The impact of obesity on vaginal hysterectomy and laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy outcomes: A randomised control trial.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective randomised control trial aimed to compare outcome measures of vaginal hysterectomy (VH) and laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) in obese vs. non-obese women undergoing hysterectomy for benign uterine conditions with a non-prolapsed uterus. The primary objective of the study was to estimate operation time, uterine weight and blood loss amongst obese and non-obese patients undergoing VH and LAVH. The secondary objective was to determine any difference in hospital stay, the need for post-operative analgesia, intra- and immediate post-operative complications, and the rate of conversion to laparotomy for obese vs. non-obese patients undergoing VH and LAVH. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomised control study was undertaken in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH). Women admitted between January 2017 and December 2019 for hysterectomy due to benign conditions, meeting the inclusion criteria set by the unit (vaginally accessible uterus, uterine size ≤ 12 weeks of gestation or ≤ 280gr on ultrasound examination, pathology confined to the uterus) were included in the study. The VH procedures were performed by the residents in training, under the supervision of specialists with large experience in vaginal surgery. All the LAVHs were performed by one surgeon (AC). In addition to the patient characteristics and surgical approach to hysterectomy, operative time, estimated blood loss, uterine weight, length of hospital stay, intra-operative and immediate post-operative complications were also recorded in obese and non-obese patient groups and comparatively analysed. RESULTS: A total of 227 women were included in the study. 151 patients underwent VH and 76 LAVH, upon randomisation on a 2:1 basis, reflecting the habitual proportion of hysterectomy cases in the Urogynaecology and Endoscopy Unit at CMJAH. No significant differences were found in mean shift of pre-operative to post-operative serum haemoglobin, uterine weight, intra- and immediate post-operative complications, and convalescence period when comparing obese and non-obese patients in both the VH and LAVH groups. There was a statistically significant difference in operating time between the two procedures. The LAVHs took longer compared to the VHs to be performed (62.8 ± 9.3 vs. 29.9 ± 6.6 min in non-obese patients, and 62.7 ± 9.8 vs 30.0 ± 6,9 min for obese patients). All VHs and LAVHs were successfully accomplished without major complications. CONCLUSION: VH and LAVH for the non-prolapsed uterus is a feasible and safe alternative for obese patients demonstrating similar perioperative outcome measures as non-obese women undergoing VH and LAVH. Where possible, VH should be preferred to LAVH as it is a safe route of hysterectomy, with operation time being significantly shorter.

A Longitudinal Study of Thrombosis and Bleeding Outcomes With Thromboprophylaxis in Pregnant Women at Intermediate and High Risk of VTE.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy at intermediate to high risk of venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) is an area of ongoing research. AIM: This study aimed to assess thrombosis and bleeding outcomes associated with thromboprophylaxis in women at risk of VTE. METHODS: A cohort of 129 pregnancies, who received thromboprophylaxis for the prevention of VTE, were identified from a specialist obstetric clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. Intermediate-risk pregnancies, with medical comorbidities or multiple low risks, were managed with fixed low-dose enoxaparin antepartum and for a median (interquartile range) of 4 (4) weeks postpartum. High-risk pregnancies, with a history of previous VTE, were managed with anti-Xa adjusted enoxaparin antepartum and for a median of 6 (0) weeks postpartum. Pregnancy-related VTE was objectively confirmed. Major bleeding, clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (CRNMB) and minor bleeding were defined according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis Scientific Subcommittee. RESULTS: Venous thrombo-embolism occurred antepartum in 1.4% (95% CI: 0.04-7.7) of intermediate and 3.4% (95% CI: 0.4-11.7) of high-risk pregnancies. Bleeding events occurred in 7.1% (95% CI: 2.4-15.9) of intermediate and 8.5% (95% CI: 2.8-18.7) of high-risk pregnancies. Of these bleeding events, 3.1% (95% CI: 1.0-8.0) were classified as major bleeding. On univariate analysis, no independent predictors of bleeding were identified. CONCLUSION: The rates of thrombosis and bleeding in this predominantly African population were consistent with similar studies and can be used to inform pregnant women of the benefits of anticoagulation and the risks of potential bleeding.

Experiences of workplace bullying among academics in a health sciences faculty at a South African university.

