Effect of influenza vaccine subsidies for older adults on vaccination coverage and mortality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine how municipal subsidies for seasonal influenza vaccines for the elderly affected vaccination coverage and health outcomes and how responses to vaccine prices changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This ecological study includes 1245 municipalities in Japan between 2019 and 2020. Fixed-effects regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of influenza vaccine cost subsidy for people aged 65 years or older on vaccination coverage, all-cause mortality, and influenza-related mortality. RESULTS: The vaccination rate increased when patients' copayments decreased, and reducing the copayment by 1000 Japanese Yen (JPY) was estimated to increase the vaccination rate by 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.5-8.2%) in the adjusted model. When examining the additional effect of a zero price compared to a nearly zero price, we found that a zero price increased the immunization rate by 6.4% (95% CI 1.4-11.5%). The effect of copayment on the increase in vaccination coverage was significantly lower during the pandemic than in the pre-pandemic period. The municipal and prefectural analyses found no association between influenza vaccine copayments and all-cause, influenza, or pneumonia mortality. CONCLUSION: Cost subsidies and the zero-price effect were shown to increase vaccination coverage but were not associated with relevant mortality measures. Although the impact was attenuated under pandemic conditions, cost subsidy effectively increases the vaccination rate.

Impact of Lactobacillus crispatus-containing oral and vaginal probiotics on vaginal health: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial.

Health of reproductive tract is tightly associated with balance of microbial communities in this area. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) represent common disturbances of vaginal communities. Vaginal discharge due to BV or VVC is a very frequent reason for visiting gynaecologist. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the novel evidence-based probiotics on BV and VVC patients. The study group included 89 BV and 93 VVC patients (aged 18-50 years) who were recruited into randomised double-blind placebo-controlled two-arm parallel trial. The patients of each diagnosis group received oral or vaginal probiotic capsules, or placebo capsules during 3 months. A probiotic capsule contained two (DSM32717 and DSM32720, in case of BV) or three (DSM32720, DSM32718 and DSM32716, in case of VVC) Lactobacillus crispatus strains. Vaginal, intestinal and general health was monitored weekly by questionnaire. Blood analyses were done in the beginning and at the end of trial. Vaginal samples were collected monthly, microscopic and molecular analyses were performed. The study revealed that both oral and vaginal capsules reduced the signs and symptoms in BV patients. Remarkable improvement was noted in Nugent score, amount and smell of discharge, but also in itching/irritation. Consumption of vaginal probiotics significantly increased the lactobacilli counts in their vagina while mean proportion of some BV-related bacteria decreased. In VVC patients, both oral and vaginal capsules lowered the combined score of two most important symptoms, amount of discharge and itching/irritation. In conclusion, the novel formulations of evidence-based well-focused probiotic L. crispatus strains are effective against BV and VVC being suitable for both vaginal and oral administration. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN34840624, BioMed Central.

High probability of comorbidities in bronchial asthma in Germany.

