miRNA-21-5p is an important contributor to the promotion of injured peripheral nerve regeneration using hypoxia-pretreated bone marrow-derived neural crest cells.

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00035/figure1/v/2024-05-14T021156Z/r/image-tiff Our previous study found that rat bone marrow-derived neural crest cells (acting as Schwann cell progenitors) have the potential to promote long-distance nerve repair. Cell-based therapy can enhance peripheral nerve repair and regeneration through paracrine bioactive factors and intercellular communication. Nevertheless, the complex contributions of various types of soluble cytokines and extracellular vesicle cargos to the secretome remain unclear. To investigate the role of the secretome and extracellular vesicles in repairing damaged peripheral nerves, we collected conditioned culture medium from hypoxia-pretreated neural crest cells, and found that it significantly promoted the repair of sensory neurons damaged by oxygen-glucose deprivation. The mRNA expression of trophic factors was highly expressed in hypoxia-pretreated neural crest cells. We performed RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis and found that miR-21-5p was enriched in hypoxia-pretreated extracellular vesicles of neural crest cells. Subsequently, to further clarify the role of hypoxia-pretreated neural crest cell extracellular vesicles rich in miR-21-5p in axonal growth and regeneration of sensory neurons, we used a microfluidic axonal dissociation model of sensory neurons in vitro, and found that hypoxia-pretreated neural crest cell extracellular vesicles promoted axonal growth and regeneration of sensory neurons, which was greatly dependent on loaded miR-21-5p. Finally, we constructed a miR-21-5p-loaded neural conduit to repair the sciatic nerve defect in rats and found that the motor and sensory functions of injured rat hind limb, as well as muscle tissue morphology of the hind limbs, were obviously restored. These findings suggest that hypoxia-pretreated neural crest extracellular vesicles are natural nanoparticles rich in miRNA-21-5p. miRNA-21-5p is one of the main contributors to promoting nerve regeneration by the neural crest cell secretome. This helps to explain the mechanism of action of the secretome and extracellular vesicles of neural crest cells in repairing damaged peripheral nerves, and also promotes the application of miR-21-5p in tissue engineering regeneration medicine.

A Novel Swarm-Exploring Neurodynamic Network for Obtaining Global Optimal Solutions to Nonconvex Nonlinear Programming Problems.

A swarm-exploring neurodynamic network (SENN) based on a two-timescale model is proposed in this study for solving nonconvex nonlinear programming problems. First, by using a convergent-differential neural network (CDNN) as a local quadratic programming (QP) solver and combining it with a two-timescale model design method, a two-timescale convergent-differential (TTCD) model is exploited, and its stability is analyzed and described in detail. Second, swarm exploration neurodynamics are incorporated into the TTCD model to obtain an SENN with global search capabilities. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed SENN is demonstrated via simulation, and the superiority of the SENN is exhibited through a comparison with existing collaborative neurodynamics methods. The advantage of the SENN is that it only needs a single recurrent neural network (RNN) interact, while the compared collaborative neurodynamic approach (CNA) involves multiple RNN runs.

SEA++: Multi-Graph-based Higher-Order Sensor Alignment for Multivariate Time-Series Unsupervised Domain Adaptation.

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) methods have been successful in reducing label dependency by minimizing the domain discrepancy between labeled source domains and unlabeled target domains. However, these methods face challenges when dealing with Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) data. MTS data typically originates from multiple sensors, each with its unique distribution. This property poses difficulties in adapting existing UDA techniques, which mainly focus on aligning global features while overlooking the distribution discrepancies at the sensor level, thus limiting their effectiveness for MTS data. To address this issue, a practical domain adaptation scenario is formulated as Multivariate Time-Series Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (MTS-UDA). In this paper, we propose SEnsor Alignment (SEA) for MTS-UDA, aiming to address domain discrepancy at both local and global sensor levels. At the local sensor level, we design endo-feature alignment, which aligns sensor features and their correlations across domains. To reduce domain discrepancy at the global sensor level, we design exo-feature alignment that enforces restrictions on global sensor features. We further extend SEA to SEA++ by enhancing the endo-feature alignment. Particularly, we incorporate multi-graph-based higher-order alignment for both sensor features and their correlations. Extensive empirical results have demonstrated the state-of-the-art performance of our SEA and SEA++ on six public MTS datasets for MTS-UDA.

