Investigating the simultaneous effect of chitosan and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, phenolic compounds, PAL enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in Salvia nemorosa L.

Considering the importance of Salvia nemorosa L. in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and also beneficial approaches of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis and the use of bioelicitors such as chitosan to improve secondary metabolites, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of chitosan on the symbiosis of AMF and the effect of both on the biochemical and phytochemical performance of this plant and finally introduced the best treatment. Two factors were considered for the factorial experiment: AMF with four levels (non-inoculated plants, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and the combination of both), and chitosan with six levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg L-1 and 1% acetic acid). Four months after treatments, the aerial part and root length, the levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents and the main secondary metabolites (rosmarinic acid and quercetin) in the leaves and roots were determined. The flowering stage was observed in R. intraradices treatments and the highest percentage of colonization (78.87%) was observed in the treatment of F. mosseae × 400 mg L-1 chitosan. Furthermore, simultaneous application of chitosan and AMF were more effective than their separate application to induce phenolic compounds accumulation, PAL activity and reduce oxidative compounds. The cluster and principal component analysis based on the measured variables indicated that the treatments could be classified into three clusters. It seems that different treatments in different tissues have different effects. However, in an overview, it can be concluded that 400 mg L-1 chitosan and F. mosseae × R. intraradices showed better results in single and simultaneous applications. The results of this research can be considered in the optimization of this medicinal plant under normal conditions and experiments related to abiotic stresses in the future.

Phenolics and terpenoids change in response to yeast extract and chitosan elicitation in Zataria multiflora cell suspension culture.

Zataria multiflora is an important medicinal plant with antioxidant and anticancer properties attributed to its phytochemicals. To develop a method for bulk production of valuable phytochemicals, cell suspension culture of Z. multiflora were grown in liquid B5 medium and then treated in their log growth phase with chitosan (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg L-1) and yeast extract (0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg L-1) for 3 days. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the main terpenoids and phenylpropanoids in the cell extracts were determined by HPLC and spectrophotometric techniques. The H2O2 and MDA levels significantly increased in the cells treated with both yeast extract and chitosan, while the NO level increased in those exposed to yeast extract. At their highest concentrations, both elicitors significantly increased PAL and TAL activities, as well as phenolic acids and flavonoids contents. Chitosan only induced the production of caffeic acid (22 µg g-1 DW), benzoic acid (2 µg g-1 DW), 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (6 µg g-1 DW), epicatechin (63 µg g-1 DW), and apigenin (5 µg g-1 DW) in the cells, while yeast extract increased the contents of phenylpropanoids gallic acid (50 µg g-1 DW), vanillin (35 µg g-1 DW), salicylic acid (24 µg g-1 DW), catechin (130 µg g-1 DW) and terpenoids carvacrol (7 µg g-1 DW) and thymol (24 µg g-1 DW). In conclusion, changes in the production of phenolics and terpenoids are a defensive mechanism in Z. multiflora cells treated by yeast extract and chitosan. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03235-x.

Cytokinin and abscisic acid alleviate drought stress through changing organic acids profile, ion immolation, and fatty acid profile to improve yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars.

There is an increasing interest for plant hormones to modulate the harmful effects of drought on crops. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of foliar-applied cytokin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) on yield, organic acids, minerals, and fatty acid profile of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (MV17 and Pishgam) in response to drought stress. The results showed drought significantly decreased grain yield and biomass, but they were enhanced by CK and ABA application. Acetic acid increased under drought stress conditions, and the remarkable increase (~ twofold) in succinic acid content was observed with ABA application under drought stress in MV17 cultivar. In general, drought stress decreased malic acid, pyruvic acid, and citric acid, but CK enhanced them. The leaf accumulations of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe2+), and zinc (Zn2+) decreased by drought, where its reduction in MV17 was greater than Pishgam. However, an increased sodium (Na+) content was observed in plants experiencing drought with non-foliar application of ABA and CK. The plant growth hormones especially CK increased K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, but decreased Na+. Fatty acid profile showed increased polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids upon the drought stress. According to heat map, organic acids represented the maximum variations but fatty acids showed the minimum change during the treatments. The present study recommended foliar-applied CK to alleviate drought stress on wheat yield.

