Enhancing ozone catalytic decomposition through acid treatment of α-MnO2 for improved activity and humidity resistance.

Post-etching method using dilute acid solutions is an effective technology to modulate the surface compositions of metal-oxide catalysts. Here the α-MnO2 catalyst treated with 0.1 mol/L nitric acid exhibits higher ozone decomposition activity at high relative humidity than the counterpart treated with acetic acid. Besides the increases in surface area and lattice dislocation, the improved activity can be due to relatively higher Mn valence on the surface and newly-formed Brønsted acid sites adjacent to oxygen vacancies. The remnant nitro species deposited on the catalyst by nitric acid treatment is ideal hydrophobic groups at ambient conditions. The decomposition route is also proposed based on the DRIFTS and DFT calculations: ozone is facile to adsorb on the oxygen vacancy, and the protonic H of Brønsted acid sites bonds to the terminal oxygen of ozone to accelerate its cleavage to O2, reducing the reaction energy barrier of O2 desorption.

4d-2p-4f Gradient Orbital Coupling Enables Tandem Catalysis for Simultaneous Abatement of N2O and CO on Atomically Dispersed Rh/CeO2 Catalyst.

N2O and CO coexist in various industrial and mobile sources. The synergistic reaction of N2O and CO to generate N2 and CO2 has garnered significant research interest, but it remains extremely challenging. Herein, we constructed an atomically dispersed Rh-supported CeO2 catalyst with asymmetric Rh-O-Ce sites through gradient Rh 4d-O 2p-Ce 4f orbital coupling. This design effectively regulates the 4f electron states of Ce and promotes the electron filling of the O 3π* antibonding orbital to facilitate N-O bond cleavage. Near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) reveals that CO reacts with the surface-adsorbed O* generated by N2O decomposition through self-tandem catalysis, accelerating the rate-limiting step in N2O decomposition and activating the synergistic reaction of N2O and CO at temperatures as low as 115 °C. This work can guide the development of high-performance catalysts using the strategy of high-order orbital hybridization combined with the tandem concept to achieve versatile catalytic applications.

Potential plausible role of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells for diabetic bone regeneration.

This letter addresses the review titled "Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells: Future regenerative medicine for clinical applications in mitigation of radiation injury". The review highlights the regenerative potential of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) and describes why WJ-MSCs will become one of the most probable stem cells for future regenerative medicine. The potential plausible role of WJ-MSCs for diabetic bone regeneration should be noticeable, which will provide a new strategy for improving bone regeneration under diabetic conditions.

Exploring the dynamic evolution of lattice oxygen on exsolved-Mn2O3@SmMn2O5 interfaces for NO Oxidation.

Lattice oxygen in metal oxides plays an important role in the reaction of diesel oxidation catalysts, but the atomic-level understanding of structural evolution during the catalytic process remains elusive. Here, we develop a Mn2O3/SmMn2O5 catalyst using a non-stoichiometric exsolution method to explore the roles of lattice oxygen in NO oxidation. The enhanced covalency of Mn-O bond and increased electron density at Mn3+ sites, induced by the interface between exsolved Mn2O3 and mullite, lead to the formation of highly active lattice oxygen adjacent to Mn3+ sites. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies show that the activated lattice oxygen enables reversible changes in Mn valence states and Mn-O bond covalency during redox cycles, reducing energy barriers for NO oxidation and promoting NO2 desorption via the cooperative Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Therefore, the Mn2O3/SmMn2O5 exhibits higher NO oxidation activity and better resistance to hydrothermal aging compared to a commercial Pt/Al2O3 catalyst.

Promoting C-Cl Bond Activation via a Preoccupied Anchoring Strategy on Vanadia-Based Catalysts for Multi-Pollutant Control of NOx and Chlorinated Aromatics.

