Bedside diagnosis of silent aspiration using mobile dynamic digital radiography: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess reliable options for bedside diagnosis of silent aspiration in the intensive care unit by examining the use of default grayscale images (DGI) obtained using a mobile, general-purpose, radiography system capable of dynamic digital radiography (M-DDR) and inverted grayscale images (IGI) of DGI. METHODS: This cohort study (exploratory and preliminary) involved 18 adult patients (mean age, 89.0 years) for whom a swallowing assessment request was received from their primary physicians. Fifty-six IGI videoclips were evaluated by three specialists using the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), with the gold standard being the consensus reading of all three specialists. Another three speech-language pathologists (SLPs) assessed 56 DGI and IGI videoclips using the PAS. PAS scores 1 and 2 were classified as normal range, PAS scores 3-5 as pathological laryngeal penetration, and PAS scores 6-8 as aspiration. The correct rates with IGI and DGI were then determined, and the level of agreement of IGI and DGI evaluations was evaluated. RESULTS: The correct rate of all evaluators was 100% for normal range, 80-100% for pathological laryngeal penetration, and 83-100% for aspiration with IGI and 100% for normal range, 90% for pathological laryngeal penetration, and 83% for aspiration with DGI. The kappa coefficient for IGI and DGI showed almost complete agreement for abnormal conditions. CONCLUSION: Dynamic imaging of swallowing 2-5 ml of liquid using M-DDR performed for elderly patients at the bedside showed that aspiration assessments by SLPs obtained from DGI videos immediately after imaging are acceptable.

Relationship between Clinical Severity and Cross-sectional Area of Ultrasonographic Examinations in Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow.

Objectives: This study explored the relationship between clinical severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) and ulnar nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) by ultrasound examination to identify appropriate measurement sites for UNE diagnosis and evaluation. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, we examined the arms of 37 patients diagnosed with UNE and those of 34 individuals as controls. The ulnar nerve CSAs were measured at 2 cm distal to the tip of the medial epicondyle (dME), the tip of the medial epicondyle (ME), 2 cm proximal to the tip of the medial epicondyle (pME), and any site showing the maximum CSA between the dME and pME (largest dpME). The modified McGowan classification (grades I, IIA, IIB, and III) was used to rate the clinical severity of UNE. Results: For all sites, the CSAs were significantly correlated with clinical severity. The sites showing the maximum CSA were inconsistent between controls and grade IIA patients. Grade IIB patients showed the largest CSA at the ME in the majority of patients. In grade III patients, maximum CSA occurred only at the ME. Conclusions: Serial assessment to detect nerve enlargement at multiple sites was beneficial for mild UNE patients with weakness of the ulnar distal muscles with Medical Research Council (MRC) score of 4 or higher (grade IIA). For severe UNE patients with weakness of the ulnar distal muscles classified as MRC3 or less (grades IIB, III), the most efficient method for detecting enlarged nerves was to initially measure the CSA at the ME.

Efficacy and Safety of IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of Lower Limb Spasticity in Japanese Subjects.

Objective: To confirm the efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH; total dose 400 U) in Japanese subjects with lower limb (LL) poststroke spasticity using the Modified Ashworth Scale spasticity score for the plantar flexors (MAS-PF). Methods: This phase III study (Japic clinical study database No. CTI-153030, 7 October 2015) included a double-blind, 12-week main period (MP) in which 208 subjects were randomized to receive one injection cycle of incobotulinumtoxinA 400 U (n = 104) or placebo (n = 104) in the pes equinus muscles, and an open-label extension (OLEX) that enrolled 202 subjects who received three injection cycles, 10-14 weeks in duration (the last cycle was fixed at 12 weeks). Changes in MAS-PF for incobotulinumtoxinA vs. placebo from baseline to Week 4 of the MP and to the end-of-cycle visits in the OLEX were evaluated. Results: The area under the curve for the change in MAS-PF was statistically significantly greater with incobotulinumtoxinA vs. placebo in the MP (mean: -7.74 vs. -4.76; least squares mean: -8.40 vs. -5.81 [p = 0.0041]). In the OLEX, mean changes in MAS-PF from baseline to end-of-study showed continued improvement with repeated injections. No new safety concerns were observed with the incobotulinumtoxinA treatment. Its efficacy and safety were consistent regardless of the length of the injection cycle interval in the OLEX. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that incobotulinumtoxinA (total dose 400 U) is an effective and a well-tolerated treatment for LL spasticity in Japanese subjects using flexible injection intervals of 10-14 weeks.

