Cardiac digital image loops and multimedia reports over the internet using DICOM.

The authors define an open, scaleable telemedicine architecture to reduce the time of reports delivery and consultation; increasing their simplicity via introducing common image presentation, storage and telecommunication formats and methods for telecardiology. They've developed a software application to implement it introducing the most appropriate digital imaging methods and formats using the latest available technology.

[Effect of acupuncture on radial artery hemodynamics. Two controlled studies in pre-exposed and naive healthy subjects]. / Effets de l'acupuncture sur l'hémodynamique de l'artère radiale. Deux essais contrôlés chez des patients pré-exposés et chez des sujets sains naïfs.

Palpation of the radial pulses is one of the most important techniques in traditional Chinese medicine. Two double-blind randomised trials of the effects of real and sham acupuncture on radial artery hemodynamics were conducted in 19 patients regularly exposed to acupuncture (sensitised subjects), and in 8 healthy subjects devoid of previous exposure (naive subjects), respectively. Radial artery diameter and pulse waveform was measured with a high-resolution echotracking system and aplanation tonometry, respectively, before and during a 20-minute's acupuncture period. In sensitised patients, arterial diameter significantly increased during real acupuncture, compared to the sham group (+7.5 +/- 2.8% vs -2.9 +/- 2.7%, respectively; p < 0.01). By contrast, in naive subjects, arterial diameter did not change during real or sham acupuncture. In both populations, no significant difference was observed between real and sham acupuncture, concerning the time-course of blood pressure, radial artery distensibility and pressure waveform. Our results demonstrate that real acupuncture can determine an objective vasodilatation of the radial artery in patients regularly exposed to acupuncture, but not in naive subjects.

Mechanisms of xylem recovery from winter embolism in Fagus sylvatica.

Hydraulic conductivity in the terminal branches of mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) decreased progressively during winter and recovered in the spring. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms involved in recovery. Two periods of recovery were identified. The first recovery of hydraulic conductivity occurred early in the spring, before bud break, and was correlated with the occurrence of positive xylem pressure at the base of the tree trunk. Active refilling of the embolized vessels caused the recovery. The second recovery of hydraulic conductivity occurred after bud break and was correlated with the onset of cambial activity. Formation of new functional vessels, leading to an increase in xylem diameter, was largely responsible for the increase in xylem conductivity. The two mechanisms were complementary: active refilling of embolized vessels occurred mostly in the root and the trunk, whereas formation of new functional vessels occurred mainly in young terminal shoots.

Effects of acupuncture on radial artery hemodynamics: controlled trials in sensitized and naive subjects.

Palpation of the radial pulses is an important technique in traditional Chinese medicine. Two double-blind randomized trials of the effects of real and sham acupuncture on radial artery hemodynamics were conducted in 19 patients regularly exposed to acupuncture (sensitized subjects) and in 8 healthy subjects devoid of previous exposure (naive subjects), respectively. Radial artery diameter and pulse waveform were measured with a high-resolution echotracking system and aplanation tonometry, respectively, before and during a 20-min acupuncture period. In sensitized patients, arterial diameter significantly increased during real acupuncture, compared with the sham group (+7.5 +/- 2.8 vs. -2.9 +/- 2.7%, respectively; P < 0.01). By contrast, in naive subjects, arterial diameter did not change during real or sham acupuncture. In both populations, no significant difference was observed between real and sham acupuncture, concerning the time course of blood pressure, radial artery distensibility, and pressure waveform. Our results demonstrate that real acupuncture is associated with an objective vasodilatation of the radial artery in patients regularly exposed to acupuncture, but not in naive subjects.

The RETAIN project: DICOM teleradiology over an ATM-based network. Radiological Examinations Transfer on an ATM Integrated Network.

The RETAIN project (Radiological Examinations Transfer on an ATM Integrated Network) has aimed at testing videoconferencing and DICOM image transfers to get advice about difficult radiological cases over an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based network, which affords a more comfortable interface than narrow-band networks and allows exchange of complete image series using the DICOM format of studies. For this purpose, an experimental ATM network was applied between six university hospitals in four different countries. An assessment of the functionalities of the system was performed by means of log-file analysis, video recording of the sessions and forms filled out by the participants at the end of each session. Questionnaires were answered by the users at the end of the project to bring out perspectives of utilisation and added value. We discussed 43 cases during 20 sessions. For technical or organisational problems, only 20 of the 36 planned sessions took place. The throughput over ATM (10.5 Mbit/s, 20 times faster than six ISDN B-channels) was adequate. Despite the experimental configuration of the network, the system was considered as satisfactory by all the physicians. In 72 % of the sessions, the expected result (answer to the question) was gained. By common consent, videoconferencing was unanimously regarded as a prominent tool in improving the interaction quality. Asynchronous transfer mode is an efficient method for fast transferring of radiologic examinations in DICOM format and for discussing them through high-quality videoconferencing.

DICOM extensions for narrow-band networks.

DICOM is today's de-facto standard for exchanging medical images. Since new image acquisition devices produce more and more image and non-image data, image compression has become an important part of the standard. However, the compression of non-pixel data also stored in DICOM data sets has been disregarded up to now. In the scope of an EU research project we have examined a large amount of real-world DICOM images to test whether or not there is a potential for compressing the non-pixel attributes. Especially for use with narrow-band networks extensions as proposed in this paper could be a solution to save valuable bandwidth.