Raise up of Scopolamine in Hairy Roots Via Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834 as Compared with Untransformed Roots in Atropa komarovii.

Atropa komarovii generates tropane alkaloids and three other compounds such as hyoscyamine. Racemate atropine and scopolamine (hyoscine) are the main alkaloids with anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and sedative agents. A proficient convention has been reported for the formation of transgenic Atropa komarovii by the use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Root culture, by utilizing leaves explants was contaminated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834, a strain with the paired vector. The hairy roots after contamination for three weeks were specifically shaped from the cut edges of the leaves. The PCR intensification demonstrated that rol B genes of Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were coordinated and communicated into the genome of the changed hairy roots. Examination of HPLC revealed that hairy roots can produce scopolamine and hyoscyamine and it was appeared that scopolamine content was essentially expanded in changed roots and hyoscyamine was extremely expanded in non-transgenic roots. According to the results, it was perceived that the scopolamine content in hairy roots was raised significantly compared to the control roots. It was evidenced that hairy roots gather a great number of metabolites that have a commercial significance. Thus, later on we can enhance efficiency for example by building up the biosynthetic route overexpression of gene codifying enzymes in the metabolic route for expanding valuable secondary metabolites in the plant cures.

Association of Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 rs1982073 Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Acute Renal Rejection: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: The association of rs1982073 (codon 10) polymorphism at Transforming Growth Factor- ß1 (TGF-ß1) gene with acute renal rejection (ARR) has been reported by several studies. However, the results were controversial. To derive a more precise estimation of this association, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS: The eligible literatures were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, SciELO, WanFang, and CNKI databases up to July 01, 2019. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to calculate the strength of the association. RESULTS: A total of 23 case-control studies with 795 ARR cases and 1,562 non-AR controls were selected. Pooled data revealed that there was no significant association between TGF-ß1 codon 10 polymorphism and an increased risk of ARR in the overall population (C vs. T: OR=0.908, 95% CI 0.750-1.099, p = 0.322; CT vs. TT: OR=1.074, 95% CI 0.869-1.328, p = 0.507; CC vs.TT: OR=0.509, 95% CI=0.738-1.253, p = 0.770; CC+CT vs. TT: OR = 0.917, 95% CI 0.756-1.112, p = 0.376, and CC vs. CT+TT: OR=0.995, 95% CI 0.809-1.223, p = 0.959). Moreover, stratified analysis revealed no significant association between the TGF-ß1 rs1982073 polymorphism and ARR risk by ethnicity and cases type (recipient and donor). CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis demonstrated that the TGF-ß1 rs1982073 polymorphism was not significantly associated with increased risk of ARR. However, studies with a larger number of subjects among different ethnic groups are needed to further validate the results.

Aluminium triggers oxidative stress and antioxidant response in the microalgae Scenedesmus sp.

Aluminium (Al) water pollution is an increasing environmental problem and comprehensive analysis of toxic responses of aquatic primary producer organisms is imperative. We characterized the antioxidant response of Scenedesmus sp. microalga to Al-induced oxidative stress. After 72 h of exposure to Al (0, 10, and 100 µM) in a modified Bold Basal Medium (pH 5.0), we observed cell aggregation and alterations in the subcellular structure, strong lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress induction (detected with the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) in parallel with Al accumulation in cells. At the same time, Al toxicity caused depletion of important macronutrients like Ca, which is important for cell-wall structure. Analysis of antioxidant enzymatic activities in Al-treated Scenedesmus cells revealed that catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, as well as different isoforms of superoxide dismutase were inhibited especially at the highest Al dose (100 µM), cells that accumulated the highest concentration of Al. On the other hand, glutathione reductase activity increased at that Al concentration. Immunodetection after Western-blotting confirmed that only ascorbate peroxidase inhibition was apparently due to a decrease in enzyme levels. However, the inhibition of catalase and activation of glutathione reductase activities seemed related with post-translational modifications in protein function as protein expression decreased or increased, respectively under Al stress. Our results may help to understand toxic mechanisms triggered by Al in freshwater microalgae, which in turn could aid to select suitable biomarkers of Al contamination in aquatic ecosystems.

Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G5G Polymorphism with risk of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The 4G5G polymorphism of Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is reported to be associated with diabetes nephropathy and retinopathy (DNR) risk. However, the findings are conflicting. Herein, we conducted a case-control and meta-analysis study to explore the association of PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism with risk of DNR. METHODS: We retrieved PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, and CNKI databases and screened eligible studies up to August 15, 2020. The strength of associations was assessed by odd ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: A total of 27 case-control studies including 16 studies with 1,825 cases case and 1,731 controls on DN and eleven studies with 1,397 cases and 1,545 controls on DR were selected. Pooled data showed that the PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism was significantly associated with DN (allele model: OR = 0.674, 95% CI 0.524-0.865, p = 0.002; homozygote model: OR = 0.536, 95% CI 0.351-0.817, p = 0.004; heterozygote model: OR = 0.621, 95% CI 0.427-0.903, p = 0.013; dominant model: OR = 0.575, 95% CI 0.399-0.831, p = 0.003; and recessive model: OR = 0.711, 95% CI 0.515-0.981, p = 0.038) and DR (homozygote model: OR = 0.770, 95% CI 0.621-0.955, p = 0.0.017) risk. Stratified analyses by ethnicity indicated that PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism was associated with DN and DR risk in Asians and Caucasians, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis revealed that the PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism was associated with increased risk of DN and DR risk. However, well-designed large-scale clinical studies are required to further validate our results.

Excitatory and Inhibitory Subnetworks Are Equally Selective during Decision-Making and Emerge Simultaneously during Learning.

Inhibitory neurons, which play a critical role in decision-making models, are often simplified as a single pool of non-selective neurons lacking connection specificity. This assumption is supported by observations in the primary visual cortex: inhibitory neurons are broadly tuned in vivo and show non-specific connectivity in slice. The selectivity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within decision circuits and, hence, the validity of decision-making models are unknown. We simultaneously measured excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of mice judging multisensory stimuli. Surprisingly, excitatory and inhibitory neurons were equally selective for the animal's choice, both at the single-cell and population level. Further, both cell types exhibited similar changes in selectivity and temporal dynamics during learning, paralleling behavioral improvements. These observations, combined with modeling, argue against circuit architectures assuming non-selective inhibitory neurons. Instead, they argue for selective subnetworks of inhibitory and excitatory neurons that are shaped by experience to support expert decision-making.

Bidirectional short-term plasticity during single-trial learning of cerebellar-driven eyelid movements in mice.

The brain is constantly monitoring its own performance, using error signals to trigger mechanisms of plasticity that help improve future behavior. Indeed, adaptive changes in behavior have been observed after a single error trial in many learning tasks, including cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning. Here, we demonstrate that the plasticity underlying single-trial learning during eyeblink conditioning in mice is bidirectionally regulated by positive and negative prediction errors, has an ephemeral effect on behavior (decays in <1 min), and can be triggered in the absence of errors in performance. We suggest that these three properties of single-trial learning may be particularly useful for driving mechanisms of motor adaptation that can achieve optimal performance in the face of environmental disturbances with a fast timescale.

CaImAn an open source tool for scalable calcium imaging data analysis.

