Unveils key proteins in Xinjiang goat muscle linked to post-mortem meat quality: A TMT-based proteomic analysis.

An extensive proteomic analysis utilizing the tandem mass tag (TMT) method was conducted to investigate the changes in protein expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Xinjiang goats over various post-mortem intervals: immediately after death within 0 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. The investigation carefully identified around 108 proteins that showed significant changes in expression during these intervals. Among these proteins, six were highlighted for their crucial roles in muscle growth and differentiation of muscle fibers post-mortem. These proteins, namely COL12A1, MRPL46, CTNNB1, MYH1, CAPZA1, and MYL9, have a direct effect on the meat's quality attributes, such as tenderness and color. Further discuss observed a progressive increase in the expression of proteins linked with oxidative metabolism (MSRB2, ENOX1, LOC102170282, GSTM1, and AOC3) as the post-mortem aging period extended, particularly between 24 h to 48 h. These proteins are instrumental in defining the color and flavor profiles of goat meat, underscoring the importance of precise processing and storage conditions to preserve meat quality during the critical aging phase. This enhanced understanding of protein expression dynamics offers significant implications for optimizing meat quality and provides a scientific basis for post-mortem handling practices in the goat meat industry.

The association between physical activity and anxiety in college students: parallel mediation of life satisfaction and self-efficacy.

Objective: To explore the functions that physical activity (PA), life satisfaction, and self-efficacy have in the process of coping with anxiety among Chinese college students, and to explore the mediating role of life satisfaction and self-efficacy in this process. Methods: Participants were 358 college students (186 males, 172 females, mean age 20.88, SD = ±1.80). Psychosocial tests including the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), College Student Life Satisfaction Scale (CSLSS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) were completed. Correlations between variables were calculated using Pearson's test. The mediation model was tested using the SPSS 26.0 PROCESS macro and regression bootstrap. Results: Physical activity showed a negative correlation with anxiety (ß = -0.1617, p < 0.001., life satisfaction and self-efficacy played a role in the relationship between physical activity and anxiety. More importantly, physical activity was associated with anxiety through parallel mediating effects of life satisfaction and self-efficacy, with a total mediating effect of 55.34%. Conclusion: By increasing college students' participation in physical activity, it helps to promote the growth of their life satisfaction and self-efficacy, which is the key to reducing anxiety and promoting college students' mental health.

Recent advances in wolfberry polysaccharides and whey protein-based biopolymers for regulating the diversity of gut microbiota and its mechanism: A review.

Imbalances in gut microbiota diversity are associated with various health issues, including obesity and related disorders. There is a growing interest in developing synergistic biopolymers based on wolfberry polysaccharides and whey protein to address these problems due to their potential health benefits. This review explores recent advances in understanding how functional foods based on Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) and whey protein (WP) influence gut microbiota diversity and their underlying mechanisms. We examine the impact of these biopolymers on microbial composition and functionality, focusing on their roles in improving health by regulating gut microbiota. The combined effects of WP and LBP significantly enhance gut microbiome metabolic activities and taxonomic diversity, offering promising avenues for treating obesity and related disorders.

Redox Couple Strategy for Improving the Oxygen Redox Activity and Reversibility of Li- and Mn-Rich Cathode Materials.

The specific capacity of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide (LMROs) cathodes can be enhanced by the oxidation of lattice oxygen at high voltages. Nevertheless, an irreversible oxygen loss emerges with cycling, which triggers interlocking surface/interface issues and results in the fast deterioration of cycling performance. Herein, we prepare a surface modified LMRO electrode by one step doctor-blade casting and introducing a benzoquinone species DBBQ redox couple. The electrochemical test shows that the DBBQ-modified electrode has a high reversible capacity (>320 mAh g-1) and excellent rate performance, while the cyclic stability has been significantly improved as well. The capacity retention reaches as high as 93.3% after 500 cycles at 1 C. Mechanism analysis shows that DBBQ can not only play a redox couple in LMROs which achieves the adsorption and reduction of surface oxygen gas but also significantly enhance anionic redox in the bulk, thus realizing extraordinary capacity.