Regulating vanadia-based oxides has been widely utilized for fabricating effective difunctional catalysts for the simultaneous elimination of NOx and chlorobenzene (CB). However, the notorious accumulation of polychlorinated species and excessively strong NH3 adsorption on the catalysts lead to the deterioration of multipollutant control (MPC) activity. Herein, protonated sulfate (-HSO4) supported on vanadium-titanium catalysts via a preoccupied anchoring strategy are designed to prevent polychlorinated species and alleviate NH3 adsorption for the multipollutant control. The obtained catalysts with -HSO4 modification achieve an excellent NOx and CB conversion with turnover frequency values of ∼ 3.63 and 17.7 times higher than those of the pristine, respectively. The protonated sulfate promotes the formation of polymeric vanadyl with a higher chemical state and d-band center of V. The modulated catalysts not only substantially alleviate the competitive adsorption of multipollutant via the "V 3d-O 2p-S 3p" network, but also distinctly strengthen the Brønsted acid sites. Besides, the introduced proton donor of the -HSO4 connecting polymeric structure could markedly reduce the reaction barrier of breaking the C-Cl bond. This work paves an advanced way for low-loading vanadium SCR catalysts to achieve highly efficient NOx and CB oxidation at a low temperature.

Efficient Dynamic Phase Splitting Driven by Centrifugal Force for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas using Biphasic Solvents.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) chemisorption using biphasic solvents has been regarded as a promising approach, but challenges remain in achieving efficient dynamic phase-splitting during practical implementation. To address this, the centrifugal force was innovatively adopted to enhance the coalescence and separation of immiscible fine droplets within the biphasic solvent. The comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that centrifugal phase-splitting shows outstanding separation efficiency (>95%) and excellent applicability for various solvents. Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between the rich phase's viscosity, lean phase's residual CO2, and the phase separation efficiency. The time-profile behavior of immiscible droplets, observed through microscope images of phase-splitting, enables the estimation of the growth and coalescence rates of the discrete phase. Industrial-scale process simulation for technical and economic analysis confirms that the total capture cost ($ 42.5/t CO2) can be reduced by ∼22% with the use of biphasic solvents and a centrifugal separator compared to conventional methods. This study introduces a fresh perspective on polarity-induced cluster generation and coagulation-induced separation, offering an effective solution to address the challenges associated with dynamic phase-splitting in biphasic solvents during practical applications.

The connection between autophagy and ferroptosis in AKI: recent advances regarding selective autophagy.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant issue in public health, displaying a high occurrence rate and mortality rate. Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death (PCD), is characterized by iron accumulation and intensified lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have demonstrated the pivotal significance of ferroptosis in AKI caused by diverse stimuli, including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), sepsis and toxins. Autophagy, a multistep process that targets damaged organelles and macromolecules for degradation and recycling, also plays an essential role in AKI. Previous research has demonstrated that autophagy deletion in proximal tubules could aggravate tubular injury and renal function loss, indicating the protective function of autophagy in AKI. Consequently, finding ways to stimulate autophagy has become a crucial therapeutic strategy. The recent discovery of the role of selective autophagy in influencing ferroptosis has identified new therapeutic targets for AKI and has highlighted the importance of understanding the cross-talk between autophagy and ferroptosis. This study aims to provide an overview of the signaling pathways involved in ferroptosis and autophagy, focusing on the mechanisms and functions of selective autophagy and autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. We hope to establish a foundation for future investigations into the interaction between autophagy and ferroptosis in AKI as well as other diseases.

Integrative physiology and transcriptome sequencing reveal differences between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense in response to salt stress and the identification of key salt tolerance genes.