IncobotulinumtoxinA for Post-stroke Upper Limb Spasticity in Neutralizing Antibody-positive Patients after Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Report of Two Cases.

Background: Botulinum toxin type A is an effective treatment widely used to address post-stroke spasticity. Long-term repeated treatment with botulinum toxin type A may result in reduced efficacy due to the induction of neutralizing antibodies. Based on data from a phase 3 study of incobotulinumtoxinA for post-stroke upper limb spasticity, we describe the therapeutic response to botulinum toxin type A treatment in two neutralizing antibody-positive patients previously treated with other preparations of botulinum toxin type A. Case: Two patients (a 65-year-old woman and a 36-year-old woman) with post-stroke upper limb spasticity were previously treated with onabotulinumtoxinA, and neutralizing antibodies were detected in their sera at baseline using the mouse hemidiaphragm assay. After onabotulinumtoxinA had been discontinued for at least 16 weeks, incobotulinumtoxinA (400 U) was administered in three or four injection cycles. Good therapeutic responses, manifested by a reduction of 1-2 points on the modified Ashworth scale, were noted after each injection. The patients' sera remained positive for neutralizing antibodies throughout the incobotulinumtoxinA treatment period. Discussion: These patients, who were previously treated with onabotulinumtoxinA and were neutralizing antibody positive throughout the clinical study period, showed stable therapeutic responses following incobotulinumtoxinA treatment. IncobotulinumtoxinA could be initiated for patients with neutralizing antibodies induced by onabotulinumtoxinA.

Changes in Sonoelastography After Using Botulinum Toxin Type A for the Treatment of the Patients with Post-stroke Spasticity: Report of 2 Cases.

We examined the biceps brachii and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscles on the affected side of two patients with post-stroke spasticity. Sonoelastography was used to evaluate the changes in spastic muscles before treatment; and 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after treatment with botulinum toxin Type A. Modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and the passive range of motion of the elbow and the ankle joints, before and after the treatment, were also evaluated. Both patients engaged in outpatient rehabilitation and a home exercise program focused on stretching throughout the assessment period. Sonoelastography enabled the visualization of the hardness of the spastic muscles using imaging and color scaling, and an objective evaluation of the hardness of the spastic muscles was performed by measuring the strain ratio(SR) using an acoustic coupler. Both patients showed reductions in MAS score and SR for both the biceps brachii and medial gastrocnemius head at two and four weeks after injection with botulinum toxin Type A: subsequently, however, these two measures followed different patterns through week 12 of evaluation. SR is an objective measure of spastic muscle hardness based on physical changes in their viscoelasticity, making it qualitatively different from the subjective ratings of the MAS. Sonoelastography offers clinicians a useful tool for visually and objectively monitoring complex pathologies characterized by muscle spasticity at all points in their course: before botulinum therapy and associated rehabilitation, during follow-up, and at the time of repeated injection(s). The information provided could help to select which muscle(s) to target for treatments, and to determine effective dosages. Further accumulation of cases is needed to ascertain and establish useful roles for this tool in clinical practice.

Effects of Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Focal Hand Dystonia: A Case Report.

A 40-year-old female patient with no medical history or family history of dystonia showed no abnormalities on cranial MRI. However, flexions and extensions were poor during the right arm and elbow movements, and tremors were observed during the finger separation movement. The tremors reduced when the left hand was placed on the right shoulder. The patient was, therefore, diagnosed with right hand dystonia and treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy. The motor cortex regulating the right arm was stimulated with a 1 Hz rTMS, performed 350-500 times at an intensity 1.2 times of that of the threshold value. When involuntary movements improved after 350 times, we measured the simple test for evaluating hand function (STEF), and finger-bending and writing movements before and after stimulation by monitoring the changes in cerebral blood flow using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We also assessed the motor evoked potential (MEP), cortical silent period (CSP), and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) before TMS and after 150 times and 350 times. The arm movement was recorded as a video. After 150 stimulations of rTMS, the right arm and finger separation movements improved; after 350 stimulations, movements became very quick and comparable with those of the left side. There were clear improvements in STEF and writing. Although there was no significant change in MEP, we observed a prolonged CSP latency and a significant decrease in the SICI ratio. NIRS evaluations showed that changes in the relative concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb) in the left motor cortex regulating the right finger movement after rTMS were minimal when compared to that before rTMS; however, a significant decline was seen in the left premotor and prefrontal cortexes. A decline in the writing movement was seen in the left motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortexes. However, symptoms improved and remained stable for a long time with low-frequency rTMS. We experienced a case of upper limb dystonia where low-frequency, above-threshold rTMS on the motor cortex showed significant effects. Changes in plasticity were seen in long-term rTMS. NIRS was validated as a useful index of indirect brain function for observing the effects of rTMS.

