Two methods for geometric morphometric analysis of trichodinids from killifishes.

In this study, we compared the efficacy of geometric morphometric techniques, including outlines and landmark-based approaches, to support the differentiation of Trichodina bellottii from three co-occurring killifish species. Both methods were able to differentiate trichodinids from different host species. However, discriminat analyses and MANOVA results based on landmarks had greater accuracy possibly because these analyses only provide information on certain points defined by the researcher, while the analyses based on outlines take into account points with less taxonomic information.

PREVALENCE OF OPECOELID TREMATODES (TREMATODA: DIGENEA: OPECOELIDAE) IN THE WOOLLY SCULPIN CLINOCOTTUS ANALIS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF THE BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA.

Prevalence values for 3 digenean species of the family Opecoelidae were calculated during a half-year period from 20 individuals per month of the fish species Clinocottus analis, collected from an intertidal environment of Baja California, Mexico. Trematode species recovered were Opecoelus adsphaericus, Opecoelus cameroni, and Opecoelus pacificus. Of these, only O. adsphaericus was present throughout the study, whereas O. pacificus and O. cameroni were recorded for 1 or 2 mo, respectively, exhibiting relatively low prevalence values. The decrease in prevalence of O. adsphaericus coincides with the appearance of O. pacificus and O. cameroni; these last 2 species were found only in the largest hosts, and their presence represents new records for Mexican marine fauna.

Systematic assessment of nymphs of Diesingiinae (Pentastomida: Sebekidae) parasitizing Palloceros harpagos (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina: filling gaps in an incomplete phylogenetic framework.

During a search for parasites in fishes from Iguazu River, Argentina, a nymph of pentastomid was found encysted on mesenteries of Phalloceros harpagos. The 28S rDNA and COI mt-DNA were used to compare with the sequences deposited in the GenBank. Pentastomid nymphs belong to the subfamily Diesingiinae (Sebekidae) for having chloride cell pores distributed in a single row per annulus; also, the hooks and rows of spines of our material differ to other genera. Present specimens are most likely Diesingia sp., having 63-74 annuli, a U shaped oral cadre with fibers closing anteriorly and a peg like extension of the oral cadre. The 28S rDNA analysis places our samples into a sister group of Alofia sp., but the COI mt-DNA situate them on the base of the clade. In conclusion, our pentastomid positively belongs to Diesingia sp., however, indisputable assignation requires a reliable description of the nymph, or the availability of sequences linking nymphs and adults, which even could provide evidence of a new hitherto undescribed genus. Aditionally, the systematic position of Sebekia oxycephala previously described by P. harpagos is discussed on the basis of our results, allowing us to suggest a re-assignation of such specimens to the genus Diesingia.

Phylogenetic position of the South American freshwater Rhipidocotyle santaensis (Digenea:Bucephalidae) based on partial 28S rDNA.

The family Bucephalidae is comprised of nine subfamilies, the most important being Bucephalinae with eight genera. Among these, the genus Rhipidocotyle has been found in marine and freshwater environments all over the world. Previous studies of Rhipidocotyle santanaensis have dealt with its morphology or host's ecology. Here, we provide a phylogenetic analysis based on two 28S rDNA sequences from R. santanaensis parasitizing the freshwater fish Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro from the Ibera Lagoon (Corrientes Province, Argentina). The 28S rDNA tree showed that it clustered together with Rhipidocotyle species from Middle and North America, suggesting a common history. Bucephalinae appears to have undergone four evolutionary processes: first, the diversification within the same host family; second, more than one successful infection of the same host family in different geographic regions; third, "jumping" between host families; and, finally, successful invasion of the freshwater environment (occurring in at least four different events in the subfamily). We hypothesize that R. santanaensis entered the freshwater environment by a "jumping" event from some unknown marine host family when a seawater ingression took place in South America during the Late Quaternary. This is the first sequenced Bucephalinae species from South America. Further sequencing will help shed light on the evolutionary relationships between South American members of this group from marine and, especially, freshwater environments.

First report of Spirometra (Eucestoda; Diphyllobothriidae) naturally occurring in a fish host.