Rapid identification of the aging time of Liupao tea using AI-multimodal fusion sensing technology combined with analysis of tea polysaccharide conjugates.

Identifying the aging time of Liupao Tea (LPT) presents a persistent challenge. We utilized an AI-Multimodal fusion method combining FTIR, E-nose, and E-tongue to discern LPT's aging years. Compared to single-source and two-source fusion methods, the three-source fusion significantly enhanced identifying accuracy across all four machine learning algorithms (Decision tree, Random forest, K-nearest neighbor, and Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis), achieving optimal accuracy of 98-100 %. Physicochemical analysis revealed monotonic variations in tea polysaccharide (TPS) conjugates with aging, observed through SEM imaging as a transition from lamellar to granular TPS conjugate structures. These quality changes were reflected in FTIR spectral characteristics. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) identified sensitive wavelength regions of FTIR from LPT and TPS conjugates, indicating a high similarity in spectral changes between TPS conjugates and LPT with aging years, highlighting the significant role of TPS conjugates variation in LPT quality. Additionally, we established an index for evaluating quality of aging, which is sum of three fingerprint peaks (1029 cm-1, 1635 cm-1, 2920 cm-1) intensities. The index could effectively signify the changes in aging years on macro-scale (R2 = 0.94) and micro-scale (R2 = 0.88). These findings demonstrate FTIR's effectiveness in identifying aging time, providing robust evidence for quality assessment.

Comparison of efficacy of eltrombopag combined with immunosuppression in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia and very severe aplastic anemia: real-world data and evidence.

Eltrombopag combined with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) was superior to IST alone for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) in the previous studies. But in China, horse antithymocyte globulin (hATG) is not available, instead, we use rabbit ATG (rATG). Here, we compared the efficacy and safety of IST (rATG combined with cyclosporine) combined with or without eltrombopag for the first-line treatment of SAA and very severe aplastic anemia (VSAA). A total of 371 patients in ten institutions in China from April 1, 2017 to December 1, 2022 were enrolled. The overall response (OR) rate at 3 months (54.2% vs. 41%; P = 0.046), the complete response (CR) (31.3% vs. 19.4%; P = 0.041) and OR (78.3% vs. 51.1%; P < 0.0001) rates at 6 months were significantly higher with IST combined with eltrombopag than with IST alone in SAA patients. While in VSAA patients, the addition of eltrombopag to IST only increased the CR rate at 6 months (29.8% vs. 9.43%; P = 0.010). Liver injury increased significantly in groups treated with IST combined with eltrombopag (P < 0.05). Serious treatment-related toxicities were similar (P > 0.05). In patients with SAA, 3-year failure-free survival (FFS) of eltrombopag combined with IST group was significantly higher than that of IST group (70.7 ± 5.3% vs. 50.3 ± 3.9%; P = 0.007). In patients with VSAA, the addition of eltrombopag significantly improved 3-year overall survival (OS) (82.2 ± 5.7% vs. 57.3 ± 7.2%; P = 0.020). Our findings suggested that IST combined with eltrombopag could improve the hematological recovery of newly diagnosed SAA without increasing severe toxicities. But in VSAA, the addition of eltrombopag seemed to show no other improvement to efficacy except the CR rate at 6 months.

Convolutional Dynamically Convergent Differential Neural Network for Brain Signal Classification.