BACKGROUND: Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that threatens crop growth. Cotton has some degree of salt tolerance, known as the "pioneer crop" of saline-alkali land. Cultivation of cotton is of great significance to the utilization of saline-alkali land and the development of cotton industry. Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense, as two major cotton species, are widely cultivated worldwide. However, until recently, the regulatory mechanisms and specific differences of their responses to salt stress have rarely been reported. RESULTS: In this study, we comprehensively compared the differences in the responses of G. hirsutum acc. TM-1 and G. barbadense cv. Hai7124 to salt stress. The results showed that Hai7124 exhibited better growth than did TM-1 under salt stress, with greater PRO content and antioxidant capability, whereas TM-1 only presented greater K+ content. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant molecular differences between the two cotton species in response to salt stress. The key pathways of TM-1 induced by salt are mainly related to growth and development, such as porphyrin metabolism, DNA replication, ribosome and photosynthesis. Conversely, the key pathways of Hai7124, such as plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, are mainly related to plant defense. Further comparative analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that antioxidant metabolism, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways were more strongly activated in Hai7124, whereas TM-1 was more active in K+ transporter-related genes and ethylene (ETH) signalling pathway. These differences underscore the various molecular strategies adopted by the two cotton species to navigate through salt stress, and Hai7124 responded more strongly to salt stress, which explains the potential reasons for the greater salt tolerance of Hai7124. Finally, we identified 217 potential salt tolerance-related genes, 167 of which overlapped with the confidence intervals of significant SNPs identified in previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs), indicating the high reliability of these genes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new insights into the differences in the regulatory mechanisms of salt tolerance between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, and identify key candidate genes for salt tolerance molecular breeding in cotton.

Immunomodulatory activity of ovotransferrin-chlorogenic acid complexes enhanced by high-intensity ultrasound (HIU): A structure-function relationship study.

This study investigated the impact of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) treatment on the physiochemical, conformational, and immunomodulatory activity of the OVT-CA complex, emphasizing the structure-function relationship. HIU treatment reduced particle size, improved dispersion, and increased electronegativity of the complex. It facilitated binding between OVT and CA, achieving a maximum degree of 45.22 mg/g CA grafting and reducing interaction time from 2 h to 15 min. HIU-induced cavitation and shear promoted the exposure of -SH and unfolding of OVT, leading to increased surface hydrophobicity of the complex and transformation of its structure from ß-sheet to α-helix. Additionally, CA binds to OVT in the C-lobe region, and HIU treatment modulates the intermolecular forces governing the complex formation, particularly by reinforcing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and introducing electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, HIU treatment increased the immunomodulatory activity of the complex, which was attributed to complex structural changes facilitating enhanced cell membrane affinity, antigen recognition, and B-cell epitope availability. Hierarchical cluster and Pearson correlation analysis confirmed that HIU treatment duration had a greater impact than power on both the structure and activity of the complex, and an optimal HIU treatment duration within 30 min was found to be crucial for activity enhancement. Moreover, structural changes, including ζ-potential, particle size/turbidity, and surface hydrophobicity, were closely correlated with immunomodulatory activity. This study highlights the potential application of HIU in developing protein-polyphenol immunomodulatory agents for public health and food nutrition.

Thermally activated growth of ternary oxyhydroxides on perovskites for efficient water oxidation.

Perovskite oxides are promising catalysts for water oxidation. Herein, we constructed a Sr3CoFeWO9 triple perovskite with Co, Fe, and W atoms sharing octahedral positions. Thermally activated growth of an amorphous FeCoW oxyhydroxide layer on this perovskite pre-catalyst greatly enhanced the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities, reducing overpotential at 10 mA cm-2geo by 115 mV. This highlights the benefits of compositional design and structural reconstruction for efficient electrocatalytic materials.

Unveiling the Role of Hydrophobicity on Multilayer Carbon Nanosheets Enriched in sp2-Carbon for Toluene Adsorption under Humid Conditions.

Carbon materials are regarded as a promising adsorbent for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, their adsorption behaviors are usually compromised at ambient conditions, attributed to the competitive VOCs adsorption with water vapor. In this study, we demonstrated that the selectivity for toluene than water of carbon can be effectively enhanced by introducing more sp2-carbon with two-dimensional nanosheets stacked. The multilayer carbon nanosheets enriched with sp2-carbon (CNS-MCA) exhibit a 151° H2O-contact angle, indicating hydrophobicity. Dynamic adsorption behaviors revealed that CNS-MCA retain 71% of their toluene adsorption capacity (91 mg/g) even at 60% relative humidity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, static adsorption studies, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and time-resolved in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy collectively indicate that toluene exhibits enhanced adsorption and selectivity due to π-π* interactions between its aromatic rings and the sp2-carbon. Conversely, water adsorption is attenuated, attributed to the reduced availability of surface-exposed hydrogen bonds associated with sp2-carbon and the inherent hydrophobic nature of multilayer graphene. This study extends a novel solution for the enhancement of VOCs adsorption under humid conditions.