Spirometra Faust, Campbell et Kellogg, 1929 is a genus of cestodes belonging to the family Diphyllobothriidae. To date, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals are known second intermediate hosts of these parasites; humans can also be infected (the zoonotic disease is known as sparganosis or spirometrosis). Although the number of phylogenetic studies on Spirometra spp. has increased worldwide in recent years, there are few in South America. Specifically in Uruguay, molecular studies have shown that tapeworms of S. decipiens (Diesing, 1850) complexes 1 and 2 are present in this country. In this study, we characterised the larvae of Spirometra present in the annual fish Austrolebias charrua Costa et Cheffe. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of these larvae showed that they belong to S. decipiens complex 1. This is the first report of teleost fishes serving as a second intermediate host for tapeworms of the genus Spirometra in nature.

How many species of genus Lernaeopoda Blainville, 1822 (Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae) are there in the southwestern Atlantic?

The family Lernaeopodidae includes 14 genera parasitizing elasmobranchs. Fourteen species of this family have been cited from Argentina, four of which were found on chondrichthyans. Schroederichthys bivius Mller and Henle and Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus) from Argentina harbored parasitic copepods of the genus Lernaeopoda. The objective of this study was to identify the species using an integrative approach. The morphology was examined by Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy and the molecular analysis was based on partial sequences of the COI mtDNA gene. Despite differences in the antenna, antennule, mandible, maxilliped and maxillae among the specimens, the morphological and molecular analyses revealed that they belonged to Lernaeopoda bivia Leigh-Sharpe, 1930. The species so far reported for Argentina are L. bivia and L. galei Kryer, 1837, which are distinguished by the size (less and greater than 7 mm, respectively). Here, we report partial sequences of the COI mtDNA gene of L. bivia for the first time, obtained from eleven specimens attached to the mouth, fins, anal slit and claspers of the two shark hosts. The COI mtDNA gene tree shows that the Lernaeopoda group forms a sister clade with Pseudocharopinus bicaudatus (Kryer, 1837), while the genus Pseudocharopinus does not appear to be a natural group. We propose that the material described from Argentinean waters as L. galei was misidentified and actually belongs to L. bivia. The wide variability within the specimens of L. bivia emphasizes the importance of using an integrative approach to revise the taxonomy of the Lernaeopoda species from all over the world.

Maxiclavella and Praeclavella (Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae) new genera confirmed by molecular and morphological evidence.

The new genus Maxiclavella is proposed to accommodate Clavella simplex Castro Romero and Baeza Kuroki, 1985, which differs from Clavella species, including long and narrow cephalothorax, small bulla, and simple armature of the antenna and antennule. Praeclavella nasalis, new genus and species, was found parasitizing the olfactory sacs of Isacia conceptionis. Praeclavella nasalis could be differentiated from other Clavella species by a biramous antenna with an exopod shorter than the endopod, the base of the cephalothorax with a large lobular and suborbicular projection on each side, a suborbicular bulla, mandibles without secondary teeth, and a suboval male body type. Males of both genera fit well in the Clavella-clade male type, although they differ from each other in many aspects, mainly in the position of the buccal area, which is oriented ventrally in Maxiclavella and distally in Praeclavella nasalis, and in a genital process, which is present in the latter and absent in the former. Genetic distances of mtDNA COI and 28S rDNA supported the validity of the two new genera parasitizing the same host, I. conceptionis. Also Clavella-branch (Clavellinae Wilson), a key based genera on female specimens is presented.

Molecular phylogenetic relationship between Philometroides tahieli (Nematoda, Philometridae) and other philometrids from South America.