An Overview of Interactions between Goat Milk Casein and Other Food Components: Polysaccharides, Polyphenols, and Metal Ions.

Casein is among the most abundant proteins in milk and has high nutritional value. Casein's interactions with polysaccharides, polyphenols, and metal ions are important for regulating the functional properties and textural quality of dairy foods. To improve the functional properties of casein-based foods, a deep understanding of the interaction mechanisms and the influencing factors between casein and other food components is required. This review started by elucidating the interaction mechanism of casein with polysaccharides, polyphenols, and metal ions. Thermodynamic incompatibility and attraction are the fundamental factors in determining the interaction types between casein and polysaccharides, which leads to different phase behaviors and microstructural types in casein-based foods. Additionally, the interaction of casein with polyphenols primarily occurs through non-covalent (hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonding) or covalent interaction (primarily based on the oxidation of proteins or polyphenols by enzymatic or non-enzymatic (alkaline or free radical grafting) approaches). Moreover, the selectivity of casein to specific metal ions is also introduced. Factors affecting the binding of casein to the above three components, such as temperature, pH, the mixing ratio, and the fine structure of these components, are also summarized to provide a good foundation for casein-based food applications.

2LiBH4-MgH2 System Catalytically Modified with a 2D TiNb2O7 Nanoflake for High-Capacity, Fast-Response, and Long-Life Hydrogen Energy Storage.

To achieve large-scale hydrogen storage for growing high energy density and long-life demands in end application, the 2LiBH4-MgH2 (LMBH) reactive hydride system attracts huge interest owing to its high hydrogen capacity and thermodynamically favorable reversibility. The sluggish dehydrogenation kinetics and unsatisfactory cycle life, however, remain two challenges. Herein, a bimetallic titanium-niobium oxide with a two-dimensional nanoflake structure (2D TiNb2O7) is selected elaborately as an active precursor that in situ transforms into TiB2 and NbB2 with ultrafine size and good dispersion in the LMBH system as highly efficient catalysts, giving rise to excellent kinetic properties with long-term cycling stability. For the LMBH system added with 5 wt% 2D TiNb2O7, 9.8 wt% H2 can be released within 20 min at 400 °C, after which the system can be fully hydrogenated in less than 5 min at 350 °C and 10 MPa H2. Moreover, a dehydrogenation capacity of 9.4 wt% can be maintained after 50 cycles corresponding to a retention of 96%, being the highest reported to date. The positive roles of TiB2 and NbB2 for kinetics and recyclability are from their catalytic nucleation effects for MgB2, a main dehydrogenation phase of LMBH, thus reducing the apparent activation energy, suppressing the formation of thermostable Li2B12H12 byproducts, and inhibiting the hydride coarsening. This work develops an advanced LMBH system, bringing hope for high-capacity, fast-response, and long-life hydrogen energy storage.

m6A modification enhances the stability of CDC25A promotes tumorigenicity of esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma via cell cycle.

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification and its regulators play critical roles in human cancers, but their functions and regulatory mechanisms in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) remain unclear. Here, we identified that IGF2BP3 is the most significantly up-regulated m6A regulator in AEG tumors versus paired normal adjacent tissues from the expression profile of m6A regulators in a large cohort of AEG patients. Silencing IGF2BP3 inhibits AEG progression in vitro and in vivo. By profiling transcriptome-wide targets of IGF2BP3 and the m6A methylome in AEG, we found that IGF2BP3-mediated stabilization and enhanced expression of m6A-modified targets, including targets of the cell cycle pathway, such as CDC25A, CDK4, and E2F1, are critical for AEG progression. Mechanistically, the increased m6A modification of CDC25A accelerates the G1-S transition. Clinically, up-regulated IGF2BP3, METTL3, and CDC25A show a strong positive correlation in TCGA pan-cancer, including AEG. In conclusion, our study highlights the role of post-transcriptional regulation in modulating AEG tumor progression and elucidates the functional importance of the m6A/IGF2BP3/CDC25A axis in AEG cells.

Physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of different hydrolysates of goat milk protein.

There is growing interest in the origin, preparation, and application of bioactive peptides. This study investigated the impact of 6 enzymes on the structural, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and antidiabetic potential of defatted fresh goat milk. Structural and functional changes resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis were assessed using gel electrophoresis, laser particle size analysis, multi-spectroscopy, and evaluations of foaming and emulsification properties. Antioxidant capacity was determined through free radical scavenging, Fe2+ chelation, and reducing ability experiments. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the hydrolysates on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were measured to evaluate antidiabetic activity. Results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis disrupted the spatial structure of goat milk protein and reduced its molecular weight. Papain hydrolysate exhibited the highest degree of hydrolysis (32.87 ± 0.11%) and smallest particle size (294.75 ± 3.33 nm), followed by alcalase hydrolysate (29.12 ± 0.09%, 302.03 ± 7.28 nm). Alcalase hydrolysate showed the best foaming properties, while papain hydrolysate demonstrated the strongest DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Fe2+ chelation, and antidiabetic potential. These findings provide solid theoretical basis for utilizing defatted goat milk as functional ingredients or excipients in the food, medical, and cosmetic industries.

Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the key genes and molecular mechanisms involved in rice under blast infection.

The aim of this study was to analyze the resistance genes and molecular mechanisms involved in rice blast infection. The contents of seven hormones and eight biochemical indicators in the leaves and spikes were at dynamic levels after inoculation with rice blast strains over time. The mRNA and protein expression of the six genes were consistent with the transcriptome analysis results. In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that Os03g0132000, Os06g0215600, and Os06g0215500 were significantly enriched in the alpha-linolenic acid metabolism KEGG pathway, whereas Os05g0311801 was significantly enriched in the zeatin biosynthesis KEGG pathway. Furthermore, Os03g0180900 and Os09g0439200 were significantly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction KEGG pathways. Therefore, blast infection could alter the hormones, biochemical indicators, and traits of rice. Moreover, genes including Os03g0132000, Os03g0180900, and Os05g0311801 were identified as rice blast resistance genes, and the mechanism might involve alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction KEGG pathways.

A novel Pik allele confers extended resistance to rice blast.

In the ongoing arms race between rice and Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen employs effectors to evade the immune response, while the host develops resistance genes to recognise these effectors and confer resistance. In this study, we identified a novel Pik allele, Pik-W25, from wild rice WR25 through bulked-segregant analysis, creating the Pik-W25 NIL (Near-isogenic Lines) named G9. Pik-W25 conferred resistance to isolates expressing AvrPik-C/D/E alleles. CRISPR-Cas9 editing was used to generate transgenic lines with a loss of function in Pik-W25-1 and Pik-W25-2, resulting in loss of resistance in G9 to isolates expressing the three alleles, confirming that Pik-W25-induced immunity required both Pik-W25-1 and Pik-W25-2. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and split luciferase complementation assays showed interactions between Pik-W25-1 and the three alleles, while Pik-W25-2 could not interact with AvrPik-C, -D, and -E alleles with Y2H assay, indicating Pik-W25-1 acts as an adaptor and Pik-W25-2 transduces the signal to trigger resistance. The Pik-W25 NIL exhibited enhanced field resistance to leaf and panicle blast without significant changes in morphology or development compared to the parent variety CO39, suggesting its potential for resistance breeding. These findings advance our knowledge of rice blast resistance mechanisms and offer valuable resources for effective and sustainable control strategies.

The Use of Novel Colorimetric Films to Monitor the Freshness of Pork, Utilizing Konjac Glucomannan With Curcumin/Alizarin.