Extraction of egg yolk lipids via salt-induced synergistic heat treatment: Fabrication, characterization and flavor analysis.

In this study, the oxidation of egg yolk lipids (EYL) by salt-induced heat and non-heat treatments was investigated for quality and flavor. The correlation between physicochemical properties, lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity was modeled using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results indicated that the prolonged salt-induced synergistic heat treatment produced the highest level of lipid oxidation, antioxidant activity and oil exudation, along with the lowest level of polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In addition, higher contents of pyrazines and fewer acid species were detected, which was not the case with the salt-free heat treatment. In total, 14 identical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were produced, yet their overall flavor profiles determined by the electronic nose would remain dramatically distinguished. Therefore, heat treatment was particularly critical for lipid oxidation and the generation of aromatic compounds, implying that heat-treated EYL induced by salt is a flavor component with good antioxidant potential.

Tandem Catalysis for Simultaneous Removal of NOx and C3H8 with Inhibition of N2O.

Tandem catalysis is widely adopted for multipollutant control in mobile sources but has rarely been reported in stationary source emission elimination. This work proposed a tandem arrangement way with up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 + down-streamed Cr2O3/TiO2 catalysts, which could achieve the efficient synergistic control of NOx and C3H8 in industrial flue gas. Moreover, this arrangement successfully alleviated the unwanted N2O formation during the NH3 -SCR process. Compared to the conventional impregnation method of the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts of V2O5/TiO2 + Cr2O3/TiO2 could enhance the NOx and C3H8 conversion by 4.2% and 39.5%, respectively, at 350 °C. It might be attributed to the fact that Cr species was the active site for C3H8 oxidation, and the tandem arrangement of catalysts was beneficial to even dispersion of active components on supports. Furthermore, due to the preferential NOx removal over the up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts obviously alleviated the N2O formation caused by Cr species during the NH3-SCR process. Herein, it significantly decreased N2O formation by 240.5% at 350 °C compared to the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, achieving multipollutant emission control from industrial flue gas with the performance of "one stone three birds".

Driving Fatigue Detection Based on Hybrid Electroencephalography and Eye Tracking.

EEG-based unimodal method has demonstrated substantial success in the detection of driving fatigue. Nonetheless, the data from a single modality might be not sufficient to optimize fatigue detection due to incomplete information. To address this limitation and enhance the performance of driving fatigue detection, a novel multimodal architecture combining electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking data was proposed in this study. Specifically, EEG and eye tracking data were separately input into encoders, generating two one-dimensional (1D) features. Subsequently, these 1D features were fed into a cross-modal predictive alignment module to improve fusion efficiency and two 1D attention modules to enhance feature representation. Furthermore, the fused features were recognized by a linear classifier. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed multimodal method, comprehensive validation tasks were conducted, including intra-session, cross-session, and cross-subject evaluations. In the intra-session task, the proposed architecture achieves an exceptional average accuracy of 99.93%. Moreover, in the cross-session task, our method results in an average accuracy of 88.67%, surpassing the performance of EEG-only approach by 8.52%, eye tracking-only method by 5.92%, multimodal deep canonical correlation analysis (DCCA) technique by 0.42%, and multimodal deep generalized canonical correlation analysis (DGCCA) approach by 0.84%. Similarly, in the cross-subject task, the proposed approach achieves an average accuracy of 78.19%, outperforming EEG-only method by 5.87%, eye tracking-only approach by 4.21%, DCCA method by 0.55%, and DGCCA approach by 0.44%. The experimental results conclusively illustrate the superior effectiveness of the proposed method compared to both single modality approaches and canonical correlation analysis-based multimodal methods. Overall, this study provides a new and effective strategy for driving fatigue detection.