The brain signal classification is the basis for the implementation of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, most existing brain signal classification methods are based on signal processing technology, which require a significant amount of manual intervention, such as channel selection and dimensionality reduction, and often struggle to achieve satisfactory classification accuracy. To achieve high classification accuracy and as little manual intervention as possible, a convolutional dynamically convergent differential neural network (ConvDCDNN) is proposed for solving the electroencephalography (EEG) signal classification problem. First, a single-layer convolutional neural network is used to replace the preprocessing steps in previous work. Then, focal loss is used to overcome the imbalance in the dataset. After that, a novel automatic dynamic convergence learning (ADCL) algorithm is proposed and proved for training neural networks. Experimental results on the BCI Competition 2003, BCI Competition III A, and BCI Competition III B datasets demonstrate that the proposed ConvDCDNN framework achieved state-of-the-art performance with accuracies of 100%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. In addition, the proposed algorithm exhibits a higher information transfer rate (ITR) compared with current algorithms.

A comparative evaluation of bioequivalence of Gan & Lee glargine U300 and Toujeo® in Chinese healthy male participants.

Background: To assess the bioequivalence between Gan & Lee (GL) glargine U300 and Toujeo® regarding pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety in Chinese healthy male participants. Methods: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, two-preparation, two-sequence, four-cycle repeated crossover design study was performed to compare GL glargine U300 and Toujeo® in 40 healthy participants. The primary PK endpoints were the area under the curve of glargine metabolites, M1 concentration from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0-24h), and the maximum glargine concentration within 24 hours post-dose (Cmax). The primary PD endpoints were the area under the glucose infusion rate (GIR) curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUCGIR.0-24h) and the maximum GIR within 24 hours post-dose (GIRmax). Results: GL Glargine U300 demonstrated comparable PK parameters (AUC0-24h, Cmax, AUC0-12h, and AUC12-24h of M1) and PD responses [AUCGIR.0-24h, GIRmax, AUCGIR.0-12h, and AUCGIR.12-24h] to those of Toujeo®, as indicated by 90% confidence intervals ranging from 80% to 125%. No significant disparities in safety profiles were observed between the two treatment groups, and there were no reported instances of serious adverse events. Conclusion: The PK, PD, and safety of GL glargine U300 were bioequivalent to that of Toujeo®. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/, identifier CTR20212419.

First Report of Root Collar Canker Caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on Jacaranda mimosifolia in China.

