Blood perfusion assessment by near-infrared fluorescence angiography of epiploic appendages in prevention of anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic intersphincteric resection for ultra-low rectal cancer: a case-matched study.

BACKGROUND: The role of intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green in reducing anastomotic leakage (AL) has been demonstrated in colorectal surgery, however, its perfusion assessment mode, and efficacy in reducing anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic intersphincteric resection (LsISR) need to be further elucidated. AIM: Aim was to study near-infrared fluorescent angiography to help identify bowel ischemia to reduce AL after LsISR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective case-matched study was conducted in one referral center. A total of 556 consecutive patients with ultra-low rectal cancer including 140 patients with fluorescence angiography of epiploic appendages (FAEA)were enrolled. Perfusion assessment by FAEA in the monochrome fluorescence mode. Patients were divided into two groups based on perfusion assessment by FAEA. The primary endpoint was the AL rate within 6 months, and the secondary endpoint was the structural sequelae of anastomotic leakage (SSAL). RESULTS: After matching, the study group (n = 109) and control group (n = 190) were well-balanced. The AL rate in the FAEA group was lower before (3.6% vs. 10.1%, P = 0.026) and after matching (3.7% vs. 10.5%, P = 0.036). Propensity scores matching analysis (OR 0.275, 95% CI 0.035-0.937, P 0.039), inverse probability of treatment weighting (OR 0.814, 95% CI 0.765-0.921, P 0.002), and regression analysis (OR 0.298, 95% CI 0.112-0.790, P = 0.015), showed that FAEA was an independent protector factor for AL. This technique can significantly shorten postoperative hospital stay [9 (6-13) vs. 10 (8-13), P = 0.024] and reduce the risk of SSAL (1.4% vs. 6.0%, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion assessment by FAEA can achieve better visualization in LsISR and reduce the incidence of AL, subsequently avoiding SSAL after LsISR.

Mechanical and thermal performances of multistage flexible thermal control device: A case study in cylindrical heat pipe.

Multistage flexible heat pipe has been proved to offer advantage of large flexibility as well as low thermal resistance. However, the effects of structural parameters on the comprehensive performances of such multistage thermal control device are still unclear, particularly regarding their mechanical properties. In this paper, effect of structural parameters on the mechanical and thermal performances of bionic multistage heat pipe is investigated. Results show that the stiffness of polymer tubes primarily determines the flexibility of multistage flexible heat pipe. The heat pipe with 4 metal tubes in the adiabatic section can achieve relative large flexibility and maximum bending angle as well as the short start-up time. The bending rigidity of multistage flexible heat pipe increases from 97624.4 N mm2 to 293152.9 N mm2 when its metal ratio raises from 0 % to 80 %. The thermal resistance of multistage flexible heat pipe decreases more than 32.9 % compared to the traditional flexible heat pipe. When the flexible heat pipe remains straight, the heat transfer performance will slightly increase as the shell metal ratio increases. However, its thermal resistance will also have an additional increase when bending. These results can serve as a guide for the design of the multistage flexible thermal control device.

