Cortical inhibition on TMS-EEG: interstimulus interval effect on short-interval paired-pulse.

In mental disorders, paired-pulse (PP) transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) recordings usage is increasing to directly evaluate the cortical inhibition of motor and nonmotor regions. One of the most common measures to assess the inhibition is the short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), which depends on the interstimulus interval (ISI). This measure has been widely used in the motor cortex. However, the number of studies that evaluate other nonmotor regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), are increasing and there is still little knowledge on how the ISI affects those areas.In this pilot study, six subjects underwent a SICI protocol over the DLPFC using ISI values of 2 and 4ms with the aim of comparing them. TMS-EEG signals for both ISIs were characterized regarding the amplitude and latency of the TMS-evoked potentials (TEP) P60 and N100. Whereas the variation of cortical inhibition between ISIs is almost significant for N100, with higher inhibition for an ISI of 2ms, for TEP P60 the variation was not appreciable. Findings are in accordance with the ones in the state-of-the-art obtained in the motor cortex and suggest that a greater inhibition is likely to be produced with an ISI of 2ms.Clinical relevance- This pilot study indicates that cortical inhibition might be better assessed when DLPFC is stimulated with an ISI of 2ms in the SICI protocol.

Frecuencia de la leucemia felina (ViLeF) en un refugio municipal de Rionegro, Colombia, durante 2020 / Frequency of Feline Leukemia (FeLV): Municipal Shelter Rionegro, Colombia 2020

RESUMEN La leucemia viral felina (ViLeF) es una enfermedad retroviral letal, de una elevada prevalência en Colombia, que afecta a felinos de diferentes edades y sexos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia por serodiagnóstico de ViLeF en felinos del centro integral de bienestar animal Ceiba, ubicado en Rionegro, Antioquia (Colombia), en 2020. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal de serofrecuencia de ViLeF desde enero hasta diciembre de 2020. Fueron muestreados 92 gatos, a los cuales se les efectuó una prueba p27 por inmunoensayo comercial Elisa (Idexx©, Snap Combo Plus®, Maine, EE. UU.). La frecuencia de felinos positivos fue 30/92 (32,60%) y el mes de mayo fue el de mayor frecuencia (9,78%). Los machos positivos fueron 17/92 (18,47%) y las hembras 13/92 (14,13%). La edad promedio de seropositividad fue 2,14 años. La frecuencia de ViLeF en 2020 para Ceiba, Rionegro (Colombia) es de 32,60%, un valor elevado con respecto a descripciones en otros albergues para felinos. ViLeF es una enfermedad que está siendo reportada con mayor frecuencia en Colombia, debido a que las medidas de prevención no se están adoptando rutinariamente.

ABSTRACT Feline viral leukemia (ViLeF) is a lethal retroviral disease with a high prevalence in Colombia that affects felines of different ages and sexes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the frequency by serodiagnosis of ViLeF in felines of the integral center of animal welfare Ceiba, located in Rionegro, Antioquia (Colombia), during 2020. For that, a longitudinal descriptive study of ViLeF serofrequency from were made January to December 2020. 92 cats were sampled, which were tested for p27 by commercial Elisa immunoassay (Idexx©, Snap Combo Plus®, Maine, USA). The frequency of positive felines was 30/92 (32,60%). May was the month with the highest frequency (9,78%). The positivity frequency for males was 17/92 (18,47%) and the frequency for females 13/92 (14,13%). The main age of seropositivity was 2,14 years. The frequency of ViLeF in 2020 for Ceiba, Rionegro (Colombia) is 32,60%. This is a high value in comparison to descriptions in other shelters for felines. ViLeF, in Colombia, is a disease that has been reported with more frequency because prevention measures are not being adopted routinely.

[Peri-ictal electrocardiographic alterations in paediatric epilepsy patients. A prospective study]. / Alteraciones electrocardiográficas periictales en pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia. Un estudio prospectivo.