Clinical experience has shown that allergic and non-allergic respiratory, metabolic, mental, and cardiovascular disorders sometimes coexist with bronchial asthma. However, no study has been carried out that calculates the chance of manifestation of these disorders with bronchial asthma in Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Using ICD10 diagnoses from health care institutions, the present study systematically analyzed the co-prevalence and odds ratios of comorbidities in the asthma population in Germany. The odds ratios were adjusted for age and sex for all comorbidities for patients with asthma vs. without asthma. Bronchial asthma was strongly associated with allergic and with a lesser extent to non-allergic comorbidities: OR 7.02 (95%CI:6.83-7.22) for allergic rhinitis; OR 4.98 (95%CI:4.67-5.32) allergic conjunctivitis; OR 2.41 (95%CI:2.33-2.52) atopic dermatitis; OR 2.47 (95%CI:2.16-2.82) food allergy, and OR 1.69 (95%CI:1.61-1.78) drug allergy. Interestingly, increased ORs were found for respiratory diseases: 2.06 (95%CI:1.64-2.58) vocal dysfunction; 1.83 (95%CI:1.74-1.92) pneumonia; 1.78 (95%CI:1.73-1.84) sinusitis; 1.71 (95%CI:1.65-1.78) rhinopharyngitis; 2.55 (95%CI:2.03-3.19) obstructive sleep apnea; 1.42 (95%CI:1.25-1.61) pulmonary embolism, and 3.75 (95%CI:1.64-8.53) bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Asthmatics also suffer from psychiatric, metabolic, cardiac or other comorbidities. Myocardial infarction (OR 0.86, 95%CI:0.79-0.94) did not coexist with asthma. Based on the calculated chances of manifestation for these comorbidities, especially allergic and respiratory, to a lesser extent also metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental disorders should be taken into consideration in the diagnostic and treatment strategy of bronchial asthma. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA: PREVALENCE OF CO-EXISTING DISEASES IN GERMANY: Patients in Germany with bronchial asthma are highly likely to suffer from co-existing diseases and their treatments should reflect this. Quoc Thai Dinh at Saarland University Hospital in Homburg, Germany, and co-workers conducted a large-scale study of patients presenting with bronchial asthma in the Saarland region between 2009 and 2012. Patients with asthma made up 5.4% of the region's total population, with a higher prevalence occurring in females. They found that bronchial asthma was strongly associated with allergic comorbidities such as rhinitis. Indeed, asthmatic patients had a seven times higher chance to suffer from allergic rhinitis than the rest of the population, and were at higher risk of respiratory diseases like pneumonia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Further associations included cardiovascular, metabolic and mental disorders. Dinh's team call for asthma treatments to take such comorbidities into account.

G-quadruplex ligands exhibit differential G-tetrad selectivity.

A rapid and simple equilibrium-binding assay mediated by ligand-induced fluorescence quenching of fluorophore-labelled G-quadruplex (G4) structures enabled quantitative interrogation of mutually exclusive ligand binding interactions at opposed G-tetrads. This technique revealed that the ligands TmPyP4, PhenDC3, and PDS have differential chemotype-specific binding preferences for individual G-tetrads of a model genomic G4 structure.

[Pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapy of chronic cough: neuronal reflexes and antitussiva]. / Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie von chronischem Husten: Neuronale Reflexe und Antitussiva.

Cough is the number one symptom for patients to visit a physician worldwide. It is an important neuronal reflex which serves to protect the airways from inhaled exogenous microorganisms, thermal and chemical irritants. Moreover, it prevents the airways from mucus retention.The cough reflex is initiated by activation of different cough receptors. These cough receptors can be divided into three groups according to their electrophysiological properties: into the two Aδ-fiber types "rapid-adapting mechanoreceptor" (RAR) and "slow-adapting mechanoreceptor" (SAR), and the C-fiber receptor.The stimulus is detected by cough receptors which conduct the signal to the cerebral cough centre via vagal-sensory neurons. The cough itself is mediated by efferent motoneurons. Hence the cough reflex consists of 5 functionally sequential parts 1: the cough receptors 2, the primary afferent fibres of the N. vagus 345, N. trigeminus and N. glossopharyngeus 1, the cough centre in the medulla oblongata (N. tractus solitarius) 678, the afferent fibres of the N. phrenicus, spinal nerve and N. laryngeus recurrens, as well as the diaphragm and the abdominal, intercostal and laryngeal muscles. The cough receptors are mainly located in the larynx, trachea and main bronchi 2.The event of coughing can be divided into four subsequent parts: After the first phase of fast inspiration with an opened glottis, there is compression with a closed glottis and increasing tracheal pressure, acceleration and ultimately maximum expiration with an opened glottis 9. According to its characteristics, cough can be split into two distinct types, "aspiration cough", which is loud and involuntary, and "urge-to-cough sensation", which describes an irritant, scratchy, and controlled cough of slowly increasing intensity 10.Acute cough mostly develops because of infection of the respiratory system 111213 and ends spontaneously after 4 weeks. In contrast to this, bacterial infection with pathogens like Adenovirus, Bordetella pertussis and Mycoplasms can last up to 8 weeks 121314. In additional to the division of cough according to its cause, it can also be differentiated according to its manner: dry and mucus-producing cough.With this review we want to give an overview of neuronal processes and mechanisms, as well as diagnostics of and therapy for chronic cough. Thereby the focus is also placed on the efficiency of already established and potential future antitussive agents.