Prognostic stratification of patients with pT4bN0M0 colorectal cancer following multivisceral resection: a multi-institutional case series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with stage pT4b are a complex group as they show differences in tumor-infiltrated organs. Patients with the same stage often exhibit differences in prognosis after multivisceral resection (MVR). Thus far, some important prognostic factors have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we identified the prognostic factors influencing CRC patients at the pT4bN0M0 stage to stratify the prognostic differences among patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with locally advanced CRC and who underwent MVR at three medical institutions from January 2010 to December 2021. The prognostic factors affecting the survival of CRC patients at pT4bN0M0 stage were identified by multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. We then classified the prognosis into different grades on the basis of these independent prognostic factors. RESULTS: We enrolled 690 patients with locally advanced CRC who underwent MVR; of these, 172 patients with pT4bN0M0 were finally included. Patients with digestive system [overall survival (OS): hazard ratio (HR)=0.441; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.217-0.900; P =0.024; disease-free survival (DFS): HR=0.416; 95% CI=0.218-0.796; P =0.008) or genitourinary system invasion (OS: HR=0.405; 95% CI=0.193-0.851; P =0.017; DFS: HR=0.505; 95% CI=0.267-0.954; P =0.035) exhibited significantly better OS and DFS as compared to those with gynecological system invasion, while the OS and DFS were similar between the digestive system and genitourinary system invasion groups (OS: HR=0.941; 95% CI=0.434-2.042; P =0.878; DFS: HR=1.211; 95% CI=0.611-2.403; P =0.583). Multivariate analysis showed that age (OS: HR=2.121; 95% CI=1.157-3.886; P =0.015; DFS: HR=1.869; 95% CI=1.116-3.131; P =0.017) and type of organs invaded by CRC (OS: HR=3.107; 95% CI=1.121-8.609; P =0.029; DFS: HR=2.827; 95% CI=1.142-6.997; P =0.025) were the independent prognostic factors that influenced the OS and DFS of CRC patients with pT4bN0M0 disease. The OS and DFS of patients showing invasion of the gynecological system group were significantly worse ( P =0.004 and P =0.003, respectively) than those of patients with invasion of the nongynecological system group. On the basis of the above-mentioned two independent prognostic factors, patients were assigned to high-risk, medium-risk, and low-risk groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the OS and DFS of the medium-risk and high-risk groups were significantly worse ( P =0.001 and P =0.001, respectively) than those of the low-risk group. CONCLUSION: Patients with pT4bN0M0 CRC show significant differences in their prognosis. The type of organs invaded by CRC is a valuable indicator for prognostic stratification of CRC patients with pT4bN0M0.

Comparison of short- and long-term outcomes between laparoscopic and open multivisceral resection for clinical T4b colorectal cancer: A multicentre retrospective cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery is controversial for patients with clinical T4b colorectal cancer (CRC) who require multivisceral resection (MVR). This study aims to explore and compare the safety and long-term oncological outcomes of laparoscopic surgery and open surgery for patients with clinical T4b CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort study based on a multicentre database. According to the operation method, the patients were divided into a laparoscopic MVR group and an open MVR group. The short-term and long-term outcomes were compared. RESULTS: From January 2010 to December 2021, a total of 289 patients in the laparoscopic MVR group and 349 patients in the open MVR group were included. After propensity score matching, patients were stratified into a laparoscopic MVR group (n = 163) and an open MVR group (n = 163). Compared with the open MVR group, the laparoscopic MVR group had less blood loss (100 vs. 200, p < 0.001), a shorter time to first flatus (3 vs. 4, P < 0.001), a shorter postoperative hospital stay (10 vs. 12, P < 0.001), and a lower incidence of surgical site infection (2.5 % vs. 8.0 %, P = 0.043). The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the two groups had similar overall survival (P = 0.283) and disease-free survival (P = 0.152). CONCLUSION: Compared with open MVR, laparoscopic MVR had less blood loss, fewer surgical site infection complications, faster recovery and a shorter hospital stay. The long-term survival outcome of laparoscopic MVR was not inferior to that of open MVR.