Molecular traits of MAPK kinases and the regulatory mechanism of GhMAPKK5 alleviating drought/salt stress in cotton.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKKs) play a critical role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, transducing external stimuli into intracellular responses and enabling plant adaptation to environmental challenges. Most research has focused on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The systematic analysis and characterization of MAPKK genes across different plant species, particularly in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), are somewhat limited. Here, we identified MAPKK family members from 66 different species, which clustered into 5 different sub-groups, and MAPKKs from four cotton species clustered together. Through further bioinformatic and expression analysis, GhMAPKK5 was identified as the most responsive MAPKK member to salt and drought stress among the 23 MAPKKs identified in Gossypium hirsutum. Silencing GhMAPKK5 in cotton through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) led to quicker wilting under salt and drought conditions, while overexpressing GhMAPKK5 in Arabidopsis enhanced root growth and seed germination under these stresses, demonstrating GhMAPKK5's positive role in stress tolerance. Transcriptomics and Yeast-Two-Hybrid assays revealed a MAPK cascade signal module comprising GhMEKK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases)3/8/31-GhMAPKK5-GhMAPK11/23. This signaling cascade may play a role in managing drought and salt stress by regulating transcription factor genes, such as WRKYs, which are involved in the biosynthesis and transport pathways of ABA, proline, and RALF. This study is highly important for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of MAPKK in cotton, contributing to its stress tolerance and offering potential in targets for genetic enhancement.

Diagnosis and treatment of secondary nephrotic syndrome with rash as the first symptom: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a common type of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults, accounting for about 20-30% of cases. Although secondary to specific factors, the coexistence of MN and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has been scarcely reported in clinical literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old Chinese male was admitted to the hospital with a generalized pruritic rash with bilateral lower extremity edema, which did not improve significantly after symptomatic treatment. He had undergone renal biopsy, and the diagnosis was thought to be secondary MN (SMN), therefore, we did a lymph node biopsy on the patient and found that MN was complicated with MCL. Soon after, the patient was admitted to the hematology department for a BR chemotherapy regimen (composed of bendamustine 90 mg/m2 BSA (body surface area), rituximab 375 mg/m2 BSA and dexamethasone 5 mg), and during the post-treatment follow-up, both his symptoms and renal function improved. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism underlying the combination of SMN and MCL remains elusive and exceedingly rare, consequently often overlooked in clinical practice. This case serves to offer valuable clinical insights for diagnosis and treatment, while emphasizing the pivotal role of renal pathology in clinical assessment.

Clinical efficacy and safety analysis of type A botulinum toxin in the treatment of adolescents with refractory overactive bladder.

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of type A botulinum toxin in the treatment of refractory overactive bladder in adolescents. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 37 adolescent patients with refractory overactive bladder who were treated at the Urology Department of Hangzhou Third People's Hospital between January 2018 and August 2023. These patients received intravesical injections of type A botulinum toxin at a concentration of 10 U/mL, with an average of 20 injection points. We recorded changes in urination diaries and urodynamic parameters both before and 1 month after treatment. After 1 month of treatment, significant improvements were observed in several parameters, when compared to the pretreatment values. These included daytime frequency of urination (11.13 ±â€…6.45), average single void volume (173.24 ±â€…36.48) mL, nighttime frequency of urination (2.43 ±â€…0.31), urgency episodes (3.12 ±â€…0.27), initial bladder capacity (149.82 ±â€…41.34) mL, and maximum bladder capacity (340.25 ±â€…57.12) mL (all P < .001). After the first treatment, 5 patients had mild hematuria, 4 patients had urinary tract infection, and 1 patient had urinary retention, which was relieved after catheterization. No serious complications or adverse reactions were observed in other patients. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 18 months, and the duration of efficacy varied from 2 to 8 months. Eight patients who initially had treatment failure achieved symptom relief after reinjection. In adolescents with refractory overactive bladder who do not respond well to conventional drug therapy, type A botulinum toxin can be administered safely and effectively. It significantly improves lower urinary tract symptoms and enhances the quality of life for these patients.

IL-17 signaling pathway: A potential therapeutic target for reducing skeletal muscle inflammation.

