RESUMO
Band alignment engineering is crucial for facilitating charge separation and transfer in optoelectronic devices, which ultimately dictates the behavior of Van der Waals heterostructures (vdWH)-based photodetectors and light emitting diode (LEDs). However, the impact of the band offset in vdWHs on important figures of merit in optoelectronic devices has not yet been systematically analyzed. Herein, the regulation of band alignment in WSe2/Bi2Te3- xSex vdWHs (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) is demonstrated through the implementation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A combination of experimental and theoretical results proved that the synthesized vdWHs can be gradually tuned from Type I (WSe2/Bi2Te3) to Type III (WSe2/Bi2Se3). As the band alignment changes from Type I to Type III, a remarkable responsivity of 58.12 A W-1 and detectivity of 2.91×1012 Jones (in Type I) decrease in the vdWHs-based photodetector, and the ultrafast photoresponse time is 3.2 µs (in Type III). Additionally, Type III vdWH-based LEDs exhibit the highest luminance and electroluminescence (EL) external quantum efficiencies (EQE) among p-n diodes based on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) at room temperature, which is attributed to band alignment-induced distinct interfacial charge injection. This work serves as a valuable reference for the application and expansion of fundamental band alignment principles in the design and fabrication of future optoelectronic devices.
RESUMO
Graphene modulators are considered a potential solution for achieving high-efficiency light modulation, and graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated modulators are particularly favorable due to their CMOS compatibility and low cost. The exploitation of graphene modulator latent capabilities remains an ongoing endeavour to improve the modulation and energy efficiency. Here, high-efficiency graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated thermal and electro-optical modulators are realized using gold-assisted transfer. We fabricate and demonstrate a microscale thermo-optical modulator with a tuning efficiency of 0.037 nm mW-1 and a high heating performance of 67.4 K µm3 mW-1 on a small active area of 7.54 µm2 and a graphene electro-absorption modulator featuring a high speed data rate reaching 56 Gb s-1 and a low power consumption of 200 fJ per bit. These devices show superior performance compared to the state of the art devices in terms of high efficiency, low process complexity, and compact device footage, which can support the realization of high-performance graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated photonic circuits with CMOS compatibility.
RESUMO
Optimizing the width of depletion region is a key consideration in designing high performance photovoltaic photodetectors, as the electron-hole pairs generated outside the depletion region cannot be effectively separated, leading to a negligible contribution to the overall photocurrent. However, currently reported photovoltaic mid-infrared photodetectors based on two-dimensional heterostructures usually adopt a single pn junction configuration, where the depletion region width is not maximally optimized. Here, we demonstrate the construction of a high performance broadband mid-infrared photodetector based on a MoS2/b-AsP/MoS2npn van der Waals heterostructure. The npn heterojunction can be equivalently represented as two parallel-stacked pn junctions, effectively increasing the thickness of the depletion region. Consequently, the npn device shows a high detectivity of 1.3 × 1010cmHz1/2W-1at the mid-infrared wavelength, which is significantly improved compared with its single pn junction counterpart. Moreover, it exhibits a fast response speed of 12 µs, and a broadband detection capability ranging from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths.
RESUMO
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), as emerging optoelectronic materials, necessitate the establishment of an experimentally viable system to study their interaction with light. In this study, we propose and analyze a WS2/PMMA/Ag planar Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity, enabling the direct experimental measurement of WS2 absorbance. By optimizing the structure, the absorbance of A exciton of WS2 up to 0.546 can be experimentally achieved, which matches well with the theoretical calculations. Through temperature and thermal expansion strain induced by temperature, the absorbance of the A exciton can be tuned in situ. Furthermore, temperature-dependent photocurrent measurements confirmed the consistent absorbance of the A exciton under varying temperatures. This WS2/PMMA/Ag planar structure provides a straightforward and practical platform for investigating light interaction in TMDCs, laying a solid foundation for future developments of TMDC-based optoelectronic devices.
RESUMO
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is widely expressed in multiple tissues and has a vital role in several key human disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and tumorigenesis. However, the role of BChE in human disorders has not been investigated. Thus, to quantitatively detect and visualize dynamical variations in BChE activity is essential for exploring the biological roles of BChE in the progression of a number of human disorders. Herein, based on the substrate characteristics of BChE, we customized and synthesized three near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe substrates with cyanine-skeleton, and finally selected a NIR fluorescence probe substrate named CYBA. The CYBA demonstrated a significant increase in fluorescence when interacting with BChE, but mainly avoided AChE. Upon the addition of BChE, CYBA could be specifically hydrolyzed to TBO, resulting in a significant NIR fluorescence signal enhancement at 710 nm. Systematic evaluation revealed that CYBA exhibited exceptional chemical stability in complex biosamples and possessed remarkable selectivity and sensitivity towards BChE. Moreover, CYBA was successfully applied for real-time imaging of endogenous BChE activity in two types of nerve-related living cells. Additionally, CYBA demonstrated exceptional stability in the detection of complex biological samples in plasma recovery studies (97.51%-104.01%). Furthermore, CYBA was used to construct a high-throughput screening (HTS) method for BChE inhibitors using human plasma as the enzyme source. We evaluated inhibitory effects of a series of natural products and four flavonoids were identified as potent inhibitors of BChE. Collectively, CYBA can serve as a practical tool to track the changes of BChE activity in complicated biological environments due to its excellent capabilities.