Successful Treatment with the Chin-down Maneuver of Dysphagia Secondary to Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis: A Case Study.

BACKGROUND: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a potentially fatal polymicrobial infection that often leads to dysphagia after treatment. Such dysphagia is likely the result of fibrosis and scarring from inflammatory changes in the fascial space. A case is presented in which the mechanism of dysphagia was verified using two-dimensional analysis of the muscle lengths of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. CASE: A 57-year-old woman presented with a hyoid and laryngeal movement disorder with pharyngeal residue secondary to descending necrotizing mediastinitis. To treat this disorder, the chin-down maneuver was performed, and it immediately improved hyoid and laryngeal elevation and reduced pharyngeal residue at the epiglottic valleculae and pyriform sinus. Analysis of the mechanism of these improvements revealed that combined head and neck flexion, compared with neck flexion, decreased the distance between the origin and insertion (DOI) of the sternohyoid muscle (SM) and increased the muscle contraction rate and the maximum contraction duration of the geniohyoid muscle (GM) during swallowing. DISCUSSION: In the present case, the patient had restrictions in extension of the SM that applied resistance to GM contraction. Compensation of this condition was achieved by combined head and neck flexion, which decreased the DOI of the SM, thereby improving the contractile function of the GM.

IncobotulinumtoxinA for upper- and lower-limb spasticity in Japanese patients.

Introduction: The safety and tolerability of incobotulinumtoxinA 400 U for upper- and lower-limb post-stroke spasticity was assessed in a small cohort of Japanese patients during the open-label lead-in tolerability periods (LITP) of two phase 3 studies (CTI-153029 and CTI-153030; Japan Pharmaceutical Information Centre).Methods: Adult patients received a single incobotulinumtoxinA injection session (total dose of 400 U) in the upper (J-PURE) or lower limb (J-PLUS). Adverse events (AEs) were assessed at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-injection during the 12 week follow-up.Results: The LITP of J-PURE and J-PLUS included 11 patients each. Mild/moderate AEs were reported by 5/11 (45.5%) and 8/11 (72.7%) patients in J-PURE and J-PLUS, respectively. No serious AEs were reported. Non-serious, transient AEs of special interest reported by two patients in J-PURE comprised muscular weakness and eyelid ptosis. No patient discontinued due to AEs.Conclusion: Preliminary results in this small population suggest that incobotulinumtoxinA 400 U is well tolerated for treating upper- or lower-limb post-stroke spasticity in Japanese patients.

Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA in post-stroke upper-limb spasticity in Japanese subjects: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (J-PURE).

BACKGROUND: Upper-limb spasticity frequently occurs after stroke and there is a clinical need for more effective therapies. The Phase III J-PURE study assessed the efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA up to 400 U for post-stroke upper-limb spasticity in Japan. METHODS: In the 12-week main period (MP) of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Japanese subjects with upper-limb spasticity received one injection cycle of incobotulinumtoxinA 400 U, 250 U, or matching placebo. Eligible subjects enrolled in an open-label extension (OLEX) period of three injection cycles of incobotulinumtoxinA 400 U (32-40 weeks). The primary objective was to establish the efficacy of a single incobotulinumtoxinA injection using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) wrist score. Secondary efficacy outcomes and safety were also assessed. RESULTS: Among 100 treated subjects, AUCs for incobotulinumtoxinA 400 and 250 U were significantly different versus placebo (p = 0.0014 and p = 0.0031, respectively) for change from baseline in MAS wrist score to the end of the MP, with similar results from baseline to week 4. IncobotulinumtoxinA 400 U was superior versus placebo across other spasticity patterns and at most study visits. Improvements were maintained throughout the OLEX period. Disability Assessment Scale and Investigator's Clinical Global Impression scores improved significantly for incobotulinumtoxinA 400 U versus placebo from baseline to week 4 (p = 0.0067 and p < 0.0001, respectively). IncobotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated up to 52 weeks, with no unexpected adverse events. CONCLUSION: IncobotulinumtoxinA reduced (pathologically) increased muscle tone, improved functionality and was well tolerated in Japanese subjects with post-stroke upper-limb spasticity.

Two Cases of Doppler Sonography for Intraneural Vascularity of Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow: Before and After Surgery.

