Artificial intelligence for oral cancer diagnosis: What are the possibilities?

Oral cancer could be prevented. The primary strategy is based on prevention. Most patients with oral cancer present to the hospital network with advanced staging and a low chance of cure. This condition may be related to physicians' difficulty of making an early diagnosis. With the advancement of information technology, artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise in terms of assisting in diagnosis. Few machine learning algorithms have been developed for this purpose to date. In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities for diagnosing oral cancer using AI as a tool, as well as the implications for the population. A set of photographic images of oral lesions has been segmented, indicating not only the area of the lesion but also the class of lesion associated with it. Different neural network architectures were trained with the goal of fine segmentation (pixel by pixel), classification of image crops, and classification of whole images based on the presence or absence of a lesion. The accuracy results are acceptable, opening up possibilities not only for identifying lesions but also for classifying the pathology associated with them.

Repeated arterial thrombosis as a complication of carboplatin-based chemotherapy.

We describe a case of a 57-year-old woman with repeated acute arterial thrombosis of the femoral arteries following intravenous carboplatin-based combination chemotherapy for metastatic ovarian carcinoma. By extensive workup, no other known causes of arterial thrombosis were found. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing arterial thrombosis occurring as a complication of carboplatin therapy.

Symmetrical dispersion compensation for standard monomode-fiber-based communication systems with large amplifier spacing.

Optical 10-Gbit / s return-to-zero pulse transmission in cascaded communication systems using dispersion compensation of the standard monomode fiber with large amplifier spacing is examined. It is shown that pulse distortions that are due to Kerr nonlinearity are significantly diminished by symmetrical ordering of the compensation sections when the total number of precompensation and postcompensation sections is equal. Repositioning of these sections is not critical.

Use of XTT-assay to assess the cytotoxicity of different surfactants and metal salts in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). A feasible method for in vitro testing of skin irritants.

Because of the increasing need of reliable skin irritation tests and in order to reduce the number of animal experiments, in vitro alternatives have to be developed. We studied four surfactants and five metal salts for their cytotoxic potency in HaCaT cells, a spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte line. The endpoint used to assess cellular viability was metabolization of the tetrazolium salt XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide). The tested substances revealed a significant rank order of their cytotoxicity at an exposure time of 24 h. It was 1) benzalkonium chloride, 2) sodium lauryl sulphate, and 3) Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate) and Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate), for the surfactants; and 1) potassium bichromate, 2) copper sulphate, 3) cobalt chloride and palladium chloride, and 4) nickel sulphate, for the metal salts. There is an excellent correlation to the rank order of their known irritative potency in vivo. Being practicable and effective, the presented XTT-assay on HaCaT cells would be well suitable for an initial orientating screening of substances, subsequently followed by irritation tests directly in humans.

[Studies on the detection of antibodies to Neisseria gonorrheae using pilus antigen]. / Versuche zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Neisseria gonorrhoeae unter Verwendung von Pilusantigen.

The formation of antibodies against pilus antigen of strain F-62 was studied by indirect hemagglutination in the sera of 100 patients. The criterion for the diagnosis of gonorrheal disease was a positive culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A positive smear test (staining with methylene blue) was accepted only in a few cases if the chain of infection could be followed completely. Retrospective studies showed that 75% of our patients with gonorrheal disease had antibodies against pilus antigen. The specificity was 91.7%. Attention is drawn to problems involved in evaluating the test results.

[Dependence of spermatozoa motility on other ejaculate parameters]. / Zur Abhängigkeit der Spermatozoenmotilität von weiteren Ejakulatparametern.

1852 ejaculate specimens were investigated to determine the sperm motility subjectively, and by the motility performance coefficient (Ishii). Statistical analysis shows that motility changes significantly with sperm density.

An investigation into alternative methods for the serodiagnosis of dourine.

The complement fixation test (CFT), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared in their application to the serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma equiperdum infection in 43 horses. The CFT remains a reliable test for dourine, especially in countries where other members of the subgenus Trypanozoon do not occur. The IFAT is a good 'back-up' test, but, requiring skilled operators it has the disadvantage of making it labour intensive, and interpretation of results subjective. This makes it more suited to small numbers of samples. The ELISA is suitable for large numbers of samples and could readily be used in routine diagnostic procedures. The CATT could be of value in field situations, although it does not appear to be as sensitive as the CFT. Its possible application under these conditions should be further investigated.

[The investigation of spermatozoa motility]. / Zur Bestimmung der Spermatozoenmotilität.

The motility of spermatozoa on 324 ejaculates was investigated with the help of two different methods, the sperm motile efficiency (Ishii) and a subjective calculation of the velocity of spermatozoa. Simultaneously the eosin-vitality-test was done. There was a very good statistical correlation (alpha = 0,1%) and no difference could be observed among the three methods. Ishii's sperm efficiency will be recommended as a standard.