Short- and long-term results of open vs laparoscopic multisegmental resection and anastomosis for synchronous colorectal cancer located in separate segments.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether laparoscopic multisegmental resection and anastomosis (LMRA) is safe and advantageous over traditional open multisegmental resection and anastomosis (OMRA) for treating synchronous colorectal cancer (SCRC) located in separate segments. AIM: To compare the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of OMRA as well as LMRA for SCRC located in separate segments. METHODS: Patients with SCRC who underwent surgery between January 2010 and December 2021 at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively recruited. In accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 109 patients who received right hemicolectomy together with anterior resection of the rectum or right hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy were finally included in the study. Patients were divided into the LMRA and OMRA groups (n = 68 and 41, respectively) according to the surgical method used. The groups were compared regarding the surgical procedure's short-term efficacy and its effect on long-term patient survival. RESULTS: LMRA patients showed markedly less intraoperative blood loss than OMRA patients (100 vs 200 mL, P = 0.006). Compared to OMRA patients, LMRA patients exhibited markedly shorter postoperative first exhaust time (2 vs 3 d, P = 0.001), postoperative first fluid intake time (3 vs 4 d, P = 0.012), and postoperative hospital stay (9 vs 12 d, P = 0.002). The incidence of total postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade: ≥ II) was 2.9% and 17.1% (P = 0.025) in the LMRA and OMRA groups, respectively, while the incidence of anastomotic leakage was 2.9% and 7.3% (P = 0.558) in the LMRA and OMRA groups, respectively. Furthermore, the LMRA group had a higher mean number of lymph nodes dissected than the OMRA group (45.2 vs 37.3, P = 0.020). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates in OMRA patients were 82.9% and 78.3%, respectively, while these rates in LMRA patients were 78.2% and 72.8%, respectively. Multivariate prognostic analysis revealed that N stage [OS: HR hazard ratio (HR) = 10.161, P = 0.026; DFS: HR = 13.017, P = 0.013], but not the surgical method (LMRA/OMRA) (OS: HR = 0.834, P = 0.749; DFS: HR = 0.812, P = 0.712), was the independent influencing factor in the OS and DFS of patients with SCRC. CONCLUSION: LMRA is safe and feasible for patients with SCRC located in separate segments. Compared to OMRA, the LMRA approach has more advantages related to short-term efficacy.

Laparoscopic resection of schwannoma in the lateral pelvic space based on the fascia plane: how we do it (with video).

BACKGROUND: Research on laparoscopic schwannoma resection (LSR) in the lateral pelvic space (LPS) remains limited. This study aimed to compare the short-term and oncological outcomes of LSR and conventional open schwannoma resection (OSR). METHODS: Clinical data of 38 patients with lateral pelvic schwannomas were retrospectively collected. LSR in the LPS was based on fascial-oriented techniques. Operation-related results, neurological function, and oncological outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients were enrolled, including 18 and 20 patients who underwent LSR and OSR, respectively. The baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between the groups. The median blood loss and incision length in the LSR group were significantly lower (40.0 vs. 300 mL, 4.5 vs. 15 cm, P < 0.001). The LSR group showed less time to the first flatus (2.0 vs. 3.0 days, P = 0.029), time to pull drainage (5.0 vs. 6.0 days, P = 0.042), time to pull catheter (3.0 vs. 4.0 days, P = 0.027), and postoperative hospital stay (6.0 vs. 8.0 days, P = 0.048). The LSR group also showed fewer postoperative complications than the OSR group, although the difference was not significant (40.0% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.113). At a median follow-up of 36 months, no local recurrence was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Fascial-oriented laparoscopic resection of schwannomas in the LPS is feasible without compromising oncological safety. LSR shows clear advantages, most notably small incisions, less blood loss, and quick recovery, as well as potential benefits of neurological function.

Long-term outcomes and failure patterns after laparoscopic intersphincteric resection in ultralow rectal cancers.

BACKGROUND: Intersphincteric resection (ISR), the ultimate anus-preserving technique for ultralow rectal cancers, is an alternative to abdominoperineal resection (APR). The failure patterns and risk factors for local recurrence and distant metastasis remain controversial and require further investigation. AIM: To investigate the long-term outcomes and failure patterns after laparoscopic ISR in ultralow rectal cancers. METHODS: Patients who underwent laparoscopic ISR (LsISR) at Peking University First Hospital between January 2012 and December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Correlation analysis was performed using the Chi-square or Pearson's correlation test. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were analyzed using Cox regression. RESULTS: We enrolled 368 patients with a median follow-up of 42 mo. Local recurrence and distant metastasis occurred in 13 (3.5%) and 42 (11.4%) cases, respectively. The 3-year OS, LRFS, and DMFS rates were 91.3%, 97.1%, and 90.1%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that LRFS was associated with positive lymph node status [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.411, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.413-20.722, P = 0.014] and poor differentiation (HR = 3.739, 95%CI: 1.171-11.937, P = 0.026), whereas the independent prognostic factors for DMFS were positive lymph node status (HR = 2.445, 95%CI: 1.272-4.698, P = 0.007) and (y)pT3 stage (HR = 2.741, 95%CI: 1.225-6.137, P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the oncological safety of LsISR for ultralow rectal cancer. Poor differentiation, (y)pT3 stage, and lymph node metastasis are independent risk factors for treatment failure after LsISR, and thus patients with these factors should be carefully managed with optimal neoadjuvant therapy, and for patients with a high risk of local recurrence (N + or poor differentiation), extended radical resection (such as APR instead of ISR) may be more effective.