Advances in fluorescence microscopy enable monitoring larger brain areas in-vivo with finer time resolution. The resulting data rates require reproducible analysis pipelines that are reliable, fully automated, and scalable to datasets generated over the course of months. We present CaImAn, an open-source library for calcium imaging data analysis. CaImAn provides automatic and scalable methods to address problems common to pre-processing, including motion correction, neural activity identification, and registration across different sessions of data collection. It does this while requiring minimal user intervention, with good scalability on computers ranging from laptops to high-performance computing clusters. CaImAn is suitable for two-photon and one-photon imaging, and also enables real-time analysis on streaming data. To benchmark the performance of CaImAn we collected and combined a corpus of manual annotations from multiple labelers on nine mouse two-photon datasets. We demonstrate that CaImAn achieves near-human performance in detecting locations of active neurons.

Perceptual Decision-Making: A Field in the Midst of a Transformation.

Major changes are underway in the field of perceptual decision-making. Single-neuron studies have given way to population recordings with identified cell types, traditional analyses have been extended to accommodate these large and diverse collections of neurons, and novel methods of neural disruption have provided insights about causal circuits. Further, the field has expanded to include multiple new species: rodents and invertebrates, for example, have been instrumental in demonstrating the importance of internal state on neural responses. Finally, a renewed interest in ethological stimuli prompted development of new behaviors, frequently analyzed by new, automated movement tracking methods. Taken together, these advances constitute a seismic shift in both our approach and understanding of how incoming sensory signals are used to guide decisions.

Effects of silicon nanoparticles on molecular, chemical, structural and ultrastructural characteristics of oat (Avena sativa L.).

Nowadays, nanoparticles are extensively being utilized in medicine, industry, and agriculture thus distributed into the environment. Hence, it is essential to examine exactly the impact of these materials on a variety of organisms, including various species of plants. Therefore, in the current study, we compared the effects of sodium silicate and nano silicon (SiNP) (both at two concentrations of 5 and 10 mM) separately on lignification of the xylem cell wall, antioxidant enzyme activities, ultrastructure of leaf and root cells, expression of silicon transporter (Lsi1) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and also evaluated the protein content and chemical content of oat plants (Avena sativa L.) cultured hydroponically. The results indicated that SiNPs didn't have a toxic effect on the oat plants, and in many cases they enhanced plant growth. The effect of SiNPs on the chemical content of the treated plants was almost identical with silicate. The silicon transporter (Lsi1) gene was expressed in plants exposed to SiNPs, however, at lower levels (∼37% in roots) than those exposed to silicate treatments. The SiNPs increased PAL expression and lignification in leaves and roots, however, at lower levels those of silicate (˃50% in fourth leaves of 10 mM concentration). They were aggregated in the roots (268-366 nm) and deposited in nano size on the cell walls of leaves. In general, their effects in the plants were identical to silicate but differed in intensity.

Responses of wheat plants to interactions of 24-epibrassinolide and Glomus mosseae in saline condition.

This study was designed to investigate the possible effects of 24-Epibrassinolide (BR), arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae, singularly and collectively under salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. After foliar spraying of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants by 5 µM epibrassinolide (24-Epi), they were treated with 0 and 150 mM NaCl for 2 weeks and then harvested. The results showed interactions of G. mosseae and 24-Epi could alleviate the adverse effects of salinity by improving relative water content (RWC) of leaves (62%), relative growth rate (40.74%), shoot fresh weights (39.83%) and shoot phosphorous content (63.93%), stimulating leaf enzymatic antioxidant activities including catalase (2.24 fold) and ascorbate peroxidase (2.18 fold) as well as malondialdehyde (36.17%) and H2O2 concentrations (49.74%) as compared to those of NaCl treatments. Moreover, mycorrhizal dependency of root dry weight (2%) and phosphorus concentration (0.4%) increased with AM infection and 24-Epi application under saline condition. Leaf RWC, also, negatively correlated with membrane electrolyte leakage. Furthermore, the greatest mitigating effects were observed in mycorrhizal plants subjected to NaCl and 24-Epi. This study indicated that 24-Epi application and AM fungi may synergistically mitigate harmful impacts of salinity in wheat plants.

Comparison of silicon nanoparticles and silicate treatments in fenugreek.