First record of trypanosomes in Tasmanian bandicoots.

Trypanosomes were observed in 38% of blood smears from southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and in 10% of blood smears from eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii). This is the first record of such hemoparasites in Tasmanian marsupials. There appeared to be a statistically significant size difference between trypanosomes found in the 2 bandicoot species, suggesting the possibility of 2 distinct species of parasite. There appears to be a distinction between the trypanosomes found in our temperate Isoodon species and the tropical bandicoot. Isoodon macrurus. The use of the microhematocrit method provided an effective means for concentrating trypanosomes, whereas image analysis was a more effective method than the ocular micrometer for obtaining accurate measurements.

The first record of a member of the genus Hepatozoon in the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) in Tasmania.

Of 220 wild Eastern Barred Bandicoots (Perameles gunnii) captured in two locations in Tasmania, Australia, 55 (25%) had a detectable parasitaemia with gametocytes of the protozoan genus Hepatozoon in blood films. Blood films were stained with Leishman stain and acridine orange O. Gamonts were commonly found as intracellular forms and occasionally observed as extracellular forms in peripheral erythrocytes. This is the first record of a member of the genus Hepatozoon in any temperate bandicoot and additionally appears to be the first record of this protozoan genus in any native marsupial species of Tasmania.

Sequence variation in the 18S rRNA gene, a target for PCR-based malaria diagnosis, in Plasmodium ovale from southern Vietnam.

Field surveys of malaria were performed in southern Vietnam by using an acridine orange staining method for rapid diagnosis and a PCR-based, microtiter plate hybridization method for accurate diagnosis. A total of three patients of Plasmodium ovale infection were detected, but PCR-amplified DNA of the P. ovale isolates from two of the patients did not hybridize with the P. ovale-specific probe. Analysis of the target sequence in the 18S rRNA gene indicated that in the DNA of isolates from both patients three nucleotides in the probe region from the typical P. ovale sequence were different, with deletions of two nucleotides and the substitution of one nucleotide. These results may suggest that in addition to molecular biological methods, careful microscopic examination of stained thin blood films is still required in studies of the prevalence of different malaria species.

Natural co-occurrence of Fusarium toxins and aflatoxin B1 in corn for feed in north Vietnam.

Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes and fumonisins) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were surveyed in 32 corn samples, harvested in 1993 and randomly sampled in 1994 in several districts of Hanoi, Vietnam. Corn samples were first milled into fine powder, extracted with methanol-water (3:1) and the crude extracts obtained from the same samples were used for the simultaneous analysis of the trichothecenes such as nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and T-2 toxin (T-2) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/NS); fumonisins B1 (FB1), B2 (FB2), and B3 (FB3) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a flourescence detector; and AFB1 by and ELISA kit based on a monoclonal antibody. The data revealed that 14, 8, 4, 3, and 2 out of 15 corn kernel samples were positive for AFB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, and NIV with the average levels being 28, 1, 101, 276, 232, and 858 ppb, respectively, and neither DON nor T-2 were detected. As for the other 17 samples of corn powder, 13, 15, 12, 10, 4 and 2 were positive for AFB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, DON, and NIV with the average being 30, 780, 289, 176, 3, 170, and 1,365 ppb, respectively, and T-2 was not detected. Although their positive rates and levels fell in the ranges reported elsewhere, it was found for the first time that the Fusarium toxins (NIV, DON, and fumonisins) and an Aspergillus toxin (AFB1) were naturally co-contaminated in selected samples of corn produced in north Vietnam.