In South America, the family Philometridae is represented by several genera and species. In particular, Philometra and Philometroides are the most speciose genera. In Argentina, only Philometroides tahieli has been reported so far. The main objective of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between Ps. tahieli and other South American philometrids using molecular data. The molecular analysis was performed using a female specimen of Ps. tahieli found on the opercular muscle of a juvenile Micropogonias furnieri from brackish waters in Argentina. Phylogenetic relationships were studied based on partial sequences of the 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA genes. In the 18S rDNA tree, Ps. tahieli was mainly grouped with other Philometroides from freshwater hosts from China, sharing the site of infection (head tissues or muscles). In the 28S rDNA tree, obtained with fewer sequences, Ps. tahieli is related species from subcutaneous tissues of head. This study contributes with information on philometrids and confirms the presence of different lineages among South American species, with Ps. tahieli representing a new one. Further studies on South American species using more molecular markers and new morphological characters will improve our knowledge of philometrid biodiversity and phylogeny.

Molecular evidence supports the validity of three Parabrachiella species infecting mugilids.

The parasitic copepod genus Parabrachiella is composed of 70 species, 14 of which are found in South America. The finding of new specimens of Parabrachiella mugilis from Turkey allowed us to compare the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of this species with those of the South American Parabrachiella exilis and Parabrachiella platensis; all these species are parasites of mugilids. In addition, specimens of Parabrachiella fasciata, Parabrachiella oralis and Parabrachiella dispar from Chile, and Parabrachiella chevreuxi from Argentina were included in the comparison. Our results confirmed that the three Parabrachiella species parasitizing mugilids, which had been identified by morphology, are valid entities. However, P. exilis was recently synonymized with P. mugilis. The latter species showed a great genetic distance from P. exilis (16%) and was closer to Parabrachiella fasciata (13%) and to species with long posterior processes. Parabrachiella exilis and P. platensis (parasite on Mugil cephalus and Mugil liza, respectively) had a low genetic distance (9%) and Parabrachiella kabatai (parasite of Isacia conceptionis) had a low genetic distance (12-13%) from P. fasciata, P. platensis and P. exilis. In addition, the three parasitic copepods from South America have short and round posterior processes compared to other species, which have long posterior processes. Most species with long posterior processes are clustered together in a Pacific Ocean clade (P. hugu from the North Pacific Ocean), with the exception of P. chevreuxi, which has been found in the South Atlantic Ocean. This study adds seven new sequences, making a total of nine sequenced South American species of Parabrachiella.

Granuloma piógeno en el dorso lingual: caso clínico / Pyogenic granuloma in the lingual dorsum: a clinical case

El granuloma piógeno es una lesión benigna en la cavidad bucal, no neoplásica. Es una entidad fre- cuentemente asociada a la expansión de los tejidos blandos de la cavidad bucal. Se presenta, con mayor frecuencia, en individuos del género femenino, con edades comprendidas entre la segunda y cuarta década de vida. El tratamiento es mediante escisión quirúrgica con un pequeño margen de seguridad, y los agentes irritantes deben extraerse concomitan- temente para la curación de la lesión. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo informar un caso de granuloma piógeno en el dorso de la lengua en una paciente del género femenino de 69 años. Los autores destacaron la importancia del conocimiento de la patología bucal por parte del Cirujano Dentista para poder realizar un correcto diagnóstico diferencial de otras lesiones, con el fin de realizar el tratamiento adecuado (AU)

Pyogenic granuloma is a quite common non-neoplasic benign lesion in the oral cavity. It is one of the entities most frequently associated with the soft tissues' expansion of the oral cavity, specifically in females, in the age group between the second and the fourth decade of life. The treatment is by surgical excision with a small margin of safety. For the healing of the lesion irritants should be concomitantly removed. This study aimed to report a case of pyogenic granuloma on the lingual dorsum of a 69-year-old female patient. The authors concluded highlighting the importance of the knowledge of oral pathology by the Dental Surgeon, to perform a correct differential diagnosis of other lesions to perform the appropriate treatment (AU)

New insights on Pomphorhynchus sphaericus Gil de Pertierra, Spatz et Doma, 1996 (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae).