BACKGROUND: Workplace bullying and other negative workplace behaviours are problems that need to be addressed across many work settings, including at universities. OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of bullying among academics, and factors associated with bullying, in a faculty of health sciences (FHS) of a South African university. METHODS: All academic staff, except senior managers, were invited to participate by completing a self-administered, web-based questionnaire hosted on REDCap. In adition to sociodemographic information, the survey collected information on bullying, and the factors associated with experiences of workplace bullying. Survey data were exported to Stata 13 for analysis. The data were weighted to take account of the distribution of staff in the FHS. Chi-square tests and a multiple logistic regression model for bullying were utilised. RESULTS: The majority of study participants were white (52%), female (70%) and South African (85%). Bullying in the workplace was experienced by 58% of respondents, of whom 44% experienced bullying more than once, and 64% of participants had witnessed bullying. Being female (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 - 2.93; p<0.05) and being jointly appointed as both a clinician in a health facility and an academic in the university (aOR 1.73; 95% CI 1.29 - 2.32; p<0.001) increased the odds of experiencing workplace bullying. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of strategies is needed, including clear FHS policies to prevent bullying, training in bullying prevention and critical diversity, and positive practice environments.

Phenotyping and outcome on contemporary management in a German cohort of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a life-threatening heart disease developing towards the end of pregnancy or in the months following delivery in previously healthy women in terms of cardiac disease. Enhanced oxidative stress and the subsequent cleavage of the nursing hormone Prolactin into an anti-angiogenic 16 kDa subfragment emerged as a potential causal factor of the disease. We established a prospective registry with confirmed PPCM present in 115 patients (mean baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF: 27 ± 9 %). Follow-up data (6 ± 3 months) showed LVEF improvement in 85 % and full recovery in 47 % while 15 % failed to recover with death in 2 % of patients. A positive family history of cardiomyopathy was present in 16.5 %. Pregnancy-associated hypertension was associated with a better outcome while a baseline LVEF ≤ 25 % was associated with a worse outcome. A high recovery rate (96 %) was observed in patients obtaining combination therapy with beta-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor-blockers (ARBs) and bromocriptine. Increased serum levels of Cathepsin D, the enzyme that generates 16 kDa Prolactin, miR-146a, a direct target of 16 kDa Prolactin, N-terminal-pro-brain-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) emerged as biomarkers for PPCM. In conclusion, low baseline LVEF is a predictor for poor outcome while pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders are associated with a better outcome in this European PPCM cohort. The high recovery rate in this collective is associated with a treatment concept using beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors/ARBs and bromocriptine. Increased levels of Cathepsin D activity, miR-146a and ADMA in serum of PPCM patients support the pathophysiological role of 16 kDa Prolactin for PPCM and may be used as a specific diagnostic marker profile.

Evaluating the QuikRead® C-reactive protein test as a point-of-care test.

BACKGROUND: Available tests to diagnose infection in neonates often provide results after 12-24 hours. A bedside test that is reliable will facilitate earlier exclusion or diagnosis of infection. OBJECTIVE: To validate a bedside C-reactive protein (CRP) test against the currently available laboratory CRP test in neonates with suspected sepsis. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study where a bedside CRP was done concurrently with and validated against a laboratory CRP in neonates with suspected sepsis. The sensitivities, specificities and predictive values for the bedside CRP tests were calculated using the laboratory CRPs as the reference test. RESULTS: There were 209 measured CRP-sample pairs. Seventy per cent of these had suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis and 30% had suspected late-onset neonatal sepsis. Twelve per cent had culture-proven sepsis. At the recommended cut-off of 8.0 mg/L for the bedside CRP test, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 84%, 80%, 30% and 97%, respectively. Adjusting the cut-off value from 8.0 to 15.0 mg/L improved the specificity to 88%. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were not different between early-onset and late-onset sepsis. The receiver operating characteristic curve had an area below the curve of 0.84 for the cut-off at 16.2 mg/L on the beside CRP test. CONCLUSIONS: The bedside CRP test may be used as a screening test to aid decisions to either commence or discontinue antibiotics in circumstances where the clinical diagnosis of sepsis is in doubt. By using a cut-off of 16.0 mg/L for the bedside CRP test, the possibility of a false negative result is minimised.

The thrombotic profile of treatment-naive HIV-positive Black South Africans with acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on protease inhibitors (PIs) have a heightened risk of arterial thrombosis but little is known about treatment-naive patients. METHODS/RESULTS: Prospective study from South Africa comparing thrombotic profiles of HIV-positive and -negative patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 30 treatment-naive HIV-positive patients with ACS were compared to 30 HIV-negative patients with ACS. Patients with HIV were younger; and besides smoking (73% vs 33%) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL; 0.8 ± 0.3 vs 1.1 ± 0.4), they had fewer risk factors. Thrombophilia was more common in HIV-positive patients with lower protein C (PC; 82 ± 22 vs 108 ± 20) and higher factor VIII levels (201 ± 87 vs 136 ± 45). Patients with HIV had higher frequencies of anticardiolipin (aCL; 47% vs 10%) and antiprothrombin antibodies (87% vs 21%). CONCLUSION: Treatment-naive HIV-positive patients with ACS are younger, with fewer traditional risk factors but a greater degree of thrombophilia compared with HIV-negative patients.