Jacaranda mimosifolia is widely cultivated as a garden ornamental tree. In July 2023, an unknown root collar canker of J. mimosifolia was discovered in green belts of Qingxiu District, Nanning, China, with a 8% incidence rate. Crowns of affected trees ranged from reddish brown leaves to deciduous or dead. Root collar tissue became necrotic matched by underbark dark brown lesions with irregular margins, and rotted at last. Six diseased plants distributed within 3000 m2 were choosed, and 24 root collar tissues were surface sterilized and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates to incubate at 28℃ for 3 to 5 days. Same colonies were consistently isolated from 18 tissues, and three isolates (M3-B1-1, M3-B1-2 and M3-B1-3) were purified for morphological and molecular determination. These isolates formed colonies with lush aerial mycelia rapidly, which covered a 90 mm plate in 72h. The colonies were initially white, then grayish-green to black. Arthrospores were colourless to light brown, short columnar, aseptate, truncate base, averaging 12.1±2.5 µm × 3.4±0.7 µm, sometimes formed arthric chains. Chlamydospores were dark brown, round or oval, aseptate, averaging 8.7±1.6 µm × 5.0±0.9 µm. Mature pycnidia and conidia produced for about 50 days on oatmeal agar medium (OMA), and conidia were colorless, oblong, aseptate, averaging 11.2±1.2 µm × 6.0±1.4 µm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (Crous et al. 2006). Genomic DNA was extracted from three isolates. The partial ITS region, TUB2 and TEF1-α genes were amplified (White et al., 1990; Glass and Donaldson 1995; Carbone and Kohn 1999). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: PP939650-PP939652; TUB2: PP942728-PP942730; TEF1-α: PP942731-PP942733). Blastn analysis revealed that ITS sequences of three isolates showed 99.8%, 100%, 100% identity (506 bp out of 507 bp, 507 bp out of 507 bp, 507 bp out of 507 bp) to N. dimidiatum C21 (KX447539), the TUB2 sequences showed 100% identity (436 bp out of 436 bp, 437 bp out of 437 bp, 437 bp out of 437 bp) to N.dimidiatum LNeo (ON099066), and the TEF1-α sequences showed 99.64% identity (276 bp out of 277 bp) to N.dimidiatum ARM230 (MK495384), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated ITS, TUB2 and TEF1-α sequences showed that three isolates were clustered into the same clade as N. dimidiatum. To fulfill Koch's postulates, pathogenicity of these isolates was tested on healthy two-year-old J. mimosifolia trees. Stem and root collar were wounded and placed mycelial plugs (8mm), and the inoculation sites were wrapped with parafilm or covered with nursery substrate to maintain the humidity. Four plants were inoculated with each isolate. As a control, four plants were inoculated with noncolonized PDA plugs. All treated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 28 ± 3°C and 70% relative humidity. Foliar blight and necrotic lesions around inoculation points were observed about 65 days after inoculation, and 50% of inoculated trees exhibited symptoms, whereas the control trees remained symptomless. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum was successfully reisolated from symptomatic tissue via morphological analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root collar canker caused by N. dimidiatum on J. mimosifolia. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum has a wide range of hosts, including pitaya, pine, mulberry, pear, grape, locust tree (Luo et al. 2024). This finding will help in controlling of the disease epidemic.

Kumujan B suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammatory response and alleviates experimental colitis in mice.

Treatments of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are diverse, but their efficacy is limited, and it is therefore urgent to find better therapies. Controlling mucosal inflammation is a must in IBD drug treatment. The occurrence of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) monoclonal antibodies has provided a safer and more efficacious therapy. However, this kind of treatment still faces failure in the form of loss of response. ß-Carboline alkaloids own an anti-inflammatory pharmacological activity. While Kumujan B contains ß-carboline, its biological activity remains unknown. In this study, we attempted to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Kumujan B using both the TNF-α- induced in vitro inflammation and DSS-induced in vivo murine IBD models. Our data show that Kumujan B attenuated the expression of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) induced by TNF-α in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Kumujan B suppressed c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK) signaling, especially c-Jun, for anti-inflammatory response. Furthermore, Kumujan B promoted K11-linked ubiquitination and degradation of c-Jun through the proteasome pathway. In an in vivo study, Kumujan B inhibited the expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α and improved the colon barrier function in dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced experimental mice colitis. Kumujan B exhibited in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for treating IBD.

PRSS50-mediated inhibition of MKP3/ERK signaling is crucial for meiotic progression and sperm quality.

Serine protease 50 (PRSS50/TSP50) is highly expressed in spermatocytes. Our study investigated its role in testicular development and spermatogenesis. Initially, PRSS50 knockdown was observed to impair DNA synthesis in spermatocytes. To further explore this, we generated PRSS50 knockout ( Prss50 -/- ) mice ( Mus musculus), which exhibited abnormal spermatid nuclear compression and reduced male fertility. Furthermore, dysplastic seminiferous tubules and decreased sex hormones were observed in 4-week-old Prss50 -/- mice, accompanied by meiotic progression defects and increased apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. Mechanistic analysis indicated that PRSS50 deletion resulted in increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and elevated levels of MAP kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3), a specific ERK antagonist, potentially accounting for testicular dysplasia in adolescent Prss50 -/- mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that PRSS50 plays an important role in testicular development and spermatogenesis, with the MKP3/ERK signaling pathway playing a significant role in this process.

Constituents from leaves of Macaranga hemsleyana.