INTRODUCTION: Epileptic seizures can be associated with peri-ictal heart rhythm disorders and even sudden death (SUDEP). Few paediatric studies have been conducted on the subject. AIM: To determine heart rhythm disorders in paediatric patients with epilepsy who were studied with video-electroencephalogram (video-EEG). METHODS: Prospective, observational study in patients under 18 years of age admitted for video-EEG at the Hospital Clinico Red de Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile. A neurological and cardiological evaluation and electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed, in addition to a Holter ECG simultaneously with the video-EEG. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were studied, 12 with refractory epilepsies, 23/25 focal and 20 on polytherapy. Altogether 768 hours of video-EEG were recorded, including 281 seizures in 15 patients: 157 clinical and 103 generalised. There were no serious arrhythmias, only non-specific or probably benign disorders, mainly incomplete right bundle branch block in 11 patients, which were more frequent in refractory epilepsies (p<0.036). Heart rate variation occurred mainly in seizures >30 seconds. No patient presented SUDEP. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective study, with a new technique, using video-EEG and Holter ECG simultaneously in paediatrics. Despite the high number of seizures and refractory patients, we found no serious heart rhythm disorders, consistent with the clinical evaluation. Right bundle branch block is considered a non-pathological cardiological finding, but was highly prevalent in our sample compared to the normal population, especially in refractory epilepsy. Given that this is a serious event in epilepsy, it is important to further investigate such studies to assess preventive measures.

TITLE: Alteraciones electrocardiográficas periictales en pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia. Un estudio prospectivo.Introducción. Las crisis epilépticas pueden asociarse a alteraciones del ritmo cardíaco periictales e incluso a muerte súbita (SUDEP). Existen escasos estudios pediátricos al respecto. Objetivo. Determinar las alteraciones del ritmo cardíaco en pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia estudiados con videoelectroencefalograma (video-EEG). Métodos. Estudio prospectivo, observacional, en pacientes menores de 18 años ingresados para video-EEG en el Hospital Clínico Red de Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile. Se realizó una evaluación neurológica y cardiológica, electrocardiograma (ECG) y Holter ECG simultáneo al video-EEG. Resultados. Se estudió a 25 pacientes, 12 con epilepsias refractarias, 23/25 focales y 20 en tratamiento con politerapia. Se registraron 768 horas de video-EEG, incluyendo 281 crisis epilépticas en 15 pacientes: 157 clínicas y 103 generalizadas. No hubo arritmias graves; sólo alteraciones inespecíficas o probablemente benignas, principalmente bloqueo incompleto de la rama derecha en 11 pacientes, más frecuente en las epilepsias refractarias (p menor de 0,036). La variación de la frecuencia cardíaca ocurrió principalmente en crisis > 30 segundos. Ningún paciente ha presentado SUDEP. Conclusiones. Éste es el primer estudio prospectivo, con una nueva técnica, usando simultáneamente video-EEG y Holter ECG en pediatría. Pese al alto número de crisis y pacientes refractarios, no encontramos alteraciones graves del ritmo cardíaco, en concordancia con la evaluación clínica. El bloqueo de la rama derecha se considera un hallazgo cardiológico no patológico, pero tuvo una alta prevalencia en nuestra muestra, comparada con la población normal, especialmente en la epilepsia refractaria. Dado que la SUDEP es un evento grave en la epilepsia, es importante ahondar más en este tipo de estudios para evaluar medidas preventivas.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in severe mental illness: A timely diagnosis to advance the process of quitting smoking.

BACKGROUND: This study has two main objectives: to describe the prevalence of undetected chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a clinical sample of smokers with severe mental illness (SMI), and to assess the value of the Tobacco Intensive Motivational Estimated Risk tool, which informs smokers of their respiratory risk and uses brief text messages to reinforce intervention. METHOD: A multicenter, randomized, open-label, and active-controlled clinical trial, with a 12-month follow-up. Outpatients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder were randomized either to the experimental group-studied by spirometry and informed of their calculated lung age and degree of obstruction (if any)-or to the active control group, who followed the 5 A's intervention. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 160 patients (71.9% SZ), 78.1% of whom completed the 12-month follow-up. Of the patients who completed the spirometry test, 23.9% showed evidence of COPD (77.8% in moderate or severe stages). TIMER was associated with a significant reduction in tobacco use at week 12 and in the long term, 21.9% of patients reduced consumption and 14.6% at least halved it. At week 48, six patients (7.3%) allocated to the experimental group achieved the seven-day smoking abstinence confirmed by CO (primary outcome in terms of efficacy), compared to three (3.8%) in the control group. CONCLUSION: In this clinical pilot trial, one in four outpatients with an SMI who smoked had undiagnosed COPD. An intensive intervention tool favors the early detection of COPD and maintains its efficacy to quit smoking, compared with the standard 5 A's intervention.