Acute coronary syndromes in treatment-naïve black South africans with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND: HIV patients on protease inhibitors have greater risk of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) but little is known about treatment-naïve patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Authors conducted a prospective single-center study from Soweto, South Africa, comparing the clinical and angiographic features of treatment-naïve HIV positive and negative patients with ACS. Between March 2004 and February 2008, 30 consecutive treatment-naïve HIV patients with ACS were compared to the next HIV-negative patient as a 1:1 control. HIV patients were younger (43 +/- 7 vs. 54 +/- 13, P = 0.004) and, besides smoking (73% vs. 33%, P = 0.002), had fewer risk factors than the control group with less hypertension (23% vs. 77%, P = 0.0001), diabetes (3% vs. 23%, P = 0.05), LDL hyperlipidemia (2.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.0 +/- 1.2, P = 0.006), and other coronary risk factors (7% vs. 53%, P = 0.0001). HDL was lower in the HIV group (0.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.4, P = 0.001). Atherosclerotic burden was lower in the HIV group with more normal infarct-related arteries (47% vs. 13%, P = 0.005) but a higher degree of large thrombus burden (43% vs. 17%, P = 0.02). Stents were used to a similar degree in HIV and control patients (30% vs. 37%, P = 0.78) with more target lesion revascularization in the HIV group (56% vs. 0%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Treatment-naïve HIV patients with ACS are younger and have fewer traditional risk factors than HIV-negative patients. HIV patients have less atherosclerotic but higher thrombotic burden which may imply a prothrombotic state in the pathogenesis of ACS in these patients.

Accuracy of cervical assessment in the active phase of labour.

OBJECTIVE: To determine accuracy of clinicians in estimating cervical dilatation during the active phase of labour and how this is affected by clinician experience and obstetric factors. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, comparative study. SETTING: Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital labour ward, Johannesburg, South Africa. POPULATION: Women at term in the active phase of labour, with vertex presentations and live fetuses. METHODS: The researcher performed cervical assessment immediately after the clinician on duty. The researcher and clinician were unaware of each other's findings. The researcher, used as the standard, was an experienced obstetric consultant, and the clinicians were hospital consultants and registrars at various levels of training. Accuracy was defined as agreement of the clinician's cervical dilatation estimate with that of the researcher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine independent predictors of inaccuracy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Agreement in estimation of cervical dilatation between the researcher and the clinicians. RESULTS: Examinations were performed on 508 women. The researcher and clinicians agreed on the dilatation in 250 instances (49.2%) and differed by 2 cm or more in 56 (11.0%) (kappa = 0.40, 95% CI 0.34-0.45). Accuracy was greater at low (3-4 cm) and high (8-10 cm) dilatations. Reduced accuracy was associated with decreasing clinician experience and with lower stations of fetal head. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate accuracy of cervical assessment in parturient women. Results were similar to those found in studies that used models, with about 90% of estimations accurate to within 1 cm.

Efficacy of different drug classes used to initiate antihypertensive treatment in black subjects: results of a randomized trial in Johannesburg, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Thiazides are recommended to initiate antihypertensive drug treatment in black subjects. OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of this recommendation in a South African black cohort. METHODS: Men and women (N = 409), aged 18 to 70 years, with a mean ambulatory daytime diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 114 mm Hg, were randomized to 13 months of open-label treatment starting with the nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (30 mg/d, n = 233), sustained-release verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/d, n = 58), hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/d, n = 58), or enalapril maleate (10 mg/d, n = 60). If the target of reducing daytime diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg was not attained, the first-line drugs were titrated up and after 2 months other medications were added to the regimen. RESULTS: While receiving monotherapy (2 months, n = 366), the patients' systolic and diastolic decreases in daytime blood pressure averaged 22/14 mm Hg for nifedipine, 17/11 mm Hg for verapamil, 12/8 mm Hg for hydrochlorothiazide, and 5/3 mm Hg for enalapril. At 2 months the blood pressure of more patients treated with nifedipine was controlled: 133 (63.3%, P