Objective: To study constituents of the leaves of Macaranga hemsleyana, and evaluate their inhibitory effects against NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and antiproliferative activity. Methods: The constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on MCI gel CHP20P/P120, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and HPLC. The structures of compounds were determined by 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS data. The inhibitory effect of compounds on inflammasome activation was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) procedure. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Results: The study led to the isolation of 23 compounds, including one new compound, identified as (2Z)-3-[4-(ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyphenyl]-2-propenoic acid (1), together with 22 known compounds recognized as 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile (2), methyl 4-methoxynicotinate (3), 4-methoxynicotinonitrile (4), 1-(3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethanone (5), neoisoastilbin (6), isoastilbin (7), aromadendrin (8), neoastilbin (9), astilbin (10), quercitrin (11), neoschaftoside (12), apigenin 6,8-bis-C-α-L-arabinoside (13), vitexin (14), bergenin (15), scopoletin (16), glucopyranoside salicyl (17), koaburside (18), benzyl ß-D-glucoside (19), icariside B5 (20), roseoside (21), loliolide (22), and adenosine (23). The tested compounds did not show LDH inhibition nor antiproliferative activity. Conclusion: Compound 1 was a new glycoside. Compounds 2 and 3 were obtained for the first time from natural source. The 22 known compounds constituted of alkaloids (2-4, 23), phenolics (5, 15, 17, 18), flavonoids (6-14), coumarin (16), benzyl glycoside (19), and norsesquiterpenes (20-22). All the compounds, 1-23, were revealed from M. hemsleyana for the first time. This is the initial uncovering of molecules 1-10, 12, 13, 17-19, and 23 from the genus Macaranga. The isolated compounds, 11, 14-16, and 20-22 established taxonomic classification of M. hemsleyana in Euphorbiaceae family. Flavonoids were outstanding as chemosystematic markers of Macaranga genus.

Spatial-Frequency Characteristics of EEG Associated with the Mental Stress in Human-Machine Systems.

Accurate assessment of user mental stress in human-machine system plays a crucial role in ensuring task performance and system safety. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of stress in human-machine tasks and assessment methods based on physiological indicators remain fundamental challenges. In this paper, we employ a virtual unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control experiment to explore the reorganization of functional brain network patterns under stress conditions. The results indicate enhanced functional connectivity in the frontal theta band and central beta band, as well as reduced functional connectivity in the left parieto-occipital alpha band, which is associated with increased mental stress. Evaluation of network metrics reveals that decreased global efficiency in the theta and beta bands is linked to elevated stress levels. Subsequently, inspired by the frequency-specific patterns in the stress brain network, a cross-band graph convolutional network (CBGCN) model is constructed for mental stress brain state recognition. The proposed method captures the spatial-frequency topological relationships of cross-band brain networks through multiple branches, with the aim of integrating complex dynamic patterns hidden in the brain network and learning discriminative cognitive features. Experimental results demonstrate that the neuro-inspired CBGCN model improves classification performance and enhances model interpretability. The study suggests that the proposed approach provides a potentially viable solution for recognizing stress states in human-machine system by using EEG signals.

Permutation conditional mutual information to quantify TMS-evoked cortical connectivity in disorders of consciousness.