The finding of Pomphorhynchus sphaericus in new localities from La Plata River allowed the reevaluation of the species using a taxonomic integrative approach. The newly found specimens in Pimelodus maculatus from Samborombon Bay differ from P. sphaericus by the roots of hooks 1-6 which not form a wide sheet split into 2 apophysis, the slender, separated and equatorial testicles, the position of the cement glands, the shape of the proboscis, the shape and length of lemnisci, and the eggs size. Despite the notorious observed morphological differences, the COI mtDNA analysis confirmed that Pomphorhynchus individuals are the same conspecific, and showed that there is a high phenotypical plasticity in this species. Pomphorhynchus sphaericus is the first South American species analyzed to a DNA level (COI mtDNA, ITS, and 18S rDNA genes). The molecular analysis relates P. sphaericus to P. bulbocolli and P. purhepechus.

Molecular data reveal hidden diversity of the genus Clinostomum (Digenea, Clinostomidae) in Argentina, with the description of a new species from Ardea cocoi (Ardeidae).

The genus Clinostomum has been recently a subject of a large number of molecular phylogenetic studies that have uncovered a larger species diversity than we thought. In Argentina, only two nominal species have been reported, namely C. detruncatum and C. marginatum. Three putative species represented by metacercariae were recently molecularly diagnosed, and there are at least two additional metacercarial morphotypes diagnosed on morphological grounds. Here, we molecularly characterized specimens of Clinostomum sampled from freshwater fishes and fish-eating birds from Argentina through mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Unexpectedly, the phylogenetic analysis uncovered three new additional genetic lineages, two of them corresponding to metacercarial stages and another matching COI sequences of C. heluans Braun, 1899, being considered conspecific, whereas the others still require formal description. Additionally, we add a new host species for a lineage molecularly diagnosed in a previous study. The adult specimens recovered from A. cocoi in Buenos Aires Province represented a new species clearly distinguished from the two species previously reported in Argentina. Clinostomum detruncatum is distinguished from the new species by possessing a characteristic tenoidean uterus, and testes located more posteriorly. Clinostomum marginatum is morphologically similar but differs from the new species in having rounded ovary, posterior testis lobated, and lateral cirrus-sac and displacing the anterior testis, and vitelline follicles not extending beyond the caeca end. Our study raises the number of Clinostomum species in Argentina up to 10. We describe the new species herein.

OPECHONA CHLOROSCOMBRI AND OPECHONA CORKUMI N. SP. (DIGENEA: LEPOCREADIIDAE) FROM THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO WITH PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS BASED ON 28S RDNA.

This study investigated the identity of 2 lepocreadiid digenean species belonging in the genus Opechona Looss, 1907 that infect littoral fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Opechona chloroscombriNahhas and Cable, 1964, a species previously known only from the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil, is reported herein from the Atlantic bumper, Chloroscombrus chrysurus (L.), in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A second species infects the gulf butterfish, Peprilus burti Fowler, and the American harvestfish, Peprilus paru (L.), and it is described as a new species that occurs in coastal waters of the north-central and northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Metacercariae infecting the mesoglea of pelagic jellyfishes (Bougainvillia carolinensis [McCady], Chrysaora quinquecirrha [Desor], and Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz) and pelagic comb jellies (Mnemiopsis leidyi Agassiz and Beroe ovata Bruguière) were collected that resemble the new species but require further study to identify. Newly generated sequence fragments (28S rDNA) from both species of Opechona plus 2 other lepocreadiids collected during the study were aligned with publicly available sequences from 18 other lepocreadiids, 6 species of Aephnidiogenidae Yamaguti, 1934, and 2 species of Gorgocephalidae Manter, 1966. The alignment was subjected to Bayesian inference analysis rooted using a gorgocephalid. The resulting tree estimated the positions of both Opechona spp. as being unresolved within a group of taxa that included all available species of Opechona plus available species from the morphologically similar genera ProdistomumLinton, 1910, Preptetos Pritchard, 1960, and Clavogalea Bray, 1985. Although relatively similar in morphology, the 2 studied species of Opechona were surprisingly not closely related. Opechona cablei (Stunkard, 1980) Bray and Gibson, 1990 is herein considered to be a junior synonym of Opechona pyriformis (Linton, 1900) Bray and Gibson, 1990.

