Probiotics and Antibiotic-Induced Microbial Aberrations in Children: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Probiotics are often considered in children to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, the underlying mechanistic effects and impact of probiotics on antibiotic-induced microbiota changes are not well understood. Objective: To investigate the effects of a multispecies probiotic on the gut microbiota composition in children receiving antibiotics. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from February 1, 2018, to May 31, 2021, including 350 children receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Patients were followed up until 1 month after the intervention period. Fecal samples and data were analyzed between September 1, 2022, and February 28, 2023. Eligibility criteria included 3 months to 18 years of age and recruitment within 24 hours following initiation of broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics. In total, 646 eligible patients were approached and 350 participated in the trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive daily placebo or a multispecies probiotic formulation consisting of 8 strains from 5 different genera during antibiotic treatment and for 7 days afterward. Main Outcomes and Measures: Fecal stool samples were collected at 4 predefined times: (1) inclusion, (2) last day of antibiotic use, (3) last day of the study intervention, and (4) 1 month after intervention. Microbiota analysis was performed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results: A total of 350 children were randomized and collected stool samples from 88 were eligible for the microbiota analysis (54 boys and 34 girls; mean [SD] age, 47.09 [55.64] months). Alpha diversity did not significantly differ between groups at the first 3 times. Shannon diversity (mean [SD], 3.56 [0.75] vs 3.09 [1.00]; P = .02) and inverse Simpson diversity (mean [SD], 3.75 [95% CI, 1.66-5.82] vs -1.31 [95% CI, -3.17 to 0.53]; P = 1 × 10-4) indices were higher in the placebo group compared with the probiotic group 1 month after intervention. Beta diversity was not significantly different at any of the times. Three of 5 supplemented genera had higher relative abundance during probiotic supplementation, but this difference had disappeared after 1 month. Conclusions and Relevance: The studied probiotic mixture had minor and transient effects on the microbiota composition during and after antibiotic treatment. Further research is needed to understand their working mechanisms in manipulating the microbiome and preventing antibiotic-associated dysbiosis and adverse effects such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03334604.

Cardiovascular risk and the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based and case‒control studies.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with increases in morbidity and mortality worldwide. The mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 may cause cardiovascular (CV) complications are under investigation. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CV risk. METHODS: These are single-centre Bialystok PLUS (Poland) population-based and case‒control studies. The survey was conducted between 2018 and 2022 on a sample of residents (n = 1507) of a large city in central Europe and patients 6-9 months post-COVID-19 infection (n = 126). The Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2 (SCORE2), the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2-Older Persons (SCORE2-OP), the Cardiovascular Disease Framingham Heart Study and the LIFEtime-perspective model for individualizing CardioVascular Disease prevention strategies in apparently healthy people (LIFE-CVD) were used. Subsequently, the study populations were divided into CV risk classes according to the 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 4 groups: a general population examined before (I, n = 691) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (II, n = 816); a group of 126 patients post-COVID-19 infection (III); and a control group matched subjects chosen from the pre-COVID-19 pandemic (IV). Group II was characterized by lower blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) values than group I. Group III differed from the control group in terms of lower LDL-c level. There was no effect on CV risk in the general population, but in the population post-COVID-19 infection, CV risk was lower using FS-lipids, FS-BMI and LIFE-CVD 10-year risk scores compared to the prepandemic population. In all subgroups analysed, no statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of CV risk classes. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic did not increase the CV risk calculated for primary prevention. Instead, it prompted people to pay attention to their health status, as evidenced by better control of some CV risk factors. As the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn people's attention to health, it is worth exploiting this opportunity to improve public health knowledge through the design of wide-ranging information campaigns.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Self-Reported Health Status and Smoking and Drinking Habits in the General Urban Population.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic created a significant crisis in global health. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-rated health status and smoking and alcohol habits. The Bialystok PLUS cohort study was conducted in 2018-2022. A total of 1222 randomly selected city residents were examined and divided into two groups: before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants' lifestyle habits and medical history were collected from self-reported questionnaires. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) were used to assess the degree of alcohol and nicotine dependence. The survey revealed a reduced frequency of reported allergies vs. an increased frequency of reported sinusitis and asthma; increased incidence of declared hypercholesterolemia and visual impairment; a reduced number of cigarettes smoked per day, lower FTND score, and a greater desire to quit smoking in the next six months; and an increase in hs-CRP and FeNO levels in the population during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic population. The COVID-19 pandemic had a measurable impact on the general population's prevalence of certain medical conditions and lifestyle habits. Further research should continue to examine the long-term health implications of the pandemic.