Risk factors, quality of life, and oncological effects of refractory anastomotic leakage for laparoscopic intersphincteric resection.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Refractory anastomotic leakage (RAL) after intersphincteric resection (ISR) usually leads to failure of protective stoma reversal in ultralow rectal cancers. The aim of this study is to assess the risk factors and oncological outcomes of both anastomotic leakage (AL) and RAL, and quality of life (QoL) of RAL after laparoscopic ISR (LsISR). METHODS: A total of 371 ultralow rectal cancer patients with LsISR were enrolled from a tertiary colorectal surgery referral center. Risk factors for AL and RAL were identified by logistic regression. Three-year disease-free survival (DFS) of AL and RAL was analyzed by the Cox regression. QoL of RAL group (compared with non-RAL group) was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CR29 questionnaires. RESULTS: The rates of AL and RAL after LsISR accounted for 8.4% (31/371) and 4.6% (17/371) in this cohort, respectively. Non-left colic artery preservation (odds ratio [OR] = 3.491, P = 0.009), neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) (OR = 6.038, P < 0.001), and lower anastomosis height (OR = 5.271, P = 0.010) were independent risk factors for AL, while nCRT (OR = 11.602, P < 0.001) was the only independent risk factor for RAL. Male (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.989, P = 0.014), age > 60 years (HR = 1.877, P = 0.018), and lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.125, P = 0.005) were independent risk factors of poor 3-year DFS, but not RAL (P = 0.646). RAL patients have significantly worse global health status, worse emotional and social function scores at the late postoperative stage, and worse urinary and sexual function at the early postoperative stage (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was an independent risk factor for RAL after LsISR. RAL shows similar oncological outcomes, but with poor QoL.

Surgical outcomes of left hemicolon sparing resection versus extensive resection in treating synchronous colorectal cancer involving the right-sided colon and sigmoid colon or rectum.

BACKGROUND: There are different surgical strategies that can treat synchronous colorectal cancer (SCRC) involving separate segments, namely extensive resection (EXT) and left hemicolon-sparing resection (LHS). We aim to comparatively analyze short-term surgical results, bowel function, and long-term oncological outcomes between SCRC patients treated with the two different surgical strategies. METHODS: One hundred thirty-eight patients with SCRC lesions located in the right hemicolon and rectum or sigmoid colon were collected at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and the Peking University First Hospital from January 2010 to August 2021 and divided into EXT group (n = 35) and LHS group (n = 103), depending on their surgical strategies. These two groups of patients were compared for postoperative complications, bowel function, the incidence of metachronous cancers, and prognosis. RESULTS: The operative time for the LHS group was markedly shorter compared with the EXT group (268.6 vs. 316.9 min, P = 0.015). The post-surgery incidences of total Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ II complications and anastomotic leakage (AL) were 8.7 vs. 11.4% (P = 0.892) and 4.9 vs. 5.7% (P = 1.000) for the LHS and EXT groups, respectively. The mean number of daily bowel movements was significantly lower for the LHS group than for the EXT group (1.3 vs. 3.8, P < 0.001). The proportions of no low anterior resection syndrome (LARS), minor LARS, and major LARS for the LHS and EXT groups were 86.5 vs. 80.0%, 9.6 vs. 0%, and 3.8 vs. 20.0%, respectively (P = 0.037). No metachronous cancer was found in the residual left colon during the 51-month (median duration) follow-up period. The overall and disease-free survival rates at 5 years were 78.8% and 77.5% for the LHS group and 81.7% and 78.6% for the EXT group (P = 0.565, P = 0.712), respectively. Multivariate analysis further confirmed N stage, but not surgical strategy, as the risk factor that independently affected the patients' survival. CONCLUSIONS: LHS appears to be a more appropriate surgical strategy for SCRC involving separate segments because it exhibited shorter operative time, no increase in the risk of AL and metachronous cancer, and no adverse long-term survival outcomes. More importantly, it could better retain bowel function and tended to reduce the severity of LARS and therefore improve the post-surgery life quality of SCRC patients.