Mixoma odontogênico de mandíbula tratado por curetagem, osteotomia periférica e uso de solução de carnoy: relato de caso mandibular / Odontogenic myxoma treated by curettage, peripheral osteotomy and uso of carnoy's solution: case report

O mixoma odontogênico é um tumor benigno que acomete os maxilares, de rara ocorrência que tem origem a partir do componente ectomesenquimatoso de um germe dentário, seja ao nível da papila dentária, ao nível do folículo ou ainda ao nível do ligamento periodontal. Tem predileção pelo sexo feminino, podendo comprometer com mais significância a faixa etária da segunda à quarta década de vida. O tratamento dos mixomas odontogênicos pode ser conservador ou radical. Com relação à escolha do tratamento, deve o cirurgião levar em consideração principalmente a extensão do envolvimento da lesão. O tratamento conservador pode ser considerado como primeira escolha, evitando efeitos associados a morbidade, comprometimento de estruturas anatômicas nobres e diminuição da qualidade de vida. Por se tratar de lesão recidivante, métodos complementares de tratamento têm sido empregados, tais como osteotomia periférica, uso do nitrogênio líquido e a solução de Carnoy. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de mixoma odontogênico em corpo mandibular de paciente do sexo feminino, leucoderma, 25 anos, solteira, natural de Recife-PE- Brasil, tratado de forma conservadora através de curetagem, osteotomia periférica e uso de solução de Carnoy, que até o presente momento não ocorreu sinais de recidiva... (AU)

Odontogenic myxoma is a rare benign tumor that affects the jaws. It´s originates from the ectomesenchymatous component of a dental germ, either at the level of the dental papilla, at the level of the follicle or at the level of the periodontal ligament. It has a predilection for the female sex, being able to compromise with more significance the age group from the 2nd to the 4th. decade of life. The treatment of odontogenic myxomas can be conservative or radical. Regarding the choice of treatment, the surgeon must take into account mainly the extent of the lesion's involvement. Conservative treatment can be considered as the first choice, avoiding effects associated with morbidity, impairment of noble anatomical structures and decreased quality of life. As it is a recurrent lesion, complementary treatment methods have been used, such as peripheral osteotomy, use of liquid nitrogen and Carnoy's solution. This study aimed to report a case of odontogenic myxoma in the mandibular body of a female patient, leucoderma, 25 years old, single, born in Recife-PE- Brazil, treated conservatively through curettage, peripheral osteotomy and use of a solution of Carnoy, that until now there have been no signs of recurrence... (AU)

Cuerpo extraño (fragmento de amalgama intraóseo) de la mandíbula: informe de caso / Foreign body (intraosseous bone fragment) of the mandible: report of a case

Un cuerpo extraño es un objeto o una estructura que se incluye accidental o intencionalmente en la intimidad de los tejidos orgánicos de un individuo. Puede desencadenar importantes procesos inflamatorios/ infecciosos, dependiendo de su naturaleza, requiriendo en la mayoría de los casos su extracción quirúrgica, con el fin de evitar daños al paciente. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo informar un caso de cuerpo extraño (fragmento de amalgama) incluido iatrogénicamente en la exodoncia de un molar inferior derecho en un paciente que, después de 8 años, optó por hacerse un implante en el área y descubrió la inclusión de este material, siendo necesaria su extracción quirúrgica para la posterior colocación del implante dental en la región. Los autores destacan la necesidad de realizar una minuciosa inspección y toilette de la caja alveolar en el acto de la exodoncia, para evitar incluir cuerpos extraños en el sitio quirúrgico y evitar así, una nueva intervención en el área (AU)

Foreign body is an object or structure included accidentally or intentionally in the intimacy of the organic tissues of individuals. They can trigger important inflammatory / infectious processes, depending on its nature, requiring its surgical removal in most cases, to prevent damage to the patient. This study aimed to report a case of a foreign body (fragment of amalgam) iatrogenically included in extraction of a right lower molar in a patient who, after 8 years, opted to have an implant in the area and discovered the inclusion of this material, requiring its surgical removal for subsequent placement of a dental implant in the region. The authors highlight the need to perform a thorough inspection and toilet of the alveolar box in the act of extraction, to avoid including foreign bodies in the surgical site, avoiding further intervention in the area (AU)

