for simultaneous MP. History appears to be repeating itself with concomitant bacterial and viral coinfection amid the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Herein presented is a unique case of an elderly woman who presented with, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of possible concurrent SARS-CoV-2 and MP infections.

A Case of Concurrent Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis and Embryonal Carcinoma When Lice and Fleas Coexist.

Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is a fungal infection endemic to the southwestern United States with a wide range of clinical presentations depending on the infected organ systems. Most infections are asymptomatic. Coccidioidomycosis causes a primary pulmonary infection and when symptoms occur, they most often resemble community-acquired pneumonia. One percent of cases disseminate, typically via hematogenous or lymphatic spread. It is in these cases that more severe symptoms may present and potentially overlap with those characteristics of other systemic illnesses. This is a case of CM disseminated to lymph nodes in a 24-year-old man with concomitant metastatic embryonal carcinoma. It is difficult to identify the primary etiology for many components of this patient's presentation, including diffuse lymphadenopathy and multiple pulmonary nodules. Furthermore, the relationship between these 2 concurrent disease processes is not entirely clear. Factors that may contribute include the well-known phenomenon of locus minoris resistentiae (LMR) or potentially a shared immune failure between infectious organisms and malignant cells.

Pulmonary Giant Cavitary Coccidioides With Fungal Ball and Hemoptysis.

Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is a fungal disease that results from inhalation of spores of Coccidioides immitis and C posadasii. If symptomatic, disease primarily manifests as community-acquired pneumonia; however, additional pulmonary manifestations such as pleural effusion, empyema, and cavitation may occur. Diabetic patients have an increased risk of severe and cavitary CM. Cavitary disease may erode vasculature and pulmonary parenchyma leading to further complications. Furthermore, chronic cavities can become colonized as well and develop superimposed infections. This is a case of cavitary CM in uncontrolled diabetic nonadherent to treatment presenting with hemoptysis and mycetoma.

Two Cases of Miliary and Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Following Glucocorticoid Therapy and Literature Review.

A 49-year-old man with no significant past medical history received dexamethasone as part of his treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Less than 3 weeks later, the patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Radiological and serological testing led to a diagnosis of acute hypoxic miliary coccidioidomycosis. A 52-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was treated with prednisone for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Within 2 weeks, this patient developed bilateral lower extremity weakness. Radiology, serology, and lumbar puncture proved a diagnosis of reactivated coccidioidomycosis with miliary pattern and coccidioidomycosis meningoencephalitis with arachnoiditis. Whether treatment with glucocorticoids caused reactivation of coccidioidomycosis is discussed in this case series.

Coccidioidal Peritonitis: A Review of 17 Cases.

Coccidioidomycosis is the second most common endemic fungal infection in the United States. Prior descriptions of coccidioidal peritonitis include only single cases. We describe 17 new cases previously unreported from healthcare institutions in California. The majority of cases presented with nonspecific abdominal complaints. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for additional case series and only single case reports and reviews of single cases were found. The diagnosis was confirmed by culture or histopathology and/or serology in each patient. All patients were treated with anti-fungal therapy. This case series demonstrates that coccidioidal peritonitis may be asymptomatic or present with only subtle abdominal symptoms. In a minority of our patients, the diagnosis was established incidentally during surgery. Based on this series, the overall outcome of coccidioidal peritonitis is favorable with long-term triazole treatment. The term cure is not usually used in disseminated coccidioidal disease because of the risk of late relapse.

Postinfectious COVID-19 Catatonia: A Report of Two Cases.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are a common complication of COVID-19, with symptoms documented both during acute COVID-19 infection (parainfectious) and persisting or developing after the resolution of respiratory symptoms (postinfectious). Patients have presented with a variety of symptoms such as anosmia, thrombotic events, seizures, cognitive and attention deficits, new-onset anxiety, depression, psychosis, and rarely catatonia. Etiology appears to be related to disruption of regular neurotransmission and hypoxic injury secondary to systemic inflammation and cytokine storm. Although rare, catatonia and each of its subtypes have now been reported as complications of COVID-19 and therefore should be considered known to occur in both the parainfectious and postinfectious states. Diagnosis of catatonia in the context of COVID-19 should be considered when work-up for more common medical causes of encephalopathy are negative, there is no identifiable psychiatric etiology for catatonia, and there is a positive response to benzodiazepines.

Lemierre Syndrome in a Patient With Splenectomy Secondary to Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency, Complicated by Heparin Resistance.

Lemierre syndrome was first documented in the literature in 1936, and is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It is typically a result of oropharyngeal infection causing local soft tissue inflammation, which spreads to vasculature, and promotes formation of septic thrombi within the lumen, persistent bacteremia, and septic emboli. We present the case of a 24-year-old incarcerated man, who presented with leukocytosis and a right-sided tender, swollen neck after undergoing left mandibular molar extraction for an infected tooth. Computed tomography revealed a persistent thrombus in the transverse and sigmoid sinuses bilaterally, extending downwards, into the upper jugular veins. He was started on empiric intravenous vancomycin, zosyn, and heparin, but subsequently demonstrated heparin resistance, and was thus anticoagulated with a lovenox bridge to warfarin. Throughout his hospital course, hemocultures demonstrated no growth, so antibiotic treatment was deescalated to oral metronidazole and ceftriaxone. On discharge, the patient was transitioned to oral amoxicillin and metronidazole for an additional 4 weeks with continuation of anticoagulation with warfarin for a total of 3 to 6 months. This case report details a unique presentation of Lemierre syndrome with bilateral transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and internal jugular vein thrombosis that was presumably secondary to an odontogenic infectious focus.