Comparison of robotic versus laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer: a retrospective study at two institutions.

BACKGROUND: Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) represents a technically challenging procedure. This study aimed to evaluate the perioperative, genitourinary functional and mid-term oncological outcomes of laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection (LLLND) and robotic lateral lymph node dissection (RLLND) for advanced lower rectal cancer (ALRC). METHODS: Between January 2015 and April 2021, consecutive patients who underwent RLLND and LLLND at two high-volume centres were enrolled. The perioperative outcomes, genitourinary function recovery and mid-term oncological outcomes of the patients were compared. A subgroup analysis of patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) was performed. RESULTS: A total of 205 patients were included in the analysis, with 95 in the RLLND group and 110 in the LLLND group. The patients in the RLLND group had a longer operative time, less blood loss, and more harvested internal iliac lymph nodes than did those in the LLLND group. In postoperative complication, urinary retention was less frequent in the RLLND group than in the LLLND group. Additionally, the RLLND group had better genitourinary function recovery. Similar results were also observed from the nCRT subgroup analysis. Moreover, there was no significant difference in mid-term oncological outcomes between the two groups. Further subgroup analysis indicated that the patients who underwent nCRT + LLLND/RLLND had better local control than those who underwent only LLLND/RLLND. CONCLUSIONS: RLLND is safe and feasible for ALRC and is associated with more harvested internal iliac lymph nodes and better genitourinary function recovery. NCRT combined with minimally invasive LLND could constitute an improved strategy for ALRC.

Modified serial techniques "ASTRO" facilitated laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for ultralow-lying rectal cancer in obese male patients: how we do it (with video).

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LaTME) is a technically challenging for ultralow-lying rectal cancer in obese male patients. Herein, we introduced modified serial techniques "ASTRO" to facilitate LaTME, and the short-term outcomes were presented. METHODS: A prospective study (NCT05067413) was conducted between December 2020 and January 2022. The modified serial surgical techniques "ASTRO" included 5 key steps: (1) Anterior peritoneal reflection (APR) dissection at the highest line along with a "n"-shaped membrane bridge; (2) suspending the APR with a purse-string suture through the bladder peritoneum to enlarge the operating space of the anterior rectal wall; (3) traction and counter-traction continuously of the rectum applied with a cotton tape around the rectum; (4) resection of the pelvic rectum on tripartition, followed by the sequence of "posterior > anterior > lateral" principle; and (5) the trans-anterior Obturator nerve gateway was adapted to transect the distal rectum. The operative data and postoperative short-term outcomes were collected. RESULTS: Twenty-four consecutive patients underwent this procedure successfully. The average body mass index (BMI) was 29.9±1.3. The average of tumor height from anal verge was 4.0 cm (range, 3.0-4.5 cm). The median operating time and blood loss was 217 min (range, 165-420 min) and 50 ml (range, 20-100 ml) respectively. The anterior operation space at the midsagittal plane of the pelvis inlet was increased by 2.0 ± 0.3 cm. The calculated dominant angle was 20 ± 3°. The length of stapling line was 6.8 ± 1.0 cm with 11 cases by one cartridge and 13 cases by 2 cartridges. Eight patients developed postoperative complications including 4 with anastomosis leakage (16.7%), 2 with urinary retention (8.3%), one with anastomotic stenosis (4.2%) and one with ileus (4.2%). All the complications were relatively mild and the patients recovered well. CONCLUSION: Modified serial techniques "ASTRO" could expand the operating space and facilitate LaTME in obese male patients, thereby reducing the risk of conversion to open and transanal dissection.

Development and External Validation of a Preoperative Nomogram for Predicting Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients With Advanced Lower Rectal Cancer.