The finding of an intraneural blood flow (IBF) signal on Doppler sonography (DS) in non-surgical cases is interpreted in several ways and usually represents a pathologic condition with entrapment neuropathy. There have been no reports of the IBF signal on DS after surgery for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). IBF was investigated before and after surgery in two cases diagnosed with UNE before surgery and confirmed after surgery. Both underwent electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies, grey scale sonography (GS), and DS before and after surgery and were diagnosed as having UNE by EDX study and GS. On DS, an IBF signal was not detected in both cases before surgery. After surgery, both cases improved their clinical and EDX findings, and an IBF signal and pulsatility were detected on DS. With respect to vascular problems, recovering venous and arterial blood supplies and dilated vessels would show much more blood flow during recovery of the affected ulnar nerve site following decompression surgery. The IBF signal would not always implicate pathology. When assessing recovery from UNE after surgery, it may be useful to evaluate intraneural vascularity at the affected site with DS.

The Clinical Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Injections to the Upper Lumbrical Muscles for Clenched Fist Deformity in Chronic Stroke Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Post-stroke hemiplegic patients with a spastic clenched fist deformity that was caused by upper motor neuron syndrome often have problems with hygiene and nursing. Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) had been given for treatment of such patients to relieve spasticity by targeting finger joint muscles, such as the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus. However, some of these patients do not have satisfactory outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to examine the clinical efficacy and outcome of BTX-A treatment that targeted the upper lumbrical muscles (ULM) in patients with spastic clenched fist deformity caused by stoke. METHODS: Chronic stroke patients with spastic clenched fist deformity who received BTX-A treatment were evaluated retrospectively. We obtained data from medical records before and at 4 weeks after BTX-A injection to the ULM. The clinical data and outcome measures analyzed included range of motion, the Modified Ashworth Scale, the numeric graphic rating scale for pain, and 2 items from the disability assessment scale (ease of cleaning palm and trimming nail). RESULTS: Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that BTX-A treatment significantly improved all measures. CONCLUSION: BTX-A therapy to the ULM provided satisfactory outcomes in improving spastic clenched fist.

The Efficacy of Ultrasound-guided Selective Botulinum Toxin Type A Therapy for Finger Spasticity Following Stroke: A Case Report.

A 64-year-old man had spasticity of digits 3 and 4 of the right hand for 22 years following a stroke. Activities of daily living (ADL) were impaired due to the disuse of the right arm. The flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus muscles of digits 3 and 4 of the patient's right forearm were identified using ultrasound guidance, and botulinum toxin type A was selectively injected into those sites. Furthermore, following the injections, occupational therapy was performed for the right arm and fingers, and spasticity was assessed after 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months. The patient showed improvement in all the evaluations (the Modified Ashworth Scale, Disability Assessment Scale, functional independence measure, active range of motion angle, and movement of holding a cup), and function was maintained throughout the evaluation period. Performing botulinum toxin type A injection under ultrasound guidance to selectively identify the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus muscles involved in finger spasticity helped restore finger functioning and improve ADL.

Selective motor fascicle transfer and neural-machine interface: case report.

An amputated nerve transferred to a nearby muscle produces a transcutaneously detectable electromyographic signal corresponding to the transferred nerve; this technique is known as targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR). There are 2 issues to overcome to improve this technique: the caliber and the selectivity of the transferred nerve. It is optimal to select and transfer each motor fascicle to achieve highly developed myoelectric arms with multiple degrees-of-freedom motion. The authors report on a case in which they first identified the remnant stumps of the amputated median and radial nerves and then identified the sensory fascicles using somatosensory evoked potentials. Each median nerve fascicle was transferred to the long head branch of the biceps or the brachialis branch, while the short head branch of the biceps was retained for elbow flexion. Each radial nerve fascicle was transferred to the medial or lateral head branch of the triceps, while the long head branch of the triceps was retained for elbow extension. Electrophysiological and functional tests were conducted in the reinnervated muscles. Functional and electrophysiological improvement was noted, with marked improvement in the identification rate for each digit, forearm, and elbow motion after the selective nerve transfers. The authors note that more selective nerve transfers may be required for the development of prostheses with multiple degrees of freedom.

Muscle-selective disinhibition of corticomotor representations using a motor imagery-based brain-computer interface.