Genome sequencing and functional characterization of a Dictyopanus pusillus fungal enzymatic extract offers a promising alternative for lignocellulose pretreatment of oil palm residues.

The pretreatment of biomass remains a critical requirement for bio-renewable fuel production from lignocellulose. Although current processes primarily involve chemical and physical approaches, the biological breakdown of lignin using enzymes and microorganisms is quickly becoming an interesting eco-friendly alternative to classical processes. As a result, bioprospection of wild fungi from naturally occurring lignin-rich sources remains a suitable method to uncover and isolate new species exhibiting ligninolytic activity. In this study, wild species of white rot fungi were collected from Colombian forests based on their natural wood decay ability and high capacity to secrete oxidoreductases with high affinity for phenolic polymers such as lignin. Based on high activity obtained from solid-state fermentation using a lignocellulose source from oil palm as matrix, we describe the isolation and whole-genome sequencing of Dictyopanus pusillus, a wild basidiomycete fungus exhibiting ABTS oxidation as an indication of laccase activity. Functional characterization of a crude enzymatic extract identified laccase activity as the main enzymatic contributor to fungal extracts, an observation supported by the identification of 13 putative genes encoding for homologous laccases in the genome. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of an enzymatic extract exhibiting laccase activity in the Dictyopanus genera, offering means to exploit this species and its enzymes for the delignification process of lignocellulosic by-products from oil palm.

Effectiveness of different treatments in obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is an undesirable consequence of obesity, defined as daytime hypoventilation, sleep disorder breathing and obesity; during the past few years the prevalence of extreme obesity has markedly increased worldwide consequently increasing the prevalence of OHS. Patients with OHS have a lower quality of life and a higher risk of unfavourable cardiometabolic consequences. Early diagnosis and effective treatment can lead to significant improvement in patient outcomes; therefore, such data has noticeably raised interest in the management and treatment of this sleep disorder. This paper will discuss the findings on the main current treatment modalities OHS will be discussed.

Synthesis of ordered microporous/macroporous MOF-808 through modulator-induced defect-formation, and surfactant self-assembly strategies.

Ordered materials with interconnected porosity allow the diffusion of molecules within their inner porous structure to access the active sites located in the microporous core. As a follow-up of our work on engineering of MOF-808, in this contribution, we study the synthesis of defective MOF-808 using two different strategies: the use of modulators and the surfactant-assisted synthesis to obtain materials with ordered and interconnected pores. The results of the study indicated that (i) the use of modulators of different chain length led to the formation of microporous/mesoporous MOFs through the formation of missing linker defects. However, the use of the acetic acid contributes to the formation of MOFs with larger mesoporous size distributions compared to materials synthesized with formic and propionic acids as modulators, and (ii) the self-assembly of CTAB surfactant produced an ordered microporous/macroporous network which enhanced crystallinity. However, the surface properties of the materials seem to be unaffected by the use of surfactants during synthesis. These results contribute to the development of ordered materials with a broad range of pore size distributions and give rise to new opportunities to extend the applications of MOF-808.

Prediction of the total acid number (TAN) of colombian crude oils via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometric methods.

Reactions as the attack by naphthenic and hydrogen sulfide have caused corrosion problems in the petroleum industry due to they affect the crude oil heating furnaces and distillation towers at temperatures between 220 and 400 °C. The total acid number (TAN) measurement has been used as a test to quantify the acid compounds in crude oils and has shown to be a reliable indicator of their corrosion degree. However, the standard method for the TAN measurement, ASTM D-644, involves long times, environment unfriendly wastes and high costs for each analysis. A more appropriate method for the TAN determination is implemented in this paper, by correlating Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectral data of the samples with the standard method measurements using multivariate regression models. In particular, the intensities and frequencies of their mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance (MIR-ATR) spectra (4000 - 400 cm-1) are used as independent variables of several principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. The latter are employed to correlate the spectra with their respective TAN values so as to obtain a suitable prediction model. Twenty-six (26) samples of Colombian crude oils are used for the study with a TAN ranging from 0.1 to 6.8 mg KOH/g crude oil (ASTM D-664). The models are evaluated according to the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and of prediction (RMSEP). The best model is obtained via PLSR using as few as four components (i.e. factors), which attains a calibration R2 of 0.981 and an RMSEC of 0.317 mg KOH/g crude oil, while for prediction it attains an R2 of 0.996 and an RMSEP of 0.160 mg KOH/g crude oil. It is observed that the functional groups COOH, CH3 and CH2 contribute the most to the prediction models. The designed methodology is faster and environmentally friendly since it does not require sample pretreatment and the use of toxic reagents, and of low-cost compared with the standard procedure since FTIR measurements can be easily taken anywhere using a hand-held or portable spectrometer and a laptop.