Coccidioidal Hepatic Abscess in a Patient With Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis: A Case Report.

Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by inhalation of arthroconidia of Coccidioides. Forty percent of patients will develop mild and self-limited respiratory infection, and a small fraction of these individuals will develop extrapulmonary disseminated disease. This is the case of a patient with a known history of disseminated coccidioidomycosis, who initially presented for symptoms of persistent pneumonia. On evaluation, the patient was found to have a hepatic abscess for which he underwent percutaneous drainage. Culture grew Coccidioides immitis, and the patient was treated with systemic antifungal. This is a rare case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in the liver.

Coccidioidomycosis: a review.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection of the Western hemisphere that is endemic to the soil in areas with limited rainfall. Human and animal infections result with inhalation of arthroconidia. Most often, this is an asymptomatic event. When illness occurs, it is primarily a pneumonic presentation. A small minority of infections eventuate in disseminated disease. Predominately, this presents as meningitis or osteoarticular or integumentary disease. Treatment may not be required for the mildest illness. Azoles are commonly prescribed. Severe infections may require amphotericin B.

Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Presenting as Polyarticular Septic Arthritis: A Case Report.

Coccidioidomycosis a fungal infection endemic to southwestern United States. It is caused by inhalation of spores of Coccidioides immitis. Sixty percent of infections are asymptomatic; the remaining 40% are primarily pulmonary disease. In <1% of infections, dissemination can occur. Dissemination usually affects those with impaired cellular immunity and pregnant women, and can involve bones, joints, meninges, and skin. We present the case of a 29-year-old Hispanic male who presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of pain and swelling of right wrist and ankle as well as left knee for 2 months. He was referred to rheumatology clinic but returned to the ED as he developed spontaneous purulent drainage from his wrist. In the ED, an arthrocentesis of 2 of the joints showed total nucleated cells of 520 000/cm2 and 90 000/cm2 with 61% and 93% neutrophils, respectively. Fungal culture eventually grew Coccidioides immitis from his wrist and knee. Coccidioidomycosis complement fixation titer came back >1:512. Bone scan showed uptake of adjacent bones in the affected joints. Superimposed bacterial infection of the wrist complicated the treatment course and delayed the start of liposomal amphotericin B. Eventually patient received 12 weeks of intravenous liposomal amphotericin-B with slow clinical improvement and then switched to oral isavuconazonium for maintenance therapy. This case shows that although disseminated polyarthritis coccidioidomycosis is very rare, clinicians should keep the diagnosis of disseminated synovial coccidioidomycosis in mind in patients with risk factors.

Increased epithelial cadherin expression among Japanese intestinal-type gastric cancers compared with specimens from American patients of European descent.

The different patterns of gastric cancer in the Far East and West have evolved to the extent that it has been suggested that the disease in Japan is biologically less aggressive than in the West. We studied paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue blocks from Japanese patients and American patients of European descent who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric cancer not involving the gastroesophageal junction. Specimens were staged (T stage), graded (Lauren classification), and biomarker expression (epithelial cadherin [E-cadherin], c-erbB2, Ki67, and p53) was quantified using immunohistochemistry without knowledge of the country of origin. E-cadherin was expressed in 49 per cent of malignant cells from Japanese specimens compared with 27 per cent of malignant cells from American specimens (P = 0.04). The expression of E-cadherin on diffuse cancers from the two countries was similar (34.4 in Japanese vs 41.5 in American, P = 0.92). E-cadherin expression, however, was significantly higher among intestinal cancers from the two countries: 56.3 per cent of cells from intestinal or mixed cancers from Japan (n = 32) expressed E-cadherin compared with 22.2 per cent of American specimens (n = 12; P = 0.008).-c-erbB2 was expressed on a higher proportion of malignant cells from American specimens (30% vs 22%; P = 0.20). E-cadherin expression, a favorable prognostic factor, is more common in Japanese intestinal-type gastric cancer not involving the gastroesophageal junction. If the biology of gastric cancer in the Far East is less aggressive than that in the United States, it is likely that treatments need to be individualized.

Paranuaclear E-cadherin in gastric adenocarcinoma.

Decreased E-cadherin expression permits dissociation and widespread dissemination of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. We studied the relationship between paranuclear E-cadherin distribution and the histopathologic characteristics of gastric adenocarcinomas. E-cadherin immunostains of 173 gastric adenocarcinoma sections revealed paranuclear; punctate to vesicular staining in 18% (16/87) of the intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, 30% (17/56) of the diffuse-type adenocarcinomas, and 30% (9/30) of the mired adenocarcinomas. These data suggest that in some gastric adenocarcinomas, there is a defect in transport of E-cadherin to the cell surface, which may prevent intercellular adhesion and encourage dissemination. Of 34 cancers with paranuclear E-cadherin staining, 20 (59%) had paranuclear staining within the nonneoplastic epithelium, but only 22.0% of 100 carcinomas with absent or membranous E-cadherin staining were accompanied by morphologically benign epithelium with paranuclear E-cadherin. In surface epithelium, paranuclear E-cadherin staining colocalized with Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II in the Golgi apparatus. The presence of paranuclear E-cadherin in cancer-associated benign epithelium suggests that the alteration in the E-cadherin molecule responsible for the paranuclear distribution may be an early change in gastric adenocarcinoma progression.