In this study, different proportions of curcumin (CUR) and alizarin (ALI) were added to konjac glucomannan (KG)/ polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare an active intelligent packaging film and evaluate its potential to indicate pork freshness. The mixed indicator had a richer color hierarchy in the buffer solution with pH = 2-12. The surface of the KG-2C2A and KG-1C3A films is smoother and has fewer cross-section faults. With the increase of CUR content in the film, the crystal structure becomes more prominent, leading to poor compatibility with KG. The WAC of KG-3C1A and KG-1C3A films was significantly higher than that of the other groups, and they had better hydrophobicity. With the increase of CUR content in the films, the thermal stability of the films was enhanced, and the KG-C films showed the highest thermal stability. Among them, the KG-2A2C and KG-1C3A films showed the most significant color change during pork spoiling and could be used to monitor the freshness of pork. As a pH colorimetric indicator, CUR and ALI-coated KG films might be of great potential in fresh meat monitoring.

Influence of aerobic exercise on depression in young people: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of aerobic exercise on depression among the young people. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of science, Embase, Cochrane, EBSCO were searched from inception to November 2023. STUDY SELECTION: RCT studies, assessing the use of aerobic exercise in young people aged 6-35 years and then determining the development of depression in young people (aged 6-35 years), were selected, and mean ± SD values adjusted for the presence of baseline depression were extracted. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Study quality was assessed using the Review manager 5.4.1 and Cochrane 5.1 item on risk of bias and precision of observational studies. Two reviewers conducted all review stages independently. Selected data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The included studies evaluated the relationship between aerobic exercise and depression at various time points among young individuals, and provided corresponding mean ± SD values. Depression diagnosis in the selected studies was conducted using the Depression Correlation Scale. RESULTS: After screening 2296 articles, 163 articles were selected for full-text review, and 8 of those were further reviewed. Ultimately, 12 studies, involving 658 individuals, were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that aerobic exercise could effectively improve depression in young people (d = -1.33, 95%CI: -1.78 ~ -0.87, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that aerobic exercise was beneficial for both depression (d = -2.68, 95%CI: -3.87 ~ -1.48, P < 0.05) and non-depression (d = -0.85, 95%CI: -1.20 ~ -0.51, P < 0.05) conditions, as well as for low intensity (d = -0.93, 95%CI: -1.29 ~ 0.58, P < 0.05) and moderate intensity (d = -2.08,95%CI:-2.88 ~ -1.27, P < 0.05) exercises. Additionally, aerobic exercise was found to significantly alleviate depression in young people when performed for 40 min or less (d = -2.00,95%CI: -2.96 ~ -1.04, P < 0.05), whereas durations exceeding 40 min showed a lesser effect (d = -0.85,95%CI:-1.47 ~ -0.24, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the duration-based analysis revealed that aerobic exercise improved depression levels in young people regardless of duration, whether it was for less than 6 weeks (d = -1.27,95%CI: 2.12 ~ 0.14, P < 0.05), 6 to 11 weeks (d = 1.55, 95% CI: 2.16 ~ 0.94, P < 0.05), or more than 12 weeks (d = 1.00, 95% CI: -1.76 ~ -0.24,P < 0.05). Overall, these findings suggest that aerobic exercise is a promising intervention for alleviating depression in young individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Both short (less than 40 min) and long (more than 40 min) periods of aerobic exercise were effective in improving depressive symptoms. However, the optimal duration of aerobic exercise may vary depending on the specific population and individual factors studied, such as age, health status, and exercise tolerance. Therefore, this study concluded that the most effective exercise regimen, 40 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise three times a week for 6 to 11 weeks, showed more significant improvement in depression indicators in individuals with depressive symptoms.

Bifunctional Ligand Passivation Enables Stable Blue Mixed-Halide CsPb(Br/Cl)3 Perovskite Quantum Dots toward Light-Emitting Diodes.