Background: The preoperative prediction of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis is crucial in determining further treatment strategies for advanced lower rectal cancer patients. In this study, we established a nomogram model to preoperatively predict LPLN metastasis and then externally validated the accuracy of this model. Methods: A total of 287 rectal cancer patients who underwent LPLN dissection were included in this study. Among them, 200 patients from the Peking University First Hospital were included in the development set, and 87 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were included in the independent external validation set. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop the nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed based on its calibration, discrimination, and clinical utility. Results: Five factors (differentiation grade, extramural vascular invasion, distance of the tumor from the anal verge, perirectal lymph node status, and largest short-axis diameter of LPLN) were identified and included in the nomogram. The nomogram developed based on the analysis showed robust discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.878 (95% CI, 0.824-0.932). The validation set showed good discrimination with an AUC of 0.863 (95% CI, 0.779-0.948). Decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram was clinically useful. Conclusions: The present study proposed a clinical-imaging nomogram with a combination of clinicopathological risk factors and imaging features. After external verification, the predictive power of the nomogram model was satisfactory, and it is expected to be a convenient, visual, and personalized clinical tool for assessing the risk of LPLN metastasis in advanced lower rectal cancer patients.

USP20 regulates the stability of EMT transcription factor SOX4 and influences colorectal cancer metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a familiar malignancy accompanied by higher morbidity and mortality. The deubiquitination enzyme USP20 has been discovered to be one key factor in several cancers progression. SOX4 is a critical transcription factor to regulate the expression of various genes, and participates into the occurrence and progression of cancers. In this study, it was aimed to illustrate the role of USP20 and the regulatory relationship between USP20 and SOX4 in CRC. METHODS: The protein expressions of USP20, SOX4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail and slug were tested through western blot. The cell proliferation ability was verified through CCK-8 assay. The migration and invasion abilities were detected through Transwell assay. The mRNA expression of SOX4 was confirmed through RT-qPCR. The interaction between USP20 and SOX4 was notarized through Co-IP assay. RESULT: Our study demonstrated that USP20 displayed higher expression, and facilitated CRC progression through regulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT process markers. USP20 was found to modulate SOX4 protein expression. Next, it was verified that USP20 regulated SOX4 degradation through deubiquitination. Finally, through rescue assays, we revealed that USP20 mediated SOX4 expression to accelerate CRC progression. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, USP20 regulated the stability of EMT transcription factor SOX4 and aggravated colorectal cancer metastasis. This finding might highlight the function of USP20 in the treatment of CRC.

A pilot randomized controlled trial of WeiNaoKang (SaiLuoTong) in treating vascular dementia.

Objective: WeiNaoKang (or SaiLuoTong) is an herbal formula consisting of ginkgo, ginseng, and saffron. Our objective was to investigate if WeiNaoKang could improve cognitive function and cerebral perfusion in patients suffering from vascular dementia. Methods: A 16-week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in the setting of a memory disorder clinic at a single center. Patients with vascular dementia diagnosed clinically but supported by imaging and other investigations were invited to participate. The diagnoses were based on the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) criteria. An independent blinded assessor evaluated the effects of the formula. Intervention group was compared to the control group. A subgroup of participants was randomly chosen for further evaluation of cerebral perfusion by single photon emission computed tomography scans post-treatment. Results: Both groups were comparable in age (mean = 74 ± 7.2 years in the placebo group and 75 ± 7.4 in the intervention group) and in other demographics. Sixty-two participants were included in final analysis. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Portion (ADAS-cog) was the primary outcome. By week 16, the mean ADAS-cog reduced from 24.48 to 20.30 (mean reduction = 4.18) for those in the treatment group, and from 18.98 to 17.81 (mean reduction = 1.18) for those in the placebo group. The difference in mean reduction of ADAS-cog was -3.00 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.910 to -1.100) in favor of the treatment group. Secondary outcomes of activities of daily living and quality of life measures also showed significant difference. In the perfusion scan analysis, the difference in the change in cerebral blood flow (t-scores) pre- and post-treatment between the intervention group (n = 7) and the placebo group (n = 11) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In this randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we demonstrated significant differences in improvement in cognitive function and activities of daily living. The clinical improvement is corroborated with improvement in cerebral perfusion in a subset of participants.