Voluminoso quiste dentígero de mandíbula tratado en dos etapas quirúrgicas informe de caso / Volumoso cisto dentígero de mandíbula tratado em duas etapas cirurgicas - relato de caso / Large dentigerous mandibular cyst treated in two surgical steps. A case report

Resumen El quiste dentígero es una lesión benigna que se origina en el epitelio odontogénico asociado a la corona de un diente incluido. Son radiolúcidos y uniloculares, generalmente asintomáticos y diagnosticados en exámenes de rutina o exámenes radiográficos. Los terceros molares inferiores y los caninos superiores son los dientes más afectados, y esta lesión también ocurre en dientes supernumerarios o asociados a odontomas. De crecimiento lento puede alcanzar dimensiones considerables, provocando deformidad facial, impactación y desplazamiento de dientes y/o estructuras adyacentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar un caso clínico de un voluminoso quiste dentígero mandibular, que se trató quirúrgicamente en dos etapas: la primera intervención con fines de biopsia y descompresión de la lesión y la segunda con el objetivo de enuclear la cápsula remanente. De esta forma, fue posible realizar un diagnóstico preciso de la lesión, reducir su tamaño para permitir una enucleación total con un daño mínimo a las estructuras anatómicas circundantes y la preservación de la función neurosensorial. Se realizó el seguimiento del paciente durante un período de 5 años en el posoperatorio, y el caso evolucionó hasta la curación total.

Resumo O cisto dentígero é uma lesão benigna oriunda do epitélio odontogênico associado à coroa de um dente incluso. São radiolúcidos e uniloculares, normalmente assintomáticos e diagnosticados em exames de rotina ou exame radiográfico. Os terceiros molares inferiores e os caninos superiores são os dentes mais acometidos, tendo também ocorrência desta lesão em dentes supranumerários ou associados a odontomas. De crescimento lento pode atingir dimensões consideráveis, causando deformidade facial, impactação e deslocamento de dentes e/ou estruturas adjacentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de volumoso cisto dentígero mandibular, tratado cirurgicamente em duas etapas: a primeira intervenção com fins de biópsia e descompressão da lesão e uma segunda com intuito de enuclear a capsula rôta. Desta forma pôde-se realizar o diagnostico preciso da lesão, diminuir seu tamanho de forma a permitir a enucleação total com o mínimo de dano as estruturas anatômicas circunvizinhas e a preservação da função neurossensorial. O paciente foi acompanhado por um período de 05 anos no pós operatório, tendo o caso evoluído para a cura total.

Abstract A dentigerous cyst is a benign lesion arising from the odontogenic epithelium associated with the crown of an impacted tooth. They are radiolucent and unilocular, usually asymptomatic and diagnosed in clinical routine or radiographic examinations. The lower third molars and upper canines are the most affected teeth, and the lesion is also associated with odontomas and supernumerary teeth. The cyst is slow-growing but can reach considerable dimensions, causing facial deformity, impaction, and displacement of teeth or adjacent structures. This study aims to report the clinical case of a large mandibular dentigerous cyst treated in two stages: biopsying and decompressing the lesion and enucleating the cyst capsule. It was thus possible to accurately diagnose the lesion, reduce its size to allow for total enucleation with minimal damage to the surrounding anatomical structures, and preserve sensitive function. A five-year follow-up was performed, with full lesion healing.

A strong colonizer rules the trematode guild in an intertidal snail host.

We examined the extent to which supply-side, niche, and competition theories and concepts help explain a trematode community in which one species comprises 87% of the trematode individuals, and the remaining 15 species each have <3%. We collected and dissected the common and wide-ranging snail host Heleobia australis over four seasons from three distinct habitats from the intertidal area of the Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina. Inside a snail, trematodes interact with each other with outcomes that depend on facilitation, competition, and preemption, suggesting that dominant species should be common. The abundant trematode species, Microphallus simillimus, is a weak competitor, but has life-history traits and strategies associated with higher colonization ability that could increase its probability of invading the host first, allowing it to preempt the rare species. Rather than segregate by habitat, trematode species aggregated in pans during the summer where dominant trematode species often excluded subordinate ones. Despite losses to competition, and a lack of niche partitioning, M. simillimus ruled this species-rich trematode guild through strong recruitment and (potentially) preemption. Therefore, extremely skewed species abundance distributions, like this one, can derive from extremely skewed colonization abilities.