Bridging between brain activity and machine control, brain-computer interface (BCI) can be employed to activate distributed neural circuits implicated in a specific aspect of motor control. Using a motor imagery-based BCI paradigm, we previously found a disinhibition within the primary motor cortex contralateral to the imagined movement, as evidenced by event-related desynchronization (ERD) of oscillatory cortical activity. Yet it is unclear whether this BCI approach does selectively facilitate corticomotor representations targeted by the imagery. To address this question, we used brain state-dependent transcranial magnetic stimulation while participants performed kinesthetic motor imagery of wrist movements with their right hand and received online visual feedback of the ERD. Single and paired-pulse magnetic stimulation were given to the left primary motor cortex at a low or high level of ERD to assess intracortical excitability. While intracortical facilitation showed no modulation by ERD, short-latency intracortical inhibition was reduced the higher the ERD. Intracortical disinhibition was only found in the agonist muscle targeted by motor imagery at high ERD level, but not in the antagonist muscle. Single pulse motor-evoked potential was also increased the higher the ERD. However, at high ERD level, this facilitatory effect on overall corticospinal excitability was not selective to the agonist muscle. Analogous results were found in two independent experiments, in which participants either performed kinesthetic motor imagery of wrist extension or flexion. Our results showed that motor imagery-based BCI can selectively disinhibit the corticomotor output to the agonist muscle, enabling effector-specific training in patients with motor paralysis.

Quantitative evaluation of age-related decline in control of preprogramed movement.

In this paper, we examined the age-related changes in control of preprogramed movement, with emphasis on its accuracy. Forty-nine healthy subjects participated in this study, and were divided into three groups depending on their ages: the young group (20-39 years) (n = 16), the middle-age group (40-59 years) (n = 16), and the elderly group (60-79 years) (n = 17). We asked the subjects to perform step-tracking movements of the wrist joint with a manipulandum, and recorded the movements. We evaluated the accuracy of control of preprogramed movement in the three groups in terms of the primary submovement, which was identified as the first segment of the step-tracking movement based on the bell-shaped velocity profile, and calculated the distance between the end position of the primary submovement and the target (i.e. error). The error in the young group was found to be significantly smaller than that in the middle-age and elderly groups, i.e., the error was larger for the higher age groups. These results suggest that young subjects have better control of preprogramed movement than middle-age or elderly subjects. Finally, we examined the temporal property of the primary submovement and its age-related changes. The duration of the primary submovement tended to be longer for the aged groups, although significance was reached only for the elderly group. In particular, the ratio of the duration of the primary submovement to total movement time tended to be lower for the aged groups, suggesting that the proportion of additional movements that are required to compensate for the incomplete control in the preprogramed movement, which are under feedback control, was higher for the aged groups. Consequently, our results indicate that the distance between the end point of the primary submovement and the target center (i.e. error) in the step-tracking movement is a useful parameter to evaluate the age-related changes in control of preprogramed movement.

Efficacy of Tape Feedback Therapy on Synkinesis Following Severe Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Mirror feedback rehabilitation is effective in preventing the development of oro-ocular synkinesis following severe facial palsy. However, we do not have effective maneuvers to prevent the deterioration of oculo-oral synkinesis. We developed a new method of biofeedback rehabilitation using tape for the prevention of oculo-oral synkinesis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of taping feedback rehabilitation. METHODS: Twelve consecutive patients with peripheral facial nerve palsy who developed synkinesis were divided into 2 groups. Six patients were treated with the new training method, and the remaining 6 patients were treated with conventional therapy as controls. In the experiment group, tape was placed around the mouth, and the patient was instructed to close the eyes so that no movements of the mouth would be perceived from sensations of the taped skin. After 4 weeks of training, facial movements were recorded and movie images were graded for mouth synkinesis using the revised Sunnybrook facial grading system by examiners blinded to patient grouping. RESULTS: Mouth corner contraction during eye closure was significantly weaker in the experimental group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our new feedback method could help prevent the deterioration of oculo-oral synkinesis.

Proposal for a Modified Jaw Opening Exercise for Dysphagia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of a newly developed modified jaw opening exercise (MJOE) in post-stroke patients with pharyngeal residue who completed a sixweek exercise regimen. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: 16 patients with stroke-related dysphagia. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were allocated to an intervention group (MJOE: one set of five repetitions at 80% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for 6 seconds) or a control group (isometric jaw closing exercise: one set of five repetitions at 20% MVC for 6 seconds). Each group performed four sets a day, five times a week, for a total of six weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A videofluorographic swallowing study was performed before and after exercise. The distance between the mental spine and the hyoid bone (DMH) and hyoid displacement (HD) were measured. RESULTS: Twelve participants completed the study. No pain in the temporomandibular joint and/or anterior region of the neck occurred during the exercise period. In the intervention group (N=6), a decrease in DMH where anterior HD ended and an increase in anterior HD were seen. In the control group (N=6), no changes were seen. CONCLUSIONS: MJOE is feasible without any adverse events in poststroke patients, and it promotes anterior HD during swallowing.