Silicon (Si) fertilization improves crop cultivation and is commonly added in the form of soluble silicates. However, most natural plant-available Si originates from plant formed amorphous SiO2 particles, phytoliths, similar to SiO2-nanoparticles (SiNP). In this work we, therefore, compared the effect by sodium silicate and that of SiNP on Si accumulation, activity of antioxidative stress enzymes catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, lignification of xylem cell walls and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as well as expression of genes for the putative silicon transporter (PST), defensive (Tfgd 1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and protein in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) grown in hydroponics. The results showed that Si was taken up from both silicate and SiNP treatments and increasing sodium silicate addition increased the translocation of Si to the shoot, while this was not shown with increasing SiNP addition. The silicon transporter PST was upregulated at a greater level when sodium silicate was added compared with SiNP addition. There were no differences in effects between sodium silicate and SiNP treatments on the other parameters measured. Both treatments increased the uptake and accumulation of Si, xylem cell wall lignification, cell wall thickness, PAL activity and protein concentration in seedlings, while there was no effect on antioxidative enzyme activity. Tfgd 1 expression was strongly downregulated in leaves at Si addition. The similarity in effects by silicate and SiNP would be due to that SiNP releases silicate, which may be taken up, shown by a decrease in SiNP particle size with time in the medium.

Cerebellar granule cells acquire a widespread predictive feedback signal during motor learning.

Cerebellar granule cells, which constitute half the brain's neurons, supply Purkinje cells with contextual information necessary for motor learning, but how they encode this information is unknown. Here we show, using two-photon microscopy to track neural activity over multiple days of cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning in mice, that granule cell populations acquire a dense representation of the anticipatory eyelid movement. Initially, granule cells responded to neutral visual and somatosensory stimuli as well as periorbital airpuffs used for training. As learning progressed, two-thirds of monitored granule cells acquired a conditional response whose timing matched or preceded the learned eyelid movements. Granule cell activity covaried trial by trial to form a redundant code. Many granule cells were also active during movements of nearby body structures. Thus, a predictive signal about the upcoming movement is widely available at the input stage of the cerebellar cortex, as required by forward models of cerebellar control.

Treatment of an Early Kaposi's Sarcoma Case Post Kidney Transplantation by Sirolimus: A Case Report.

Kaposiá¾½s sarcoma (KS) can develop in 0.06% to 4.1% of kidney transplant recipients. Here we describe a case of 50-year-old man who developed KS a few months after kidney transplantation. After transplantation, he had delayed graft function and was managed by anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) for five days. At the discharge, his immunosuppressive therapy was prednisolone 20 mg/day, tTacrolimus (Pprograf®) 4 mg/day, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 gr/day, while he also took Vvalcyte and diltiazem. Once diagnosed with KS, the Prograf® (tacrolimus)  was replaced by prednisolone (5 mg/day) and sirolimus (2 mg/day). Gradually the skin nodule on the patient arm disappeared, and the others nodule on the right his leg was decreased. It seems that the examination of skin should be a part of regular follow-up and dermatologist examination is recommended every 6 months.

Potent Antioxidant Properties of rolB-transformed Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

Free radicals play an important role in pathological processes such as aging and developing cancer; hence, natural products inhibit free radical production, and can play an important role in preventing diseases. We aimed to evaluate the scavenging activity of free radicals, reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and the antioxidant composition of rolB-transformed hairy roots and leaf callus of Catharanthus roseus. Hairy roots of the Catharanthus roseus were induced using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834 to transfer the rolB gene. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to identify the presence of the gene in the transformed hairy roots. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride calorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the content of total phenolic, flavonoid and gallic acid, respectively. To this end, we assayed the free radicals scavenging activity by 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and inhibition of malondialdehyde production. The results showed that phenolic, flavonoid, and gallic acid contents in the ethanol extract of the hairy roots were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) than those naturally found in the extracts of root, leaf, and leaf callus of C. roseus. The hairy roots extract showed the lowest IC50 for the inhibition of DPPH(•). Furthermore, the ethanol extract showed the best reducing power and had the highest potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to form the MDA. The transformed hairy roots can be considered a rich natural source of antioxidants.

