High hyperdiploid karyotype with ≥ 49 chromosomes represents a heterogeneous subgroup of acute myeloid leukemia with differential TP53 mutation status and prognosis: a single-center study from China.

High hyperdiploid karyotype with ≥ 49 chromosomes (which will be referred to as HHK) is rare in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The European leukemia network (ELN) excluded those harboring only numerical changes (with ≥ 3 chromosome gains) from CK and listed them in the intermediate risk group, while the UK National Cancer Research Institute Adult Leukaemia Working Group classification defined ≥ 4 unrelated chromosome abnormalities as the cutoff for a poorer prognosis. Controversies occurred among studies on the clinical outcome of HHK AML, and their molecular characteristics remained unstudied. We identified 1.31% (133/10,131) HHK cases within our center, among which 48 cases only had numerical changes (NUM), 42 had ELN defined adverse abnormalities (ADV) and 43 had other structural abnormalities (STR). Our study demonstrated that: (1) No statistical significance for overall survival (OS) was observed among three cytogenetic subgroups (NUM, STR and ADV) and HHK AML should be assigned to the adverse cytogenetic risk group. (2) The OS was significantly worse in HHK AML with ≥ 51 chromosomes compared with those with 49-50 chromosomes. (3) The clinical characteristics were similar between NUM and STR group compared to ADV group. The former two groups had higher white blood cell counts and blasts, lower platelet counts, and mutations associated with signaling, while the ADV group exhibited older age, higher chromosome counts, higher percentage of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) history, and a dominant TP53 mutation.

Classification and dating of black gel pen ink by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography.

A novel approach for classification and dating of the black gel pen ink entries on document was developed based on ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). Ninety-three black gel pens were collected and divided into two groups, dye-based and pigment-based, by preliminary solubility test. The chromatographic conditions for separation of the dye-based black gel pen inks were optimized and the dye components in inks were satisfactorily separated by using 40 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide as ion-pairing reagent. According to the number and the chromatographic retention times of the main dye components, the 50 dye-based inks were categorized into four classes. The inks within a class can be further identified by the percentage of each dye component. The compositional changes of the dye components in the black gel pen ink entries on paper were investigated in light and natural aging conditions and it has been found that the dye components in the ink entries underwent obvious decomposition, and the decomposing extent of the dye components was related to the aging time. The results can provide scientific evidences for dating of the suspicious black gel pen ink entries on documents.

Studies on the degradation of blue gel pen dyes by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

Ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) was utilized to monitor the composition changes of blue gel pen ink entries on paper stored in different light conditions and natural environment. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by comparing the separation efficiencies of the blue gel pen inks using a series of ion-pairing reagents, including ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, triethylamine acetate, tributylamine acetate, tetrabutylammonium bromide and dihexylammonium acetate. It has been found that tributylamine acetate was a suitable ion-pairing reagent for separation of the inks on the common C18 column. The analysis results of the ink entries on paper in different aging conditions showed that the tendency of composition change in natural aging condition was similar with those in fluorescent light and UV light conditions, respectively. One main component dye of the blue gel pen ink, Acid Blue 9, and its degradation products were identified by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the main degradation products originated from the Acid Blue 9. It gave a reasonable explanation for the changing rules of the relative content of the dyes in the blue gel pen ink. The results obtained can provide scientific evidences for dating of the blue gel pen ink entries on documents.