Uso de pralidoxima en la intoxicación con metomilo en pastor collie en Medellín (Colombia). Reporte de caso / Use of pralidoxime in methomyl intoxication in a Collie Shepherd in Medellín (Colombia). Case report

RESUMEN Se describe el uso de la pralidoxima en el tratamiento de una intoxicación con metomilo en un canino en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). Un macho de raza pastor collie sufrió intoxicación accidental con metomilo, presentó cuadro colinérgico, con miosis, sialorrea, delirio, excitación y emesis, fue sometido a descontaminación con carbón activado y terapia con atropina (0,04 mg/kg IM) cada 30 minutos hasta atropinizar, difenhidramina (2 mg/kg EV) y pralidoxima (10 mg/kg EV) cada 8 horas y pentobarbital (12 mg/kg EV) por 24 horas, además de terapia de sostén. Se realizaron pruebas hematológicas, creatinina, alanino aminotrasferasa, tiempo de protrombina y tiempo parcial tromboplastina que resultaron normales para la especie. Después de una terapia de 7 días el paciente presentó mejoría total de los signos nerviosos y se dio de alta en condición normal. El uso de pralidoxima como activador de la acetilcolinesterasa es una opción en el tratamiento de la intoxicación grave por metomilo en la especie canina que muestra sensibilidad a los carbamatos.

ABSTRACT The use of pralidoxime in the treatment of intoxication by methomyl in a canine of the city of Medellín (Colombia) is described. A male of the Collie Shepherd breed who accidentally intoxicated itself with methomyl and presented cholinergic profile with myosis, sialorrhea, delirium, excitement and emesis, was subjected to decontamination with activated charcoal and therapy with atropine (0.04 mg/kg IM) every 30 minutes until atropinization; diphenhydramine (2 mg/kg IV) every 8 hours, pralidoxime (10 mg/kg IV) every 8 hours; and pentobarbital (12 mg/kg IV) for 24 hours, in addition to supportive therapy. Hematological, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastint time tests were performed and resulted normal for the species. After a 7-day therapy, the patient presented complete improvement of its nervous signs and was discharged in normal condition. The use of pralidoxime as activator of acetylcholinesterase is an option in the treatment of severe intoxication with methomyl in canine species that exhibit sensitivity to carbamates.

Glucocorticoid and inflammatory reactivity to a repeated physiological stressor in insomnia disorder.

Despite known associations of insomnia disorder with alterations in cytokine and glucocorticoid (GC) production, neither the sensitivity of immune cells to a GC signal nor the reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammatory system to stress, or adaptation of these systems to repeated stress have been assessed in patients with insomnia. To investigate potential dysregulation in stress reactivity and adaptation to repeated exposure, a physiological stressor (the cold pressor test; CPT) was repeatedly administered to N = 20 participants with insomnia disorder (based on DSM-V, 18 females, age 30 ±â€¯2.5 years) and N = 20 sex-matched healthy controls following an at-home actigraphy and in-laboratory PSG. HPA and inflammatory markers (serum cortisol, plasma interleukin [IL]-6) were measured at baseline/resting levels and following each of the three CPTs. In addition, sensitivity of monocytes to the synthetic GC dexamethasone was assessed in-vitro at baseline levels in order to examine the cortisol-IL-6 interplay at the cell level. Compared to healthy controls, individuals with insomnia disorder exhibited shorter sleep duration as assessed by actigraphy and PSG (p ≤ 0.05). HPA, but not inflammatory reactivity to the repeated CPT challenge was greater in insomnia disorder (p ≤ 0.05 for group effect), due to greater cortisol responses to the initial CPT (p ≤ 0.05). There were no between-group differences in the ability of the HPA to adapt to stress repetition nor in basal/resting levels of cortisol, IL-6, and GC sensitivity. These findings suggest that insomnia disorder potentiates HPA axis reactivity to initial/novel stressors, which may constitute a pathway underlying adverse health consequences in the long term.

Positive emotional induction interferes with the reconsolidation of negative autobiographical memories, in women only.