Objective.To improve the understanding and diagnostic accuracy of disorders of consciousness (DOC) by quantifying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evoked electroencephalography connectivity using permutation conditional mutual information (PCMI).Approach.PCMI can characterize the functional connectivity between different brain regions. This study employed PCMI to analyze TMS-evoked cortical connectivity (TEC) in 154 DOC patients and 16 normal controls, focusing on optimizing parameter selection for PCMI (Data length, Order length, Time delay). We compared short-range and long-range PCMI values across different consciousness states-unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), minimally conscious state (MCS), and normal (NOR)-and assessed various feature selection and classification techniques to distinguish these states.Main results.(1) PCMI can quantify TEC. We found optimal parameters to be Data length: 500 ms; Order: 3; Time delay: 6 ms. (2) TMS evoked potentials (TEPs) for NOR showed a rich response, while MCS patients showed only a few components, and UWS patients had almost no significant components. The values of PCMI connectivity metrics demonstrated its usefulness for measuring cortical connectivity evoked by TMS. From NOR to MCS to UWS, the number and strength of TEC decreased. Quantitative analysis revealed significant differences in the strength and number of TEC in the entire brain, local regions and inter-regions among different consciousness states. (3) A decision tree with feature selection by mutual information performed the best (balanced accuracy: 87.0% and accuracy: 83.5%). This model could accurately identify NOR (100.0%), but had lower identification accuracy for UWS (86.5%) and MCS (74.1%).Significance.The application of PCMI in measuring TMS-evoked connectivity provides a robust metric that enhances our ability to differentiate between various states of consciousness in DOC patients. This approach not only aids in clinical diagnosis but also contributes to the broader understanding of cortical connectivity and consciousness.

Clinical and epidemiological features of imported loiasis in Beijing: a report from patients returned from Africa.

BACKGROUND: Loiasis is one of the significant filarial diseases for people living in West and Central Africa with wide endemic area but is not seen in China. As economy booms and international traveling increase, China faces more and more imported parasitic diseases that are not endemic locally. Loiasis is one of the parasitic diseases that enter China by travelers infected in Africa. The better understanding of the clinical and laboratory features of loa loa infection will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of loiasis in China. METHODS: The study targeted travelers who were infected with L. loa in endemic Africa regions and returned to Beijing between 2014 and 2023. Epidemiological, clinical, and biological data as well as treatment of these patients were collected. RESULTS: Total 21 cases were identified as L. loa infection based on their typical clinical manifestations and parasite finding. All cases had a history of travel to Africa for more than 6 months, most of them are the construction workers dispatched to West Africa with outdoor activities. Calabar swelling (n = 19; 90.5%) and pruritus (n = 11; 52.4%) were among the most common clinical symptoms followed by muscle pain (n = 7; 33.3%) and skin rash (n = 2; 9.5%). The adult worms were observed in the eyelid or subconjunctiva (n = 2; 9.5%) and subcutaneous tissues (n = 2; 9.5%). Although all patients presented with a high eosinophil count (> 0.52 × 109/L), only two cases displayed microfilariae in fresh venous blood and positive for filarial antigen. A cut section of adult worm was observed through biopsy on a skin nodule surrounded by lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. All subjects were positive in PCR targeting L. loa ITS-1. The constructed phylogenetic tree based on the amplified ITS-1 sequences identified their genetical relation to the L. Loa from Africa. All patients treated with albendazole and diethylcarbamazine were recovered without relapse. CONCLUSION: This study provides useful information and guideline for physicians and researchers in non-endemic countries to diagnose and treat loiasis and L. loa infections acquired from endemic regions.

Novel herbicide flusulfinam: absolute configuration, enantioseparation, enantioselective bioactivity, toxicity and degradation in paddy soils.