An assessment of integrated amendments of biochar and soil replacement on the phytotoxicity of metal(loid)s in rotated radish-soya bean-amaranth in a mining acidy soil.

Knowledge is insufficient on feasible remediation techniques to agricultural soils contaminated by multiple heavy metal(loid)s with elevated concentrations and extreme acidy from acid mine drainages (AMD). We aimed to elucidate the effect of integrated biochar (BC) and soil replacement on improving the mining soil properties and then alleviating the phytotoxicity of As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn on radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-soya bean (Glycine max Merr.) -amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) rotation and the potential risk of crops to human health. Biochar and soil replacement showed outstanding effects on improving soil properties by increasing soil pH values, reducing available metal(loid)s, and enhancing the activity of catalase, urease and acid phosphatase. Also, the integrated technique regulated the physiological disorders of crops caused by metal(loid)s, specifically increasing chlorophyll content and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) in the three crops, and reducing the content of metal(loid)s in edible parts of plants. The combination of biochar and soil replacement exhibited better remediation effect than the single application of biochar or soil replacement, which played different roles in remediating mining farmland. Biochar exhibited efficacy in soil pH amelioration, metal stabilization and soil enzyme activity enhancement, while soil replacement alleviated metal(loid)s stress through the dilution effect. Among the 8 treatments, only biochar combined with 35% (S35BC) and 50% (S50BC) of replaced soil could achieve the safe production of the three crops under the three-season crop rotation.

Nomogram for Predicting the Probability of Permanent Stoma after Laparoscopic Intersphincteric Resection.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for the development of a permanent stoma in laparoscopic intersphincteric resection (LS-ISR) for ultralow rectal adenocarcinoma and to develop and validate a prediction model to predict the probability of permanent stoma after surgery. METHODS: A primary cohort consisting of 301 consecutive patients who underwent LS-ISR was enrolled in this study. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors and develop the nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed with respect to its calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. An independent validation cohort contained 91 consecutive patients from January 2012 to January 2019. RESULTS: The permanent stoma rate was 11.3% (34/301) in the primary cohort and 18.7% (17/91) in the validation cohort. Multivariable analysis revealed that nCRT (OR, 3.195; 95% CI, 1.169-8.733; P=0.024), ASA score of 3 (OR, 5.062; 95% CI, 1.877-13.646; P=0.001), distant metastasis (OR, 14.645; 95% CI, 3.186-67.315; P=0.001), and anastomotic leakage (OR, 11.308; 95% CI, 3.650-35.035; P<0.001) were independent risk factors for permanent stoma, and a nomogram was established. The AUCs of the nomogram were 0.842 and 0.858 in the primary and validation cohorts, respectively. The calibration curves showed good calibration in both cohorts. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful. CONCLUSION: We developed and validated a nomogram for ultralow rectal adenocarcinoma patients who underwent LS-ISR, and the nomogram could help surgeons identify which patients are at a higher risk of a permanent stoma after surgery.

Transanterior obturator nerve gateway: a novel approach to achieving intracorporeal distal rectal transection for ultralow rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intracorporeal rectal transection at the anorectal junction for ultralow rectal cancer is technically difficult due to pelvic width and limited roticulation, which might require a transanal transection or an oblique transection with multiple firings. These procedures were reported to be associated with the increased risk of morbidity. To address these problems, we presented a novel technique Transanterior Obturator Nerve Gateway (TANG) to transect rectum for ultralow rectal cancer and evaluated its safety and feasibility in this study. METHODS: A total of 210 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic coloanal anastomosis with or without partial intersphincteric resection (CAA/pISR) for rectal cancers between January 2017 and January 2020 were included. Eighty of these patients were analyzed using propensity score matching (PSM). The perioperative characteristics, TANG-related variables, and genitourinary and anal function outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Among these enrolled patients, 170 patients underwent traditional transection, and 40 underwent TANG transection; the patients were matched to include 40 patients in each group by PSM. After PSM, there were no significant differences in the operating time (p = 0.351) or bleeding volume (p = 0.474) between the two groups. However, the TANG group had fewer cases of conversion to transanal transection (0 vs. 13, p < 0.001). Moreover, the patients in TANG group had a more desirable transection with longer distal resection margin (1.7 vs. 1.1 cm, p < 0.001), shorter stapling line (6.6 vs. 10.3 cm, p < 0.001) and fewer stapler firings (p < 0.001). The overall postoperative complication rates and genitourinary and anal function outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The TANG approach appears to be a safe, feasible and effective approach for intracorporeal ultralow rectal transection with more distal resection, more vertical transection and fewer stapler firings.