Experimental Capacity of Human Fecal Microbiota to Degrade Fiber and Produce Short-Chain Fatty Acids Is Associated with Diet Quality and Anthropometric Parameters.

BACKGROUND: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are considered beneficial to human health. The associations between bacterial capacity to produce SCFAs, diet, and health are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the capacity of human fecal microbiota to produce SCFAs and to metabolize soluble and insoluble fiber and to study its associations with human diet, anthropometric parameters, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 200 adult participants. Diet was evaluated using food records. Capacity to produce acetate, butyrate, and propionate and to degrade soluble fiber were assessed in an ex vivo experiment where fecal samples were inoculated in a pectin-containing broth. Fecal ß-glucosidase activity was measured to assess potential to degrade insoluble fiber. RESULTS: The main dietary determinants of high capacity to metabolize fiber were high intake of vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. After adjusting analyses for confounders, glucose and lipid parameters were not significantly associated with any of the studied microbial capacities, but the capacity to produce propionic acid was significantly associated with hip circumference (ß = -0.018, P = 0.044), which was seen especially in people eating healthy. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that high intake of fiber-rich products is positively associated with the capacity of fecal microbiota to degrade soluble and insoluble dietary fiber and that people eating healthy food might benefit from enhanced microbial capacity to produce propionic acid.

Ex vivo folate production by fecal bacteria does not predict human blood folate status: Associations between dietary patterns, gut microbiota, and folate metabolism.

Although some bacteria inhabiting the human gut synthesize folates, it has not yet been established whether bacterial folate biosynthesis can impact human folate status. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate associations between different lifestyle factors and the potential of fecal microbiota to produce folates, and to investigate whether this potential is associated with circulating folate and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels in humans. To this end, we carried out an observational study of two hundred adult participants, with high variance in dietary habits. Diet was determined using three-day food records. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. To establish the folate-production potential of fecal bacteria, cultures containing feces were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 24 h, and the folate concentration was measured before and after incubation. The folate concentration in cultures was 185.4 ± 228.1 pg/ml/log(CFU/g) (2125.4 ± 2454.3 pg/ml) higher after incubation. This change in concentration was not associated with the healthy eating index that measures diet quality (r = -0.11, p = 0.11), but it was positively associated with low α-diversity (r = -0.18, p < 0.01), and high relative abundance of the Bacteroides, as well as Sutterella and Parasutterella genera. The gut microbiota's folate producing potential was associated neither with serum folate nor with plasma tHcy levels. In conclusion, some taxa of the native gut microbiota have the ability to synthesize folates under culture conditions, but this bacterial folate biosynthesis capacity does not predict human folate status.

Associations of plasma betaine, plasma choline, choline intake, and MTHFR polymorphism (rs1801133) with anthropometric parameters of healthy adults are sex-dependent.