Proposal for a New Exercise Method for Dysphagia with Velopharyngeal Inadequacy: A Case of Bickerstaff's Brainstem Encephalitis.

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis is an autoimmune disease with the primary lesion situated in the brainstem and three cardinal signs: ophthalmoplegia; ataxia; and impaired consciousness. A 68-year-old man was started on rehabilitation exercise 3 months after onset of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, due to remnant dysarthria and dysphagia (Functional Oral Intake Scale, level 5) after the cardinal signs of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis resolved. Exercise involved using a straw in the anterior midline between the dorsal tongue and hard palate. While the patient was inhaling through the straw, the straw was blocked. After strengthening suction as much as possible, the patient was asked to immediately dry swallow at the same time that suction was stopped. Effects of exercise were examined using videofluorographic swallowing studies before and after 6 weeks of training to compare posterior and superior velar displacements and the presence of nasopharyngeal reflux. No adverse effects of exercise were encountered, and Functional Oral Intake Scale improved to level 7, with significant increases in posterior and superior velar displacement during swallowing compared with before training. In addition, nasopharyngeal reflux that had consistently been seen on swallowing before training was absent after 6 weeks of exercise. This exercise method may prove useful.

A new therapeutic application of brain-machine interface (BMI) training followed by hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation (HANDS) therapy for patients with severe hemiparetic stroke: A proof of concept study.

BACKGROUND: Hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation (HANDS) therapy improved paretic upper extremity motor function in patients with severe to moderate hemiparesis. We hypothesized that brain machine interface (BMI) training would be able to increase paretic finger muscle activity enough to apply HANDS therapy in patients with severe hemiparesis, whose finger extensor was absent. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of BMI training followed by HANDS therapy in patients with severe hemiparesis. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with chronic stroke who could not extend their paretic fingers were participated this study. We applied BMI training for 10 days at 40 min per day. The BMI detected the patients' motor imagery of paretic finger extension with event-related desynchronization (ERD) over the affected primary sensorimotor cortex, recorded with electroencephalography. Patients wore a motor-driven orthosis, which extended their paretic fingers and was triggered with ERD. When muscle activity in their paretic fingers was detected with surface electrodes after 10 days of BMI training, we applied HANDS therapy for the following 3 weeks. In HANDS therapy, participants received closed-loop, electromyogram-controlled, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with a wrist-hand splint for 3 weeks at 8 hours a day. Before BMI training, after BMI training, after HANDS therapy and 3month after HANDS therapy, we assessed Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity motor score (FMA) and the Motor Activity Log14-Amount of Use (MAL-AOU) score. RESULTS: After 10 days of BMI training, finger extensor activity had appeared in 21 patients. Eighteen of 21 patients then participated in 3 weeks of HANDS therapy. We found a statistically significant improvement in the FMA and the MAL-AOU scores after the BMI training, and further improvement was seen after the HANDS therapy. CONCLUSION: Combining BMI training with HANDS therapy could be an effective therapeutic strategy for severe UE paralysis after stroke.

Premotor Potential Study for Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The second lumbrical-interossei latency difference test (2LINT) is used frequently for electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). A premotor potential observed with 2LINT has been identified as a median-nerve sensory nerve action potential. We evaluated the utility of the premotor potential latency analysis (i.e., premotor potential study; PPS) for CTS electrodiagnosis. METHODS: Sensitivity, specificity, and percentage "no evoked response" (%NER) values were compared prospectively among PPS, median-nerve sensory nerve-conduction studies (NCSs) for digits 1, 2, and 4, and palmar mixed NCS. RESULTS: Sixty-four healthy control hands and 104 hands with CTS were enrolled in this study. PPS sensitivity was superior to other sensory/mixed NCSs (75% vs. 42%-62%). All NCS specificities were acceptable (95%-97%). The %NER of PPS was lower than that of other NCSs (13% vs. 25%-44%). CONCLUSION: Premotor potential could be evoked in more CTS hands and was the most sensitive among median-nerve sensory and mixed NCSs. Therefore, we could use the 2LINT with PPS as median and ulnar motor NCS as well as median sensory NCS.