RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The impact of hair removal on the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of human axillary skin is not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of different hair-removal techniques on biophysical parameters and the concentrations of key inflammatory biomarkers in the axillae of female Thai subjects. Axillary hair was removed by shaving, plucking or waxing. METHODS: Following a 2-week washout phase without hair removal, subjects underwent visual assessment for erythema and skin dryness in one (randomized) axilla, then, hair was removed from the axilla by shaving, plucking or waxing according to each subject's established habit. Erythema and dryness were assessed again 30 min after hair removal, and buffer scrubs collected from depilated and non-depilated axillae and analysed for inflammatory cytokines; after a further 48 h, erythema, dryness and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIHP) were assessed in the depilated axilla. Biophysical assessments (skin hydration, barrier integrity, elasticity and roughness) were made in depilated and non-depilated axillae. RESULTS: All three hair-removal techniques induced an increase in axillary erythema and skin dryness. Shaving was associated with significantly less erythema (P < 0.01), but significantly greater skin dryness (P < 0.05) versus the other techniques 30 min after hair removal. There were no between-technique differences in PIHP or biophysical parameters. Interleukins IL-1α and IL-1RA concentrations increased, and IL-8 concentration decreased following hair removal by each technique. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to identify the principal cytokines associated with the inflammatory process triggered by axillary hair removal. A single hair-removal treatment did not appear to induce PIHP or further biophysical changes to the skin.
OBJECTIF: L'impact de l'épilation sur les caractéristiques biophysiques et biochimiques de la peau axillaire humaine n'est pas entièrement compris. Cette étude a examiné l'effet de différentes techniques d'épilation sur les paramètres biophysiques et les concentrations de biomarqueurs inflammatoires clés dans les aisselles de sujets thaïlandais de sexe féminin. Les aisselles ont été épilées par rasage, à la pince ou à la cire. MÉTHODES: Après une phase de sevrage de 2 semaines sans épilation, les sujets ont subi une évaluation visuelle de l'érythème et de la sécheresse cutanée dans une aisselle (randomisé), puis l'aisselle a été épilée par rasage, à la pince ou à la cire selon l'habitude établie de chaque sujet. L'érythème et la sécheresse ont été évalués à nouveau 30 minutes après l'épilation, et des frottis tampons ont été prélevés dans les aisselles épilées et non épilées et analysés pour détecter les cytokines inflammatoires; puis, après 48 heures, l'érythème, la sécheresse et l'hyperpigmentation post-inflammatoire (PIHP) ont été évalués dans les aisselles épilées. Des évaluations biophysiques (hydratation cutanée, intégrité de la barrière cutanée, élasticité et rugosité de la peau) ont été réalisées sur les aisselles épilées et non épilées. RÉSULTATS: Les trois techniques d'épilation ont entraîné une accentuation de l'érythème axillaire et de la sécheresse de la peau. Le rasage a été associé à un érythème nettement moins important (P < 0,01), mais à une sécheresse cutanée nettement plus importante (P < 0,05) par rapport aux autres techniques 30 min après l'épilation. Aucune différence entre les techniques n'a été observée en ce qui concerne le PIHP ou les paramètres biophysiques. Les concentrations en interleukines IL-1α IL-1RA ont augmenté, et la concentration en IL-8 a diminué après l'épilation par chaque technique. CONCLUSION: Cette étude est la première à identifier les cytokines principales associées au processus inflammatoire déclenché par l'épilation des aisselles. Une seule épilation n'a pas semblé entraîner de PIHP ou d'autres modifications biophysiques de la peau.
Assuntos
Axila , Remoção de Cabelo/métodos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Pele , Adulto , Fenômenos Bioquímicos , Fenômenos Biofísicos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismoRESUMO
The numerous species that make up the oral microbiome are now understood to play a key role in establishment and maintenance of oral health. The ability to taxonomically identify community members at the species level is important to elucidating its diversity and association to health and disease. We report the overall ecological effects of using a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins compared to a control toothpaste on the plaque microbiome. The results reported here demonstrate that a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins can augment natural salivary defences to promote an overall community shift resulting in an increase in bacteria associated with gum health and a concomitant decrease in those associated with periodontal disease. Statistical analysis shows significant increases in 12 taxa associated with gum health including Neisseria spp. and a significant decrease in 10 taxa associated with periodontal disease including Treponema spp. The results demonstrate that a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins can significantly shift the ecology of the oral microbiome (at species level) resulting in a community with a stronger association to health.
Assuntos
Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Enzimas/farmacologia , Gengiva/microbiologia , Microbiota/genética , Boca/metabolismo , Cremes Dentais/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bacteroides/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroides/genética , Bacteroides/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Feminino , Fusobactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fusobactérias/genética , Fusobactérias/isolamento & purificação , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Bucal , Higiene Bucal/métodos , Porphyromonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Porphyromonas/genética , Porphyromonas/isolamento & purificação , Prevotella/efeitos dos fármacos , Prevotella/genética , Prevotella/isolamento & purificação , Selenomonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Selenomonas/genética , Selenomonas/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus/genética , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Treponema/efeitos dos fármacos , Treponema/genética , Treponema/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In skin care, the axilla is a biologically unique site requiring specialized attention and care. This area of skin is often subject to hair removal techniques, such as shaving and plucking. These procedures damage the skin leading to erythema and dryness in the short term, and in some cases, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIHP) in the long term. This study will (i) briefly review the biology and unique properties of axillary skin, and (ii) describe the characteristics of the irritation and damage induced by contemporary skin care habits and resolution of these responses by the use of efficacious skin moisturizing technology. With respect to the latter, we propose that there are five groups of compounds, defined according to their mechanism of action, which are particularly relevant to the care of damaged axillary skin.