BACKGROUND: Choline and its metabolites apppear to have relationships with body mass index (BMI), body fat, and body weight, but the research results have proved inconsistent. We thus investigated the associations of plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline, and betaine with anthropometric measurements, including modulatory effects of genetics and diet. METHODS: The study was performed on a group of 421 adults, aged 20-40 years, who had been recruited in Poland. Plasma concentrations of choline, betaine, and TMAO were determined using reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The following polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan probes: rs180113 (MTHFR), rs70991108 (DHFR), rs2236225 (MTHFD1), and rs7946 and rs12325817 (PEMT). We employed multivariate linear regression to examine the associations between anthropometric measurements, one-carbon metabolism metabolites, and genotypes. RESULTS: Higher plasma choline was associated with higher BMI (ß = 0.17; p < 0.01), body weight (ß = 0.11; p < 0.05), body fat mass (FM) (ß = 0.10; p < 0.05), and waist circumference (WC) (ß = 0.14; p < 0.01), whereas higher choline intake was associated with lower body FM (ß = -0.14; p < 0.01) and lower WC (ß = -0.12; p < 0.01). After stratification by sex, plasma betaine was found to be associated with lower BMI (ß = -0.20; p < 0.05) and body weight (ß = -0.16; p < 0.05) in men only, whereas choline intake was associated with lower body FM (ß = -0.19; p < 0.05) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (ß = -0.19; p < 0.05) and MTHFR CC genotype was associated with WHR (ß = 0.15; p < 0.05) in women only. CONCLUSIONS: Higher plasma betaine and higher dietary choline are associated with lower FM and body weight, whereas higher plasma choline is positively associated with body weight status and adiposity. Moreover, these associations appear to be sex-specific.

Human gut microbiota composition and its predicted functional properties in people with western and healthy dietary patterns.

PURPOSE: Some dietary habits cluster together, and for this reason it is advised to study the impact of entire dietary patterns on human health, rather than that of individual dietary habits. The main objective of this study was to evaluate differences in gut microbiota composition and their predicted functional properties between people with a healthy (HDP) and western (WDP) dietary pattern. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out on 200 participants enrolled 2017-2018 in Poznan, Poland, equally distributed into HDP and WDP groups. Diet was estimated using 3-day food records and information on stool transit times was collected. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and its functional properties were predicted by the PICRUSt2 workflow. RESULTS: The α-diversity did not differ between people with WDP and HDP, but ß-diversity was associated with dietary pattern. People with HDP had higher relative abundances (RA) of Firmicutes and Faecalibacterium and lower RA of Bacteroidota and Escherichia-Shigella than participants with WDP. Only a small proportion of the variance in microbiota composition (1.8%) and its functional properties (2.9%) could be explained by dietary intake (legumes, simple sugars and their sources, like fruit, soft drinks) and stool transit characteristics. CONCLUSION: Gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic potential is shaped by overall diet quality as well as the frequency of defecation; however, the cumulative effect of these explain only a relatively low proportion of variance.

Diet, Trimethylamine Metabolism, and Mitochondrial DNA: An Observational Study.

SCOPE: Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and its methylation level in the D-loop area have been correlated with metabolic health and are suggested to vary in response to environmental stimuli, including diet. Circulating levels of trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO), which is an oxidative derivative of the trimethylamine (TMA) produced by the gut microbiome from dietary precursors, have been associated with chronic diseases and are suggested to have an impact on mitochondrial dynamics. This study is aimed to investigate the relationship between diet, TMA, TMAO, and mtDNAcn, as well as DNA methylation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred subjects with extreme (healthy and unhealthy) dietary patterns are recruited. Dietary records are collected to assess their nutrient intake and diets' quality (Healthy Eating Index). Blood levels of TMA and TMAO, circulating levels of TMA precursors and their dietary intakes are measured. MtDNAcn, nuclear DNA methylation long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1), and strand-specific D-loop methylation levels are assessed. There is no association between dietary patterns and mtDNAcn. The TMAO/TMA ratio is negatively correlated with d-loop methylation levels but positively with mtDNAcn. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a potential association between TMA metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics (and mtDNA), indicating a new avenue for further research.