Mixed-halide CsPb(Br/Cl)3 perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) have attracted extensive attention in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but their low photoluminescent efficiency and especially poor stability impede their practical applications. Here, we employ bifunctional didodecyldimethylammonium thiocyanide (DDASCN) with a pseudohalogen SCN- and branched DDA+ to obtain blue-emitting CsPbBr2Cl PeQDs. DDASCN significantly boosts the photoluminescence quantum yield to 92% by inhibiting nonradiative recombination. Importantly, DDASCN PeQDs show excellent stabilities against air, UV light, heat, and polar solvents. These improved performances were explained by density functional theory calculation, which shows that SCN- fills the Cl- vacancy by simultaneously binding with undercoordinated Pb2+ and Cs+, while DDA+ connects undercoordinated Br- and lies parallel to the PeQD core, leading to efficient passivation and a strong binding capacity. Finally, we achieved high-performance white LEDs by integrating our PeQDs, resulting in a color-rendering index of 92.9, a color gamut of 119.61%, and chromaticity coordinates of (0.33, 0.33). This provides an effective method to obtain efficient and stable CsPb(Br/Cl)3 PeQDs for practical applications.

The impact of the physical activity intervention on sleep in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The purpose of this review was to synthesize the current literature on the relationship between sleep and physical activity in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: Articles were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Embase until April 2024. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. Results: Our results show that measuring sleep parameters by means of different measuring tools yields different results. Most studies have found no association between sleep and physical activity in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially when measured subjectively, such as parent reports and sleep logs. Physical activity interventions had a significant effect on sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep duration when measured objectively using instruments such as wrist actigraphy. Meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders who participated in mind-body activities (SMD = -3.01, 95%CI = -4.15~-1.87, p < 0.001, I2 = 99%) showed significant improvements in sleep, which were sessions lasting more than 12 weeks (SMD = -1.01, p < 0.01, I2 = 97%), performed at least 3 times per week (SMD = -0.81, 95%CI = -1.53~-0.10, p = 0.03, I2 = 95%), and lasted for more than 60 min per session (SMD = -1.55, 95%CI = -2.67~-0.43, p = 0.007, I2 = 97%). However, the results of these subgroup analyses must be interpreted with caution because of the small number of studies included. Conclusion: Our results show that measuring sleep parameters by means of different measuring tools yields different results. There was difficulty in interpreting many of the studies included in this meta-analysis, in view of the non-standardization of protocol, especially the ability range of the cohort, duration of the study, recommended exercises, whether the caregivers or researchers supervised the exercise regime/activity, and the practicality of continuing the exercise long-term by caregivers. Systematic review registration: Identifier, CRD42024541300.

Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of functional changes of goat milk whey proteins subject to heat treatments of ultra-high-temperature and the common low-temperature.

This work investigated the functional changes in whey proteins obtained from goat milk subject to various temperature treatments. Ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization (UHTIS) caused less damage than the common low-temperature, whereas spray-drying treatment had the opposite effect. A total of 426 proteins were identified in UHTIS and control treatment groups, including 386 common proteins and 16 and 14 unique proteins. The UHTIS treatment upregulated 55 whey proteins while down-regulated 98. The UHTIS-treated whey proteins may upregulate three metabolic pathways but downregulate one. Overall, UHTIS only slightly impacted the composition and functions of whey proteins from goat milk compared to the common low-temperature treatments.

Characterization of Siderophore Produced by Bacillus velezensis YL2021 and Its Application in Controlling Rice Sheath Blight and Rice Blast.