After reactivation, a previously consolidated memory can enter into a labile state followed by a re-stabilization process defined as reconsolidation. The aim of this study was to explore whether an existing negative autobiographical memory can be modified by using a non-invasive interference (audiovisual positive preparation) after reactivation and to determine if this effect could be dependent on the reconsolidation process. We found that the presentation of a positive inductor after a negative autobiographical memory reactivation may lead to a change in the emotional information of the original trace and that such effect can be mediated by the reconsolidation process. The modification of the memory has been shown in women only. These results suggest that a positive audiovisual induction may play a potential role in psychotherapeutic techniques for the modification of dysfunctional autobiographical memories.

Prior stress promotes the generalization of contextual fear memories: Involvement of the gabaergic signaling within the basolateral amygdala complex.

Fear generalization occurs when a response, previously acquired with a threatening stimulus, is transferred to a similar one. However, it could be maladaptive when stimuli that do not represent a real threat are appraised as dangerous, which is a hallmark of several anxiety disorders. Stress exposure is a major risk factor for the occurrence of anxiety disorders and it is well established that it influences different phases of fear memory; nevertheless, its impact on the generalization of contextual fear memories has been less studied. In the present work, we have characterized the impact of acute restraint stress prior to contextual fear conditioning on the generalization of this fear memory, and the role of the GABAergic signaling within the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) on the stress modulatory effects. We have found that a single stress exposure promoted the generalization of this memory trace to a different context that was well discriminated in unstressed conditioned animals. Moreover, this effect was dependent on the formation of a contextual associative memory and on the testing order (i.e., conditioning context first vs generalization context first). Furthermore, we observed that increasing GABA-A signaling by intra-BLA midazolam administration prior to the stressful session exposure prevented the generalization of fear memory, whereas intra-BLA administration of the GABA-A antagonist (Bicuculline), prior to fear conditioning, induced the generalization of fear memory in unstressed rats. We concluded that stress exposure, prior to contextual fear conditioning, promotes the generalization of fear memory and that the GABAergic transmission within the BLA has a critical role in this phenomenon.

Updating national standards for drinking-water: a Philippine experience.

The latest version of the Philippine National Standards for Drinking-Water (PNSDW) was issued in 2007 by the Department of Health (DOH). Due to several issues and concerns, the DOH decided to make an update which is relevant and necessary to meet the needs of the stakeholders. As an output, the water quality parameters are now categorized into mandatory, primary, and secondary. The ten mandatory parameters are core parameters which all water service providers nationwide are obligated to test. These include thermotolerant coliforms or Escherichia coli, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate, color, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids, and disinfectant residual. The 55 primary parameters are site-specific and can be adopted as enforceable parameters when developing new water sources or when the existing source is at high risk of contamination. The 11 secondary parameters include operational parameters and those that affect the esthetic quality of drinking-water. In addition, the updated PNSDW include new sections: (1) reporting and interpretation of results and corrective actions; (2) emergency drinking-water parameters; (3) proposed Sustainable Development Goal parameters; and (4) standards for other drinking-water sources. The lessons learned and insights gained from the updating of standards are likewise incorporated in this paper.

Aerobiología y biodeterioro del género Aspergillus Link en depósitos de tres instituciones patrimoniales cubanas / Aerobiology and biodeterioration of the genus Aspergillus Link in repositories of three Cuban heritage intitutions

Las especies del género Aspergillus Link constituyen importantes agentes biodeteriorantes de objetos de valor constructivo, cultural y patrimonial. En ambientes laborales, sus propágulos y metabolitos pueden provocar afecciones a la salud humana. Los estudios aeromicológicos pueden contribuir a minimizar el impacto de Aspergillus spp. en el biodeterioro y la calidad de vida. Se han caracterizado de acuerdo a su potencial biodeterió- geno y patogénico representantes de Aspergillus spp. en el aire de depósitos de materiales en tres instituciones patrimoniales cubanas. Las muestras se tomaron empleando un biocolector SAS súper 100. Se evaluó cualitativamente la actividad celulolítica, amilolítica y proteolítica de los aislados; así como la excreción de pigmentos y ácidos orgánicos. Se evaluó el crecimiento a 37°C y la secreción de hemolisinas. Aspergillus spp. constituyó parte considerable de la micobiota aérea viable en los depósitos con 22 especies correspondientes a 12 secciones, las de mayor variabilidad fueron Flavi y Restricti, mientras la primera y la sección Aspergillus fueron las mejor representadas. El 74 por ciento de las cepas mostraron alta capacidad para degradar los compuestos orgánicos evaluados y secretar ácidos, mientras el 34 por ciento excretó pigmentos de amarillo a pardo oscuro, se evidenció un amplio potencial biodeteriorante en general. Más del 30 por ciento de los aislados mostraron ser patógenos oportunistas peligrosos para el hombre al crecer a 37°C, secretar hemolisinas, y presentar un tamaño conidial que posibilita la depositación en alvéolos pulmonares. Las cepas con mayor impacto biodeteriorante y patogénico fueron las correspondientes a las Secciones Flavi, Nigri y la especie Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen.