ß-glucuronidase activity is associated with carbohydrate metabolism but not with androgen status in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ß-glucuronidase and androgen levels in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The connection between ß-glucuronidase, the abundance of selected gut bacteria, carbohydrate metabolism, and diet quality was also determined. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 56 women with a mean age of 29.14 ± 5.11 y and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 34.15 ± 5.72 kg/m2. Anthropometrical parameters, fecal ß-glucosidase activity, and selected food frequency intake were measured. RESULTS: Women with better quality diets, apart from lower BMI and better carbohydrate metabolism parameters, had more abundant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila. Two-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2h-glu; mg/dL) was the main predictor of ß-glucuronidase activity and there was no relationship between ß-glucuronidase activity and androgen levels. Non-Healthy Diet Index-14 (nHDI-14) was the main predictor for A. muciniphila, Bifidobacteriu. longum, and F. prausnitzii abundance. QUICKI was a significant predictor of A. muciniphila abundance and OGTT-2h-glu was a significant predictor of F. prausnitzii abundance. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between ß-glucuronidase activity and androgen levels in overweight and obese women with PCOS, but ß-glucuronidase activity may be an important factor in carbohydrate metabolism. Modulation of the abundances of F. prausnitzii, A. muciniphila, and B. longum using special diets should thus be considered a promising intervention.

Mitochondrial DNA and Epigenetics: Investigating Interactions with the One-Carbon Metabolism in Obesity.

Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has been proposed for use as a surrogate biomarker of mitochondrial health, and evidence suggests that mtDNA might be methylated. Intermediates of the one-carbon cycle (1CC), which is duplicated in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, have a major role in modulating the impact of diet on the epigenome. Moreover, epigenetic pathways and the redox system are linked by the metabolism of glutathione (GSH). In a cohort of 101 normal-weight and 97 overweight/obese subjects, we evaluated mtDNAcn and methylation levels in both mitochondrial and nuclear areas to test the association of these marks with body weight, metabolic profile, and availability of 1CC intermediates associated with diet. Body composition was associated with 1CC intermediate availability. Reduced levels of GSH were measured in the overweight/obese group (p = 1.3∗10-5). A high BMI was associated with lower LINE-1 (p = 0.004) and nominally lower methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene methylation (p = 0.047). mtDNAcn was lower in overweight/obese subjects (p = 0.004) and independently correlated with MTHFR methylation levels (p = 0.005) but not to LINE-1 methylation levels (p = 0.086). DNA methylation has been detected in the light strand but not in the heavy strand of the mtDNA. Although mtDNA methylation in the light strand did not differ between overweight/obese and normal-weight subjects, it was nominally correlated with homocysteine levels (p = 0.035) and MTHFR methylation (p = 0.033). This evidence suggests that increased body weight might perturb mitochondrial-nuclear homeostasis affecting the availability of nutrients acting as intermediates of the one-carbon cycle.

Easy Diet Screener: A quick and easy tool for determining dietary patterns associated with lipid profile and body adiposity.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of simple tools that could allow members of the general population to estimate their own dietary patterns and to associate them with unfavourable health outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a simple self-administered tool, called the Easy Diet Screener (EDS), that would identify healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and evaluate their association with unfavourable blood and anthropometric parameters (i.e. values outside the recommended values). METHODS: In total, 259 adult people (31-50 years of age) participated in this observational study. They filled out an online version of the EDS questionnaire; those who scored highly were assigned to the healthy dietary pattern (HDP) group, whereas those with a low score were assigned to the western dietary pattern (WDP) group. The dietary records, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated in a subset of 200 participants who obtained similar score in the repeated EDS (paper version). RESULTS: People assigned to HDP on the basis of EDS had significantly better diet quality than those assigned to WDP, with values of the Healthy Eating Index being 76.9 ± 9.2 and 58.7 ± 10.5, respectively. People classed as WDP had a higher risk of too high serum low-density lipoproteins [odds ratio (OR) = 2.65], triglycerides (OR = 3.67), body mass index (OR = 2.87) and percentage of fat tissue (OR = 3.98) than did people in the HDP. CONCLUSIONS: EDS is an easy tool for quickly identifying healthy and western dietary patterns that are associated with lipid profile and body adiposity.

Subjective well-being in non-obese individuals depends strongly on body composition.

