Modeling and elucidation the effects of iron deposits on chlorine decay and trihalomethane formation in drinking water distribution system.

Iron deposits stimulate chlorine consumption and trihalomethane (THM) formation in drinking water distribution systems through distinct mechanisms. In this study, a second-order chlorine decay model with a variable reaction-rate coefficient was developed to quantitatively evaluate the influences of iron deposits on chlorine reactions by considering the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the type and dosages of deposits, as well as the initial chlorine concentrations. Based on a reliable prediction of residual chlorine, the concept that THM formation had a linear relationship with chlorine consumption was further validated by chlorination of DOM in the presence of iron deposits. Due to the catalysis influences, the reactivity of DOM towards chlorine decay or THM formation was accelerated. Although iron deposits activated the reactivity of DOM with bromine and chlorine, THM slightly shifted toward chlorinated species. Due to the adsorption influences, the maximum chlorine demand increased with the increasing deposit dosages whereas the extent of enhancement mainly relied on the DOM properties. Low-molecular-weight DOM with a hydrophilic characteristic was prone to be elevated by iron deposits. Based on the model simulation, approximately 20% of chlorine consumption and 37% of THM formation were contributed by deposits after 168 h reaction. The data provided herein emphasize the role of iron deposits in chlorine consumption and THM formation, which assist the water quality management in drinking water distribution systems.

Comparação entre as equações de FAVAD e geral para avaliação da vazão perdida por meio de vazamentos em sistemas urbanos de distribuição de água / Comparison between FAVAD and general equations to evaluate the leakage lost flow in urban water distribution systems

RESUMO Este artigo modela um sistema de distribuição de água (SDA) real com um grande número de vazamentos para determinar se existe diferença entre a vazão perdida pelo SDA predita pela equação de FAVAD e pela equação geral. Foi estudado o efeito da área e da quantidade dos vazamentos não visíveis, da área dos vazamentos potencialmente detectáveis, da carga de pressão e do coeficiente de descarga sobre a vazão perdida do SDA usando planejamento fatorial. Os resultados mostram que os três fatores significativos em ordem decrescente são: a área de vazamentos potencialmente detectáveis, a interação entre a área de vazamentos potencialmente detectáveis e a carga de pressão e a área de vazamentos de fundo. A quantidade de vazamentos não visíveis e o coeficiente de descarga não influenciam a diferença entre a equação de FAVAD e a geral, nem como fator principal tampouco como interação com outros fatores.

ABSTRACT This paper models a real water distribution system (WDS) with a large number of leaks to determine if there is a difference between the flow lost by the WDS predicted by the FAVAD and the GENERAL equations. The effect of the area and the amount of non-visible/background leaks, the area of potentially detectable leaks, the pressure load and the discharge coefficient on the leakage flow rate in a WDS were studied using factorial design. The results show that the three significant factors in descending order are: the area of potentially detectable leaks, the interaction between the area of potentially detectable leaks and the head pressure and the area of background leaks. The amount of background leaks and the discharge coefficient do not influence the difference between the FAVAD and the GENERAL equations, neither as a main factor nor as an interaction with other factors.