Assessing biochar application to immobilize Cd and Pb in a contaminated soil: a field experiment under a cucumber-sweet potato-rape rotation.

Cd and Pb are common toxic contaminants prevailing in agricultural soils contaminated by mining activities. In this study, biochar was used to stabilize Cd and Pb contaminated soil for safe with three crops rotation condition within one year. Field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of Litchi branch biochar (BC), pyrolyzed at 600 °C and applied at 4 rates [(0 t ha-1 (T0), 10 t ha-1 (T1), 20 t ha-1 (T2) and 30 t ha-1 (T3)]) on remediation of Cd and Pb in agricultural soil near Dabaoshan Mine in South China under a cucumber-sweet potato-rape rotation. The results showed that the application of BC can significantly increase the pH, cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter. After cultivation of crops, the pH values decrease gradually, with the biggest drop of 0.45 pH units in T3 treatment after rape cultivation. BC application increased the yield of three crops up to onefold to twofold in T3 treatment as compared to the control. The uptake of Cd and Pb in all three crops decreases with the increase in BC doses, which is mainly related to the decrease in bioavailable metals in their respective soil treatments. Under 1-year crops rotation, the remediation ability of BC still remains, while Cd and Pb can exhibit different risk to different crops. The data of this study can provide scientific suggestions for the selection of suitable crops and proper BC amount in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

Effect of ageing process on bisphenol A sorption and retention in agricultural soils amended with biochar.

The ageing of biochar and organic pollutant itself in soils can both influence the retention of organic pollutant in field soils. In this study, column experiments were adopted to determine the effect of ageing process on bisphenol A (BPA) sorption and retention in two typical Chinese agricultural soils with lychee branch biochar added. The effect of biochar ageing on soil organic matter (SOM) was specially investigated. Experimental results showed that the addition of biochar significantly increased the condensation and rigid of SOM, which could further increase with biochar ageing in soils. As a result, the addition of biochar significantly increased BPA sorption capacity (5.86 times and 3.30 times) and retention rate (13.60 times and 4.47 times) in fluvo-aquic soil and phaeozem respectively, while BPA sorption capacity and retention rate decreased obviously after biochar ageing in the two soils for 2 months as compared with the freshly incorporated biochar treatments, which may be attributed to the surface coverage and/or pore blockage of some sorption sites owning to DOC. With biochar incorporated, 2 months of BPA ageing increased BPA retention rate by about 4.50 times in both soils as compared with BPA newly spiked treatments. The results of this study could provide important parameters for prediction and control of organic pollutants such as BPA in soils.

Efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution and Cr(VI) reduction over porous P and Mo co-doped g-C3N4 with feeble N vacancies photocatalyst.

Developing highly efficient and inexpensive photocatalysts without noble metals, yet remarkably enhancing hydrogen production and Cr(VI) reduction activity, is highly needed. Here, the effective photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light from an Eosin Y (EY)-sensitized (P, Mo)-g-C3Nx system by avoiding any noble metal co-catalyst is reported by the first time. Meanwhile, the optimized sample also displays the excellent performance in photocatalytic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) reduction. In addition, this composite exhibits delectable stability for photocatalytic activities, no significant decay of activity is being observed after 16h reaction for photocatalytic H2 evolution (8h for Cr(VI) reduction). It is believed that this work will open up a new route for fabricating high-performance and inexpensive photocatalysts for hydrogen production and Cr(VI) reduction.