While obesity has been correlated with welfare in the general population, there is not much data on the influence of body composition on welfare among the non-obese adult individuals. In this study, a total of 726 non-obese individuals from the general population were analyzed. The mean age was 46.8 ± 15.4 years and 42.1% of participants were male. The anthropometric measurements and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were done. The mean value for the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was 23.09 ± 5.43, for Euro Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) was 78.0 ± 14.5, and for the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was 6.7 ± 6.6. On the SWLS, the higher waist-hip ratio had a negative impact even after adjusting for age, gender, and concomitant diseases. EQ-VAS was inversely associated with android fat distribution and directly associated with muscle mass. BDI value was inversely associated with lower muscle mass, especially in lower limbs. The well-being of women was mainly associated with the distribution of adipose tissue and less with the distribution of muscle tissue-abdominal fat distribution has a particularly negative impact on well-being among women. In contrast, men's well-being depends more on muscle mass and to a lesser extent on the distribution of fat tissue-a positive significant effect has lean mass and a circumference of thigh below gluteal fold.

Comparison of Associations between One-Carbon Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Fatty Liver Markers in Normal-Weight and Overweight People Aged 20-40 Years.

The aim of the present study was to compare biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism (OCM), lipid metabolism, and fatty liver in people with normal and increased body weight. The study was performed on 421 participants, aged 20-40 years, enrolled in Poznan, Poland, in 2016-2018. Choline and betaine intakes were assessed. DNA samples were genotyped for polymorphisms of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT; rs7946 and rs12325817), methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; rs180113), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1; rs2236225), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; rs70991108). To assess the associations between blood metabolites (choline, betaine, folate, L-carnitine, o-acetyl-L-carnitine, and trimethylamine N-oxide]), circulating lipids, and fatty liver indices, multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Overweight/obese participants had 5.8% higher choline (p < 0.05) and 10% higher L-carnitine (p < 0.001) levels than normal-weight subjects. Serum folate and betaine levels were associated with lower total cholesterol (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), triacylglycerols (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001), and triglyceride glucose index (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), though only in overweight/obese people. The PEMT rs12325817 CC genotype was associated with higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p < 0.01) in overweight/obese people. The associations between OCM markers, fatty liver indices, and blood lipids differ in subjects with normal and excessive body weight.

The first SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants of concern (VOC) in Poland: The concept of a comprehensive approach to monitoring and surveillance of emerging variants.

PURPOSE: We analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 genome using our integrated genome analysis system and present the concept of a comprehensive approach to monitoring and surveillance of emerging variants. MATERIAL/METHODS: A total of 69 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples (with Ct value â€‹≤ â€‹28) were tested. Samples included in this study were selected from 7 areas of eastern Poland. All samples were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform using a 300-cycle MiSeq Reagent Kit v2. BWA was used for reads mapping on the reference SARS-CoV-2 sequence. SAMTools were used for post-processing of reads to genome assembly. Pango lineage and Nexstrain were used to identify variants and amino acid mutations. Statistical analysis was performed with R 4.0.2. RESULTS: This study shows the first confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland with the lineage B.1.351 (known as 501Y.V2 South African variant), as well as another 18 cases with epidemiologically relevant lineage B.1.1.7, known as British variant. Supplementary analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequences deposited in GISAID shows that the share of a new variant can change rapidly within one month. In addition, we show a complete, integrated concept of a networked system for analyzing the variability of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, which, used in the present study, generated data and a variant report within 6 days. CONCLUSION: The analyzed viral genomes showed considerable variability with simultaneous clear distinction of local clusters of genomes showing high similarity. Implementing real-time monitoring of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in Poland is urgently needed, and our developed system is available to be implemented on a large scale.

Greater self-reported preference for fat taste and lower fat restraint are associated with more frequent intake of high-fat food.