Species of the genus Aspergillus Link cause damage to objects constructive, cultural and heritage value. In work environments, their propagules and metabolites may cause disorders to human health. Aerobiological studies can help minimize the impact of Aspergillus spp. in the biodeterioration and quality of life. Aspergillus spp. strains present in the air of the repositories in three Cuban heritage institutions were characterized according to their biodeteriogenic and pathogenic potential. Each isolated was classified taxonomically, cellulolytic, amylolytic and proteolytic activity as well as excretion of pigments and organic acids was evaluated. The capacity to grow at 37°C and secrete hemolysins was qualitatively evaluated. Aspergillus spp. was significant portion of viable air micobiota in the three repositories with 22 species corresponding to 12 sections, most variability were Flavi and Restricti, while the first section and Aspergillus were the best represented. The 74 percent of the strains showed high ability to degrade organic compounds evaluated and secrete acids, while 34 percent excreted pigments from yellow to dark brown, evidenced a broad biodeteriogenic potential in general. More than 30 percent of the isolates were shown to be dangerous opportunistic pathogens for humans to grow at 37°C, secrete hemolysin, and present a conidial size which enables the deposition pulmonary alveoli. Strains higher biodeteriogenic and pathogenic impact were those corresponding to the Flavi, Nigri sections and the species Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen.

POSIBLE RESISTENCIA DE Dictyocaulus viviparus AL FENBENDAZOL EN UN BOVINO / POSSIBLE RESISTANCE OF Dictyocaulus viviparus TO FENBENDAZOLE IN A BOVINE

Se describe un caso de posible resistencia al fenbendazol en una ternera Jersey infestada por Dictyocaulus viviparus. En el municipio de Entrerríos (Antioquia, Colombia), una hembra de la raza Jersey de 6 meses de edad, presentó un serio cuadro de bronco-neumonía, el cual no mejoró con la aplicación de fenbendazol y enrofloxacina como terapia de mantenimiento. En la necropsia, se observó un número elevado de parásitos vivos compatibles con Dictyocaulus viviparus, determinando una bronquitis verminosa. Este nematodo, el cual se trata rutinariamente con fenbendazol en las fincas lecheras colombianas, ha demostrado ser resistente frente algunos bencimidazoles; finalmente, se señalan las posibles causas de esta resistencia de Dictyocaulus viviparus en la ternera Jersey.

It describe the clinical case of a possible resistance to fenbendazole in a Jersey calf infested by Dictyocaulus viviparous described. In the municipality of Entrerrios (Antioquia, Colombia) a female Jersey breed of 6 months of age, presented serious sings of bronchopneumonia. which did not improve with the application of fenbendazole and enrofloxacin as maintenance therapy. At the necropsy, a large number of live parasites compatible with Dictyocaulus viviparus were observed, determining a verminous bronchitis. This nematode, which is routinely treated with fenbendazole in Colombian dairy farms, has been proved resistance when is trated with some benzimidazoles. This specific case shows the possible causes of the Dictyocaulus viviparus resistance in Jersey calf.

Personality traits in patients with cluster headache: a comparison with migraine patients.

BACKGROUND: Cluster headache (CH) has been associated with certain personality traits and lifestyle features, but there are few studies assessing personality profiles in CH. We aimed to analyze personality traits in patients with CH, and to compare them with those found in migraine. METHODS: We included all consecutive patients with CH attending 5 outpatient offices between January and December 2013. Personality traits were evaluated using the Salamanca screening test, a validated inventory assessing 11 personality traits grouped in 3 clusters. We analyzed the test results in this population, and compared them with those of a migraine population previously assessed with the same test. RESULTS: Eighty patients with CH (75 men, 5 women; mean age, 43.2 ± 9.9 years) were recruited. The reference population consisted of 164 migraine patients (30 men, 134 women; mean age 36.4 ± 12.7 years). In CH patients, the most frequent personality traits were anancastic (52.5 %), anxious (47.5 %), histrionic (45 %), schizoid (42.5 %), impulsive (32.5 %) and paranoid (30 %). When compared to migraine patients, paranoid (p < 0.001; χ2 test), and schizoid traits (p = 0.007; χ2 test) were significantly more prevalent in CH patients. In logistic regression analysis the paranoid trait was significantly associated with CH (p = 0.001; OR: 3.27, 95 % CI [1.66-6.43]). CONCLUSION: According to the Salamanca screening test, personality traits included in cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders) are more prevalent in CH patients than in a population of migraineurs. Larger studies are needed to determine whether certain personality traits are related to CH.