BACKGROUND: Flusulfinam, a novel chiral herbicide, effectively controls Echinochloa crusgalli and Digitaria sanguinalis in paddy fields, indicating significant potential for practical agricultural applications. However, limited information is available on flusulfinam from a chiral perspective. A comprehensive evaluation of the enantiomeric levels of flusulfinam was performed. RESULTS: Two enantiomers, R-(+)- and S-(-)-flusulfinam, were separately eluted using a Chiralcel OX-RH column. The bioactivity of R-flusulfinam against the two was 1.4-3.1 fold that of Rac-flusulfinam against two weed species. R-flusulfinam toxicity to Danio rerio larvae and Selenastrum capricornutumwere was 0.8- and 3.0-fold higher than Rac-flusulfinam, respectively. Degradation experiments were conducted using soil samples from four Chinese provinces. The findings indicated that S-flusulfinam (half-life T1/2 = 40.8 days) exhibits preferential degradation than R-flusulfinam (T1/2 = 46.2-57.8 days) in the soils of three provinces. Under anaerobic conditions, soil from Anhui exhibited preferential degradation of R-flusulfinam (T1/2 = 46.2 days) over S-flusulfinam (T1/2 = 63 days). Furthermore, two hydrolysis products of flusulfinam (M299 and M100) are proposed for the first time. CONCLUSION: The enantioselective bioactivity, toxicity and degradation of flusulfinam were investigated. Our findings indicate that R-flusulfinam is an extremely effective and low-toxicity enantiomer for the tested species. The soil degradation test indicated that the degradation of flusulfinam was accelerated by higher organic matter content and lower soil pH. Furthermore, microbial communities may play a crucial role in driving the enantioselective degradation processes. This study lays the groundwork for the systematic evaluation of flusulfinam from an enantiomeric perspective. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål).

Sugar transporters play important roles in controlling carbohydrate transport and are responsible for mediating the movement of sugars into cells in numerous organisms. In insects, sugar transporters not only play a role in sugar transport but may also act as receptors for virus entry and the accumulation of plant defense compounds. The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, inflicts damage on rice plants by feeding on their phloem sap, which is rich in sugars. In the present study, we identified 34 sugar transporters in N. lugens, which were classified into three subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. The motif numbers varied from seven to eleven, and motifs 2, 3, and 4 were identified in the functional domains of all 34 NlST proteins. Chromosome 1 was found to possess the highest number of NlST genes, harboring 15. The gut, salivary glands, fat body, and ovary were the different tissues enriched with NlST gene expression. The expression levels of NlST2, 3, 4, 7, 20, 27, 28, and 31 were higher in the gut than in the other tissues. When expressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexose transporter deletion mutant (strain EBY.VW4000), only ApST4 (previously characterized) and NlST4, 28, and 31 were found to transport glucose and fructose, resulting in functional rescue of the yeast mutant. These results provide valuable data for further studies on sugar transporters in N. lugens and lay a foundation for finding potential targets to control N. lugens.

Lactate and Lactylation in Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review.

Sepsis is a disorder of the immune response to infection or infectious factors with high morbidity and mortality in clinical settings. The lactylation of lysine residues, fueled by lactate, plays a pivotal role in its pathophysiology. In conducting a literature review on sepsis-related research, we employed a systematic approach to ensure comprehensiveness and accuracy. Initially, we conducted an extensive literature search through the PubMed database, utilizing a range of keywords including "sepsis", "lactate", "lactylation", and "epigenetic modification". The aim was to capture the most recent research related to the pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis, metabolic disorders, and the role of lactylation. The results of the literature review revealed a close link between sepsis and metabolic dysfunction, particularly the pivotal role of lactylation in regulating immune responses and inflammatory processes. Lactate, not only an energy metabolic byproduct produced during glycolysis, affects the activity of various proteins, including those involved in immune regulation and cell signaling, through lactylation. In the context of sepsis, changes in the levels of lactylation may be closely associated with the severity and prognosis of the disease. In summary, lactylation, as an emerging type of epigenetic modification, provides a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. Future research needs to further elucidate the exact mechanisms of lactylation in sepsis and explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

The annual incidence and mortality rates associated with sepsis are on the rise, and to date, no medications or therapies have been proven effective in clinical practice. Glycolysis plays a pivotal role in regulating lactylation, a process derived from lactate generated by cellular glucose metabolism. In the context of sepsis, elevated lactate levels are indicative of a poor prognosis. It is imperative to delve into the mechanisms underlying lactylation alterations during sepsis to enhance our comprehension of its complex pathophysiology and to pinpoint innovative therapeutic targets for the condition.

Three Undescribed Protoilludane-Type Sesquiterpene Aryl Esters from Armillaria gallica.