The determinants of the intake of high-fat products are not well recognized, but fat preference may be one of them. The aim of this study was thus to determine whether intake of different types of high-fat food is associated with fat preference in people with normal and increased body weight. Participants aged 20-40 years [n = 421] were enrolled in Poznan, Poland in 2016-2018. Fat preference was measured using the Fat Preference Questionnaire. Self-reported preference for fat taste (TASTE) and fat restraint (DIFF) scores were calculated. The frequency of consuming high-fat food was measured with an application for mobile devices using ecological momentary assessment. TASTE was positively associated with calorie intake and total frequency of eating high-fat food in both the normal weight and the overweight/obese groups. Overweight and obese people had lower DIFF (p < 0.001) than normal weight people. DIFF was negatively associated with total calorie intake and total intake of high-fat food, but only in normal weight people (ß = -0.16, p < 0.01 and ß = -0.26, p < 0.001, respectively). DIFF was negatively associated with the frequency of eating sweet (ß = -0.33, p < 0.000) and meat high-fat food (ß = -0.25, p < 0.001) in the normal weight group. The frequency of consumption of high-fat food and calorie intake are positively associated with self-reported preference for fat taste. In normal weight subjects fat restraint is negatively associated with calorie intake and total frequency of high-fat food intake, as well as with intake of different types of fatty food. Fat preference measures are thus associated with high-fat food intake, but these associations differ by body weight status.

Improvement of glucose metabolism in pregnant women through probiotic supplementation depends on gestational diabetes status: meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on glucose metabolism in pregnant women using data from randomized controlled trials. Furthermore, this meta-analysis examines whether the observed effects depend on the presence or absence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and if the effect is dependent on the type of supplement used (probiotic or synbiotic). We performed a literature search of databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library) and identified all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to May 2019. We compared the effects of probiotic supplementation with the administration of placebos in pregnant women with and without GDM. The systematic review and meta-analysis protocol were registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as number CRD 42019111467. 1119 study participants from 15 selected studies were included. The participants in four studies did not have GDM (being recruited to the study before week 20 of pregnancy) and the participants in the rest of the studies were diagnosed with GDM between weeks 24 and 28 of gestation. The meta-analysis showed that supplementation lowers serum glucose, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR index, but only in pregnant women with GDM. Moreover, both probiotics and synbiotics lower serum insulin level and HOMA-IR index, but the glucose lowering effect is specific only to probiotics and not synbiotics. Probiotic supplementation may improve glucose metabolism in pregnant women with GDM. There is a need for more RCT studies with larger groups to better estimate this effect.

Low folate intake and serum levels are associated with higher body mass index and abdominal fat accumulation: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: The link between folate metabolism and obesity has recently been underlined, suggesting that folate deficiency may lead to body weight gain and adiposity. We thus wished to determine whether the inefficiency in folate metabolism caused by genetic variation in the MTHFR and DHFR genes in folate metabolism, or inadequate folate intake, is associated with obesity. METHODS: A case-control study including 421 healthy participants (aged 20-40) was performed in Poznan, Poland. The cases were 213 subjects with BMI > 25 kg/m2, while the controls were 208 subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Genotyping of rs70991108 (DHFR) and rs1801133 (MTHFR) was performed using TaqMan probes. Serum folate concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and homocysteine was assessed with high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Subjects with overweight and obesity had 12% lower folate intake (p < 0.05) and 8.5% lower folate serum concentrations (p < 0.01) than the controls. Serum folate concentrations and folate intake were inversely associated with body fat percentage (p < 0.05) and waist circumference (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Serum folate concentration, though not folate intake, was negatively associated with WHR and BMI (p < 0.05, for both associations). CONCLUSIONS: Lower folate intake and serum levels are weakly, but independently, associated with greater body weight and central adiposity in people aged 20-40. MTHFR and DHFR polymorphism seems not to have significant impact on body weight.

Polymorphism of CD36 Determines Fat Discrimination but Not Intake of High-Fat Food in 20- to 40-Year-Old Adults.