Morphological characterization and molecular phylogeny of zoonotic trematodes in the freshwater snail Asolene platae.

In the context of a broader program dealing with the symbiotic associations of apple snails, we sampled three species that coexist in Lake Regatas (Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The population of Asolene platae, (but not those of Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea scalaris) showed trematode larvae (echinocercariae and xiphidiocercariae) in haemocoelic spaces and connective tissue of the digestive gland. The echinocercariae resembled those of the genus Echinochasmus, but lacked sensory hairs on their body and tail; whereas xiphidiocercariae were similar to the xiphidiocercariae armatae belonging to the Opisthoglyphe type. The phylogenetical positions of these trematodes were inferred by the 28S rRNA, ITS1 and mtCOXI gene sequences. The 28S rRNA gene linked the echinocercarial sequences with the polyphyletic genus Echinochasmus (Echinochasmidae), while the xiphidiocercarial sequences were linked with the genus Phaneropsolus (Phaneropsolidae). The molecular markers used were able to distinguish two cryptic molecular entities of the single echinocercarial morphotype. Although ITS1 and mtCOXI did not allow resolving phylogeny beyond the family level because of the scarce number of sequences in the molecular databases, both cercariae (echinocercariae and xiphidiocercariae) could be distinguished by the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 amplicon size. This is the first correlative morphological and molecular study of zoonotic trematodes in Neotropical ampullariids.

Geometric morphometric on a new species of Trichodinidae. A tool to discriminate trichodinid species combined with traditional morphology and molecular analysis.

This study reports a new Trichodinidae, Trichodina bellottii n. sp., parasitizing the pearly fish Austrolebias bellottii from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rDNA) was sequenced for the first time. Based on the results from morphological identification, SSU rDNA sequencing, and Elliptical Fourier analysis, the new species was identified and compared with similar species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic distances among the new species and similar species reached interspecific levels, furthermore, the phylogenetic study also validated the identification of T. bellottii n. sp. and its placement in the genus Trichodina. To be able to quantitatively describe the differences in shapes with similar species, this study used the elliptic Fourier analysis by first time in this genus.

The collet-sicard syndrome and dentistry: case report / Síndrome de collet-sicard e odontologia: relato de caso

ABSTRACT The Vernet, Collet-Sicard and Villaret Syndromes are uncommon; they affect the spaces through which some of the cranial nerves pass and can lead to the impairment of motor functions of the tongue. The etiology is variable, including benign or malignant tumors, metastasis, infections, or Idiopathic causes. Patients with the disease may report changes in the mobility and function of the tongue, dysphonia, dysarthria and dysphagia. The purpose of this article was present a case report of Collet-Sicard syndrome, and to highlight the importance of proper diagnosis by dentists. Appropriate treatment must be instituted as soon as possible and the patient should be treated by a multidisciplinary team until the complete remission of symptoms.

RESUMO As síndromes de Vernet, Collet-Sicard e Villaret são pouco frequentes que acometem os espaços por onde passam alguns dos pares de nervos cranianos que podem ocasionar o comprometimento das funções motoras da língua. A etiologia dessas patologias podem ser oriundas de tumores benignos ou malignos, metástases, infecções, ou serem consideradas Idiopáticas. Pacientes que apresentam a doença, podem relatar alterações de mobilidade e função da língua, disfonia, disfagia e disartria. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso sobre a síndrome de Collet-Sicard, ratificando a importância do cirurgião-dentista no diagnóstico de doenças que se manifestam na cavidade oral. O tratamento adequado deve ser instituído o mais rápido possível e o paciente deve ser acompanhado por uma equipe multiprofissional para possibilitar a remissão completa dos sintomas.