Changes in antioxidant enzymes activities and proline, total phenol and anthocyanine contents in Hyssopus officinalis L. plants under salt stress.

The relationships between salt stress and antioxidant enzymes activities, proline, phenol and anthocyanine contents in Hyssopus officinalis L. plants in growth stage were investigated. The plants were subjected to five levels of saline irrigation water, 0.37 (tap water as control) with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dSm(-1) of saline water. After two months the uniform plants were harvested for experimental analysis. Antioxidant enzymes activities and proline, phenol and anthocyanine contents of the plants were examinated. Enhanced activities of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined by increasing salinity that plays an important protective role in the ROS-scavenging process. Proline, phenol and anthocyanine contents increased significantly with increasing salinity. These results suggest that salinity tolerance of Hyssopus officinalis plants might be closely related with the increased capacity of antioxidative system to scavenge reactive oxygen species and with the accumulation of osmoprotectant proline, phenol and anthocyanine contents under salinity conditions.

Data in support of comparative physiology and proteomic analysis of two wheat genotypes contrasting in drought tolerance.

Here, we present the data from a comparative physiology and proteomics approach used to analyze the response of two wheat genotypes (SERI M 82 (SE) and SW89.5193/kAu2 (SW)) with contrasting responses to drought stress. Proteomic analysis resulted in identification of 49 unique proteins with significant change in abundance (2-fold) under water shortage in roots and leaves. Gene ontology analysis of drought-responsive proteins (DRPs) suggested an induction of proteins related to cell wall biogenesis, ATP synthesis, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate/energy metabolism in leaves under stress condition. A large fraction of root proteins were identified to be involved in defense and oxidative stress response. In addition, a significant change was detected in proteins related to protein synthesis, ATP synthesis, and germin-like proteins in response to drought stress. A detailed analysis of this data may be obtained from Ref. [1].

Comparative physiology and proteomic analysis of two wheat genotypes contrasting in drought tolerance.

Comparative physiology and proteomic analyses were conducted to monitor the stress response of two wheat genotypes (SERI M 82 (SE) and SW89.5193/kAu2 (SW)) with contrasting responses to drought stress. Under stress condition, the tolerant genotype (SE) produced higher shoot and root biomasses, longer roots and accumulated higher level of ABA in leaves. Physiological measurements suggested that the SE genotype was more efficient in water absorption and could preserve more water presumably by controlling stomata closure. Proteomic analysis showed an increased abundance of proteins related to defense and oxidative stress responses such as GLPs, GST, and SOD, and those related to protein processing such as small HSPs in roots of both genotypes in response to drought stress. Interestingly, the abundance of proteins such as endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase, peroxidase, SAMS, and MDH significantly increased in roots or leaves of the SE genotype and decreased in that of the SW one. In addition, an increased abundance of APX was detected in leaves and roots of the SE genotype and a decreased abundance of 14-3-3 and ribosomal proteins were noted in the SW one in response to drought stress. Our findings led to a better understanding about the integrated physiology and proteome responses of wheat genotypes with nearly contrasting responses to drought stress. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: We applied a comparative physiology and proteomic analysis to decipher the differential responses of two contrasting wheat genotypes to drought stress. Based on physiological measurements the tolerant genotype (SE) showed better drought response by developing deep root system, higher root and shoot biomasses, and higher level of ABA in leaves. Proteomic analysis showed an increased abundance of proteins related to defense and oxidative stress responses such as GLPs, GST, and SOD, and those related to protein processing such as small HSPs in roots of both genotypes in response to drought stress. In addition, the abundance of proteins such as glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase, peroxidases, SAMS, and MDH increased in roots or leaves of the tolerant genotype (SE) and decreased in that of the sensitive genotype (SW). Overall, proteins related to oxidative stress, protein processing and photosynthesis showed decreased abundance to a greater extent in the sensitive genotype (SW).