BACKGROUND: The determinants of the intake of high-fat products are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relations between fat perception, intake of high-fat food, and body-weight status, taking into account the polymorphism of the genes that encode the proteins involved in oral fat perception. METHODS: A total of 421 participants aged 20-40 y were enrolled in Poznan, Poland, from 2016 to 2018. An ascending forced-choice triangle procedure was applied to determine fat discrimination ability. Salad dressings with varying concentrations of canola oil were used as stimuli. Genotyping of rs1761667 (CD36) rs1573611 [free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1)], rs17108973 [free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4)], and rs2274333 (CA6) was performed using TaqMan probes. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods was measured using an application for mobile devices that uses the ecological momentary assessment approach. The associations were analyzed using linear regression or logistic regression, as appropriate. RESULTS: Individuals with the GG CD36 genotype were twice as likely to be fat discriminators, compared with the A allele carriers (P < 0.05). The mean total consumption of high-fat food was 45.8 (44.6, 47.0) times/wk and was not associated with fat discrimination or body-weight status. Obese and overweight subjects ate healthy high-fat food less frequently than did participants with normal body weight, at 4.53 (3.83, 5.23) versus 6.68 (5.82, 7.55) times/wk, respectively (P < 0.001). Men ate sweet high-fat food and snacks 15% less frequently than did women (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) but consumed high-fat meat and fast food almost 40% more often than did women (P < 0.001 for both associations). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals aged 20-40 y, fat discrimination ability is associated with polymorphism of CD36 but not with the choice of high-fat food. The frequency of consumption of different types of high-fat foods varies by sex and body-weight status.

Polymorphism of TAS2R3, TAS2R5, TAS2R19, and TAS2R50 genes and bitter food intake frequency inelderly woman.

BACKGROUND: Taste sensitivity is one of the most important biological determinants of food choice. Polymorphisms within the bitter taste receptor genes TAS2R3 (rs765007), TAS2R5 (rs2234012), TAS2R19 (rs10772420), and TAS2R50 (rs1376251) may affect bitter taste sensitivity and thus food choices and thereby metabolic biomarkers in blood. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between selected TAS2Rs  single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the choice of the most popular bitter food items in    a Polish population, BMI and blood biomarkers in elderly women. METHODS: The study group included 116 Polish women over 60 years of age. Intake of Brassica vegetables, grapefruit and coffee was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical parameters were measured using the spectrophotometric method. Genotyping was performed using the high resolution melting method. RESULTS: We show an association between SNPs of the TAS2R3 gene and the frequency of Brassica vegetable intake, between SNPs of the TAS2R5 gene and the frequency of grapefruit intake, and between the simultaneous effects of polymorphisms within TAS2R3 and TAS2R5 and the frequency of eating Brassica vegetables in general. We found no association between the genetic polymorphisms of TAS2R19 or TAS2R50 that were examined and the frequency of bitter-tasting food intake. Moreover, the SNPs of the selected TAS2Rs genes may be associated with the lipid profile, serum level of glucose and CRP, depending on the frequency of consumption of particular bitter-tasting items. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic polymorphisms analyzed in the study seem not to contribute significantly to variability in bitter-tasting food intake in elderly women, although they may influence metabolic biomarkers dependent on the intake of particular bitter-tasting food items.

Dietary patterns associated with obesity and overweight: When should misreporters be included in analysis?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify dietary patterns associated with overweight and obesity and to examine the effect of including and excluding misreporters on the analysis of these dietary patterns and on the associations between identified dietary patterns and anthropometric parameters. METHODS: The study was carried out with adult participants in an observational case-control manner. The participants' diet was assessed using 3-d dietary records. To identify misreporters, the Goldberg and Black cutoff method was used. Dietary patterns were evaluated using factor analysis and dietary indices. RESULTS: Among 410 participants, 100 were underreporters and 1 was an overreporter. The nutritional value of the diets and the relative intake of several groups of food products differed between those with normal and increased body weight. Excluding misreporters affected the differences between body weight groups in energy; dietary fiber; empty calories; cholesterol; sodium; magnesium; folate; vitamins C, PP, and A; groats; vegetables; coffee; and water intake. The Western diet (WD) factor correlated positively with the waist circumference and the amount of fat tissue, whereas the healthy diet (HD) factor correlated negatively with body weight, waist circumference, and the fat tissue amount. The coefficients of the correlation between the HD factor and the anthropometric parameters were stronger when misreporters were excluded, whereas those between the WD factor and the parameters did not change much after exclusion of misreporters. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive relationship between the WD pattern and obesity. The exclusion of misreporters from the data set may positively affect the association between the HD pattern and anthropometric parameters.