Intranasal immunization against influenza virus using polymeric particles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nano-and microspheres, with a mean diameter of 220 nm and 8 microm, respectively, to enhance the nasal and systemic immune responses against influenza virus antigen. High encapsulation levels of antigen were achieved in all cases. Neither the molecular weight nor the antigenicity of the entrapped antigen were affected by the encapsulation procedure. Following nasal immunization, the nasal washes IgA and the serum IgG responses were evaluated. With the soluble antigen, relatively high immune responses were observed. With nanospheres, nasal washes IgA levels were significantly lower (p<0.01) and serum IgG levels were not significantly different (p>0.05) from those obtained with the soluble antigen. With microspheres, both nasal washes IgA and serum IgG levels were significantly lower (p<0.01 and <0.05, respectively) as compared to the levels found for the soluble antigen. In addition, fluorescent microspheres administered intranasally failed to reach the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). This lack of particle uptake by NALT and the high immunogenicity of the antigen used in this study, could explain the absence of enhancement of the immune responses by the polymeric particles.

Polymeric nanoparticles as delivery system for influenza virus glycoproteins.

The objective of this work was to develop a new delivery system which could enhance the mucosal immune response to influenza virus antigens. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles of about 200 nm containing hemagglutinin were chosen as the delivery system. Due to the amphiphilic nature of hemagglutinin (hydrophilic HA1 and hydrophobic HA2), nanoparticles were prepared by both classical oil in water solvent evaporation technique as well as by a [(water-in-oil) in water] solvent evaporation technique. Hemagglutinin was well encapsulated in nanoparticles prepared by both techniques. Molecular weight and antigenicity of entrapped hemagglutinin were not affected by the entrapment procedure.

Comparison and evaluation of retrospective intermodality brain image registration techniques.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study is to perform a blinded evaluation of a group of retrospective image registration techniques using as a gold standard a prospective, marker-based registration method. To ensure blindedness, all retrospective registrations were performed by participants who had no knowledge of the gold standard results until after their results had been submitted. A secondary goal of the project is to evaluate the importance of correcting geometrical distortion in MR images by comparing the retrospective registration error in the rectified images, i.e., those that have had the distortion correction applied, with that of the same images before rectification. METHOD: Image volumes of three modalities (CT, MR, and PET) were obtained from patients undergoing neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center on whom bone-implanted fiducial markers were mounted. These volumes had all traces of the markers removed and were provided via the Internet to project collaborators outside Vanderbilt, who then performed retrospective registrations on the volumes, calculating transformations from CT to MR and/ or from PET to MR. These investigators communicated their transformations again via the Internet to Vanderbilt, where the accuracy of each registration was evaluated. In this evaluation, the accuracy is measured at multiple volumes of interest (VOIs), i.e., areas in the brain that would commonly be areas of neurological interest. A VOI is defined in the MR image and its centroid c is determined. Then, the prospective registration is used to obtain the corresponding point c' in CT or PET. To this point, the retrospective registration is then applied, producing c" in MR. Statistics are gathered on the target registration error (TRE), which is the distance between the original point c and its corresponding point c". RESULTS: This article presents statistics on the TRE calculated for each registration technique in this study and provides a brief description of each technique and an estimate of both preparation and execution time needed to perform the registration. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that retrospective techniques have the potential to produce satisfactory results much of the time, but that visual inspection is necessary to guard against large errors.

Stability study of nanoparticles of poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide).

The objective was to evaluate the stability of nanoparticles prepared with poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymers and stored at different temperatures and in different media. The stability parameters studied were molecular weight and crystallinity of the polymer, nanoparticle size and pH. The results show that the stability of polymeric nanoparticles depends on (i) the type of polymers with the following increasing order of polymer stability: PLA25GA50 < PLA37.5GA25 < PLA50 = PCL, (ii) the storage temperature: PCL and PLA50 nanoparticles can be kept at 4 degrees C and RT during one year, while PLA37.5GA25 and PLA25GA50 nanoparticles have to be stored at 4 degrees C, and (iii) the storage conditions: buffering or freeze-drying nanoparticles improves stability.

Data fusion in medical imaging: merging multimodal and multipatient images, identification of structures and 3D display aspects.

Data fusion in medical imaging can be seen into two ways (i) multisensors fusion of anatomical and functional information and (ii) interpatient data fusion by means of warping models. These two aspects set the methodological framework necessary to perform anatomical modelling especially when concerning the modelling of brain structures. The major relevance of the work presented here concerns the interpretation of multimodal 3D neuro-anatomical data bases. Three types of data fusion problems are considered in this paper. The first one concerns the problem of data combination which includes multimodal registration (multisensor fusion applied to CT, MRI, DSA, PET, SPECT, or MEG). In particular, the problem of warping patient data to an anatomical atlas is reviewed and a solution is proposed. The second problem of data fusion addressed in this paper is the identification of anatomical structures by means of image analysis methods. Two techniques have been developed. The first one deals with the analysis of image geometrical features to end up with the determination of a fuzzy mask to label the structure of interest. The second technique consists of labelling major cerebral structures by means of statistical image features associated with relaxation techniques. Finally, the paper presents a review of up to date 3D display techniques with a special emphasis on volume rendering and 3D display of combined data.

[Fusion of data. Multimodality in neurological imaging]. / Fusion de données multi-modalité en neuro-imagerie.

The development of tomographic imaging methods, which provide anatomical and functional information in a digital form, has transformed the approach to the central nervous system. Patient management is now frequently based on fusion of data from the same or different modalities, which potentiates the performance of each technique. These fusions were initially performed manually on film supports, but are now increasingly performed by consultation stations which process digital data bases. In view of the increasing demands for data fusion, it has become necessary to develop, in parallel with these new techniques, image transmission networks and visualisation stations on which reconstructions and fusions are performed. Improvements in software should facilitate acquisition techniques which should increasingly resemble standard techniques. The logistic applied must also be as simple as possible in order to be widely implanted and easy to use.