BACKGROUND: The interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway is intricately linked with immunity and inflammation; however, the association between the IL-17 signaling pathway and skeletal muscle inflammation remains poorly understood. The study aims to investigate the role of the IL-17 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle inflammation and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-17 antibodies in reducing muscle inflammation. METHODS: A skeletal muscle inflammation model was induced by cardiotoxin (CTX) injection in C57BL6/J mice. Following treatment with an anti-IL-17 antibody, we conducted a comprehensive analysis integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), bioinformatics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and Western blot techniques to elucidate underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: scRNA-seq analysis revealed a significant increase in neutrophil numbers and activity in inflamed skeletal muscle compared to other cell types, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, fast muscle cells, fibroblasts, and skeletal muscle satellite cells. The top 30 differentially expressed genes within neutrophils, along with 55 chemokines, were predominantly enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Moreover, the IL-17 signaling pathway exhibited heightened expression in inflamed skeletal muscle, particularly within neutrophils. Treatment with anti-IL-17 antibody resulted in the suppression of IL-17 signaling pathway expression, accompanied by reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as decreased numbers and activity of Ly6g+/Mpo+ neutrophils compared to CTX-induced skeletal muscle inflammation. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the IL-17 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in promoting inflammation within skeletal muscle. Targeting this pathway may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for ameliorating the inflammatory micro-environment and reducing cytokine production.

Promoting Surface Reconstruction in Spinel Oxides via Tetrahedral-Octahedral Phase Boundary Construction for Efficient Oxygen Evolution.

Understanding the origin of surface reconstruction is crucial for developing highly efficient lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM) based spinel oxides. Traditionally, the reconstruction has been achieved through electrochemical procedures, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). In this work, we found that the surface reconstruction in LOM-based CoFe0.25Al1.75O4 catalyst was an irreversible oxygen redox chemical reaction. And a lower oxygen vacancy formation energy (EO-V) could benefit the combination of the activated lattice oxygen atoms with adsorbed water molecular. Motivated by this finding, a strategy of phase boundary construction from Co tetrahedral to octahedral was employed to decrease EO-V in CoFe0.25Al1.75O4. The results showed that as the Co octahedral occupancy ratio rose to 64%, a 3.5 nm-thick reconstructed layer formed on the catalyst surface with a 158 mV decrease in overpotential. Further experiments indicated that the coexistence of tetrahedral-octahedral (O-T) phase would result in lattice mismatch, promoting non-bonding oxygen states and lowering EO-V. Then more active lattice oxygen combined with H2O molecules to generate hydroxide ions (OH-), followed by soluble cation leaching, which enhanced the reconstruction process. This work provided new insights into the relationship between the intrinsic structure of pre-catalysts and surface reconstruction in LOM-based spinel electrocatalysts.

Numerical simulation of hydraulic characteristics and pollutant transport in the channels with different ice coverages.

In winter, rivers at high latitudes often freeze and an ice cover emerges at the free surface of the river. According to the coverage degree of the ice cover, rivers can be divided into free-flowing, partially frozen, and completely frozen. The presence of ice cover can greatly alter the hydraulic conditions of rivers, complicating the transport of pollutants in river channels. The distribution of pollutants in rivers with different ice coverages was simulated using the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) model in this paper. The velocity distribution, the pollutant diffusion coefficient distribution, the turbulent kinetic energy distribution, and the vortex distribution with different ice coverages were analyzed. The velocity in the ice cover zone is at a lower rate than in the open flow zone. With the increase of the ice coverage, the turbulent kinetic energy of the ice cover area in partially frozen conditions gradually increases, which makes the water flow turbulence increase. The diffusion coefficient of pollutants in the ice cover area is greater than that in the open flow area, so pollutants disperse more quickly in the ice cover area. The turbulence energy and the diffusion coefficient have similar distribution characteristics beneath the ice cover. The presence of the ice cover promotes the movement of the vortex from the open flow area to the ice cover area, which may be the reason for the larger turbulence energy and the diffusion coefficient. The simulation results can provide a reference for ice disasters and water quality remediation.