Three previously undescribed protoilludane-type sesquiterpene aryl esters, armillanals A-C (1-3), along with seven known ones (4-10) were obtained from Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. Compounds 1 and 2 were a rare class of sesquiterpenes featuring the Δ2(3) and Δ12(13)-protoilludane skeleton. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods. Based on electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, the absolute configurations of three new compounds (1-3) were determined. The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1-10 was screened and compound 3 could dose-dependently decrease the level of lactate dehydrogenase, showing IC50 value of 4.525 µM.

Possible toxification mechanisms of acute and chronic pentachlorophenol to Montipora digitata: Limitation of energy supply and immunotoxicity.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is widely found in coastal environments and has various adverse effects, and its potential impact on coral reef ecosystems concerning. The scleractinian coral Montipora digitata was used for PCP stress experiments in this study. Phenotypes, physiological indicators, microbial diversity analysis and RNA sequencing were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the responses of corals to acute and chronic PCP exposure. After 96 h of acute exposure, coral bleaching occurred at 1000 µg/LPCP and there was a significant decrease in Symbiodiniaceae density, Fv/Fm, and chlorophyll a content. Exposure to different concentrations of PCP significantly increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), leading to oxidative stress in corals. Chronic PCP exposure resulted in bleaching at 60 days, with the Fv/Fm significantly reduced to 0.461. Microbial diversity analysis revealed an increase in the abundance of potential pathogens, such as Vibrio, during acute PCP exposure and the emergence of the degrading bacterium Delftia during chronic PCP exposure. Transcriptional analysis showed that PCP exposure caused abnormal carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in zooxanthella, which affected energy supply, induced immune responses, and disrupted symbiotic relationships. Corals respond to injury by boosting the expression of genes associated with signal transduction and immune response. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with environmental adaptation increased with chronic PCP exposure, which is consistent with the results of the microbial diversity analysis. These results indicate that PCP exposure might affect the balance of coral- zooxanthellae symbiosis in the stony coral M. digitata, impairing coral health and leading to bleaching.

Species pool and soil properties in mangrove habitats influence the species-immigration process of diazotrophic communities across southern China.

Microbial immigration is an ecological process in natural environments; however, the ecological trade-off mechanisms that govern the balance between species extinction and migration are still lacking. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the migration of diazotrophic communities from soil to leaves across six natural mangrove habitats in southern China. The results showed that the diazotrophic alpha and beta diversity exhibited significant regional and locational variations. The diazotrophic species pool gradually increased from the leaves to nonrhizosphere soil at each site, exhibiting a vertical distribution pattern. Mantel test analyses suggested that climate factors, particularly mean annual temperature, significantly influenced the structure of the diazotrophic community. The diazotrophic community assembly was mainly governed by dispersal limitation in soil and root samples, whereas dispersal limitation and ecological drift were dominant in leaves. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that the species pool and soil properties, particularly the oxidation-reduction potential and pH, were closely linked to the species-immigration ratio of diazotrophic communities. Our study provides novel insights for understanding the ecological trait diversity patterns and spread pathways of functional microbial communities between below- and aboveground habitats in natural ecosystems.IMPORTANCEEnvironmental selection plays key roles in microbial transmission. In this study, we have provided a comprehensive framework to elucidate the driving patterns of the ecological trade-offs in diazotrophic communities across large-scale mangrove habitats. Our research revealed that Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Marinobacterium lutimaris, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens were more abundant in root-associated soil than in leaves by internal and external pathways. The nonrhizospheric and rhizospheric soil samples harbored the most core amplicon sequence variants, indicating that these dominant diazotrophs could adapt to broader ecological niches. Correlation analysis indicated that the diversities of the diazotrophic community were regulated by biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, this study found a lower species immigration ratio in the soil than in the leaves. Both species pool and soil properties regulate the species-immigration mechanisms of the diazotrophic community. These results suggest that substantial species immigration is a widespread ecological process, leading to alterations in local community diversity across diverse host environments.