Bacillus velezensis YL2021 has extensive antimicrobial activities against phytopathogens, and its genome harbors a catechol-type siderophore biosynthesis gene cluster. Here, we describe the characterization of siderophore produced by strain YL2021 and its antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. A few types of siderophores were detected by chrome azurol S plates coupled with Arnow's test, purified and identified by Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). We found that strain YL2021 can produce different antimicrobial compounds under low-iron M9 medium or iron-sufficient LB medium although antimicrobial activities can be easily observed on the two media as described above in vitro. Strain YL2021 can produce at least three catechol-type siderophores in low-iron M9 medium while no siderophore was produced in LB medium. Among them, the main antimicrobial siderophore produced by strain YL2021 was bacillibactin, with m/z of 882, based on the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, which has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, the oomycete Phytophthora capsici and phytopathogenic fungi. Moreover, the antifungal activity of siderophore including bacillibactin observed in vitro was correlated with control efficacies against rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani and rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae in vivo. Collectively, the results demonstrate that siderophore including bacillibactin produced by Bacillus velezensis YL2021 is a promising biocontrol agent for application in rice disease control.

Strong Metal-Support Interaction Triggered by Molten Salts.

Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) plays a vital role in tuning the geometric and electronic structures of metal species. Generally, a high-temperature treatment (>500 °C) in reducing atmosphere is required for constructing SMSI, which may induce the sintering of metal species. Herein, we use molten salts as the reaction media to trigger the formation of high-intensity SMSI at reduced temperatures. The strong ionic polarization of the molten salt promotes the breakage of Ti-O bonds in the TiO2 support, and hence decreases the energy barrier for the formation of interfacial bonds. Consequently, a high-intensity SMSI state is achieved in TiO2 supported Ir nanoclusters, evidenced by a large number of Ir-Ti bonds at the interface, at a low temperature of 350 °C. Moreover, this method is applicable for triggering SMSI in various supported metal catalysts with different oxide supports including CeO2 and SnO2. This newly developed SMSI construction methodology opens a new avenue and holds significant potential for engineering advanced supported metal catalysts toward a broad range of applications.

KDM3A Ablation Activates Endogenous Retrovirus Expression to Stimulate Antitumor Immunity in Gastric Cancer.

The success of immunotherapy for cancer treatment is limited by the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME); Therefore, identifying novel targets to that can reverse this immunosuppressive TME and enhance immunotherapy efficacy is essential. In this study, enrichment analysis based on publicly available single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data from gastric cancer patients are conducted, and found that tumor-intrinsic interferon (IFN) plays a central role in TME regulation. The results shows that KDM3A over-expression suppresses the tumor-intrinsic IFN response and inhibits KDM3A, either genomically or pharmacologically, which effectively promotes IFN responses by activating endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). KDM3A ablation reconfigures the dsRNA-MAVS-IFN axis by modulating H3K4me2, enhancing the infiltration and function of CD8 T cells, and simultaneously reducing the presence of regulatory T cells, resulting in a reshaped TME in vivo. In addition, combining anti-PD1 therapy with KDM3A inhibition effectively inhibited tumor growth. In conclusions, this study highlights KDM3A as a potential target for TME remodeling and the enhancement of antitumor immunity in gastric cancer through the regulation of the ERV-MAVS-IFN axis.

Unraveling the Photocatalytic Mechanism of N2 Fixation on Single Ruthenium Sites.

Photocatalytic N2 fixation offers promise for ammonia synthesis, yet traditional photocatalysts encounter challenges such as low efficiency and short carrier lifetimes. Atomically precise ligand-metal nanoclusters emerge as a solution to address these issues, but the photophysical mechanism remains elusive. Inspired by the synthesis of Au4Ru2 NCs, we investigate the mechanism behind N2 activation on Au4Ru2, focusing on photoactivity and carrier dynamics. Our results reveal that vibration of the Ru-N bond in the low-frequency domain suppresses the deactivation process leading to a long lifetime of the excited N2. By the strategy of isoelectronic substitution, we identify the single Ru sites as the active sites for N2 activation. Furthermore, these ligand-protected M4Ru2 (M = Au, Ag, Cu) NCs show robust thermal stability in explicit solvation and decent photochemical activity for N2 activation and NH3 production. These findings have significant implications for the optimization of catalysts for sustainable ammonia synthesis.