Impulsivity among migraine patients: Study in a series of 155 cases. / Impulsividad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio en una serie de 155 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Impulsivity is a psychological phenomenon that has not been extensively studied in headache patients. We aim to assess the presence of impulsivity in patients with chronic migraine (CM) and medication overuse (MO). PATIENTS: All patients examined in an outpatient headache clinic between January 2013 and March 2014 were included. Episodic migraine, CM, and MO were diagnosed according to ICHD-III beta criteria. We prospectively gathered demographic and clinical characteristics. Mood disorders were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and impulsiveness was assessed with the Plutchik impulsivity scale. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients were included (22 men, 133 women). The mean age (SD) was 38.2 (11.7) years (range, 18-70); 104 patients (67.1%) presented CM and, among them, 74 (71.1%) had MO. Of the patient total, 28.4% met criteria for anxiety, 7.1% for depression and 16.1% for impulsivity. The CM group showed higher scores for HADS-anxiety (8.5 [SD 4.5] vs. 6.4 [SD 3.6], p=0.003) and HADS-depression (4.4 [4.3] vs. 1.9 [2.3], p<0.001). Among CM cases only, scores for HADS-anxiety (9.3 [4.4] vs. 6.8 [4.3], p=0.01) and HADS-Depression (5.1 [4.6] vs. 2.7 [2.9], p=0.002) were higher in patients who also had MO. We found no associations between Plutchik scale scores or presence of impulsivity with either CM or MO. CONCLUSION: Impulsivity is a common trait in our population of migraine patients, but unlike mood disorders, it is not correlated with either CM or MO.

Novel measure of the weigh distribution balance on the brain network: graph complexity applied to schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to assess brain complexity dynamics in schizophrenia (SCH) patients during an auditory oddball task. For this task, we applied a novel graph measure based on the balance of the node weights distribution. Previous studies applied complexity parameters that were strongly dependent on network topology. This could bias the results, as well as making correction techniques, such as surrogating process, necessary. In the present study, we applied a novel graph complexity measure derived from the information theory: Shannon Graph Complexity (SGC). Complexity patterns from electroencephalographic recordings of 20 healthy controls and 20 SCH patients during an auditory oddball task were analyzed. Results showed a significantly more pronounced decrease of SGC for controls than for SCH patients during the cognitive task. These findings suggest an important change in the brain configuration towards a more balanced network, mainly in the connections related to long-range interactions. Since these changes are significantly more pronounced in controls, a deficit in the neural network reorganization can be associated with SCH. In addition, an accuracy of 72.5% was obtained using a receiver operating characteristic curve with a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. The independence of network topology has been demonstrated by the novel complexity measure proposed in this study, therefore, it complements traditional graph measures as a means to characterize brain networks.

Analysis of the non-stationarity of neural activity during an auditory oddball task in schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to characterize brain dynamics during an auditory oddball task. For this purpose, a measure of the non-stationarity of a given time-frequency representation (TFR) was applied to electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. EEG activity was acquired from 20 schizophrenic (SCH) patients and 20 healthy controls while they underwent a three-stimulus auditory oddball task. The Degree of Stationarity (DS), a measure of the non-stationarity of the TFR, was computed using the continuous wavelet transform. DS was calculated for both the baseline [-300 0] ms and active task [150 550] ms windows of a P300 auditory oddball task. Results showed a statistically significant increase (p<;0.05) in non-stationarity for controls during the cognitive task in the central region, while less widespread statistically significant differences were obtained for SCH patients, especially in the beta-2 and gamma bands. Our findings support the relevance of DS as a means to study cerebral processing in SCH. Furthermore, the lack of statistically significant changes in DS for SCH patients suggests an abnormal reorganization of neural dynamics during an oddball task.