RESUMO
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultrasensitive surface analysis technique that is widely used in chemical sensing, bioanalysis, and environmental monitoring. The design of the SERS substrates is crucial for obtaining high-quality SERS signals. Recently, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) have emerged as high-performance SERS substrates due to their superior stability, ease of fabrication, biocompatibility, controllable doping, and tunable bandgaps and excitons. In this review, a systematic overview of the latest advancements in 2D TMDs SERS substrates is provided. This review comprehensively summarizes the candidate 2D TMDs SERS materials, elucidates their working principles for SERS, explores the strategies to optimize their SERS performance, and highlights their practical applications. Particularly delved into are the material engineering strategies, including defect engineering, alloy engineering, thickness engineering, and heterojunction engineering. Additionally, the challenges and future prospects associated with the development of 2D TMDs SERS substrates are discussed, outlining potential directions that may lead to significant breakthroughs in practical applications.
RESUMO
Microwave ablation (MWA) is a key alternative therapy to conventional surgery for the treatment of lung cancer. In addition to eliminating local tumors, MWA may promote antitumor immunological responses, such as abscopal effects in distant lesions. However, the intensity of MWA is limited and the underlying mechanisms are not well-defined. The present study assessed the impact of MWA on immune cell subsets and cytokines in patients with lung cancer. A total of 45 patients with lung cancer who underwent percutaneous lung tumor MWA were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected before and 24 h after MWA and changes in immune cell subsets [lymphocytes, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells] and serum cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A and F, IL-22, TNF-α, TNF-ß and IFN-γ) were assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA. The number of total lymphocytes, CD4+ T and NK cells in the peripheral blood significantly decreased 24 h after MWA, while number of CD8+ T cells remained stable, leading to a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells. In addition, the serum levels of IL-2, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-22, TNF-α and IFN-γ were significantly increased 24 h after MWA, indicating a T helper 1 type immune response. The immune response in patients with advanced stage disease was comparable with patients in the early stage group; however, the number of total lymphocytes and CD3+ T cells significantly decreased and the ratio of CD4/CD8 and IL-2 levels significantly increased. The early immune response after MWA may contribute to systemic antitumor immunity in patients with both early and advanced disease. Thus, MWA may exhibit potential as a local therapy and trigger abscopal effects in distant lesions in patients with lung cancer.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to observe the expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in conjunctivochalasis (CCH) and to analyze the correlations between cytokines and the severity of CCH. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 22 patients with CCH and 18 normal controls (NCs). The Ocular Surface Disease Index, tear film break-up time, Schirmer I test, and corneal fluorescein staining were used to evaluate the ocular surface signs and symptoms. The concentrations of IL-17, IL-23, and ICAM-1 in serum and cellular supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the gene expression levels of cytokines were measured by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The relationships between serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-23, and ICAM-1 with clinical ocular surface parameters in CCH were analyzed using the Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: The concentrations of IL-17 and ICAM-1 in serum and cellular supernatants of CCH were significantly higher than those of NCs (all P < 0.001). The concentrations of IL-23 in serum and cellular supernatants of CCH showed no significant difference from those of NCs ( P > 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-17 and ICAM-1 in conjunctival fibroblasts of CCH were significantly higher than those of NCs (all P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of IL-23 in conjunctival fibroblasts of CCH was higher than that of NCs, without a significant difference ( P > 0.05). Furthermore, the serum concentrations of IL-17 and ICAM-1 were positively correlated with Ocular Surface Disease Index and fluorescein staining (all P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with break-up time and Schirmer I test of CCH (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression levels of IL-17 and ICAM-1 were significantly increased in CCH serum and associated with the disease severity. We postulate that IL-17 and ICAM-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of CCH. IL-17 and ICAM-1 antagonists may be a potential treatment option for CCH in the future.
Assuntos
Doenças da Túnica Conjuntiva , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Interleucina-17 , Doenças da Túnica Conjuntiva/patologia , Citocinas , Fluoresceína , Interleucina-23 , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
Multiple structural phases of tellurium (Te) have opened up various opportunities for the development of two-dimensional (2D) electronics and optoelectronics. However, the phase-engineered synthesis of 2D Te at the atomic level remains a substantial challenge. Herein, we design an atomic cluster density and interface-guided multiple control strategy for phase- and thickness-controlled synthesis of α-Te nanosheets and ß-Te nanoribbons (from monolayer to tens of µm) on WS2 substrates. As the thickness decreases, the α-Te nanosheets exhibit a transition from metallic to n-type semiconducting properties. On the other hand, the ß-Te nanoribbons remain p-type semiconductors with an ON-state current density (ION) up to ~ 1527 µA µm-1 and a mobility as high as ~ 690.7 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. Both Te phases exhibit good air stability after several months. Furthermore, short-channel (down to 46 nm) ß-Te nanoribbon transistors exhibit remarkable electrical properties (ION = ~ 1270 µA µm-1 and ON-state resistance down to 0.63 kΩ µm) at Vds = 1 V.
RESUMO
With outstanding advantages of chemical synthesis, structural diversity, and mechanical flexibility, molecular ferroelectrics have attracted increasing attention, demonstrating themselves as promising candidates for next-generation wearable electronics and flexible devices in the film form. However, it remains a challenge to grow high-quality thin films of molecular ferroelectrics. To address the above issue, a volume-confined method is utilized to achieve ultrasmooth single-crystal molecular ferroelectric thin films at the sub-centimeter scale, with the thickness controlled in the range of 100-1000 nm. More importantly, the preparation method is applicable to most molecular ferroelectrics and has no dependency on substrates, showing excellent reproducibility and universality. To demonstrate the application potential, two-dimensional (2D) transitional metal dichalcogenide semiconductor/molecular ferroelectric heterostructures are prepared and investigated by optical spectroscopic method, proving the possibility of integrating molecular ferroelectrics with 2D layered materials. These results may unlock the potential for preparing and developing high-performance devices based on molecular ferroelectric thin films.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, airway hyper-reactivity. Sanzi Yangqin Decoction (SZYQD) is widely prescribed for asthma treatment. Its anti-asthma activities have been reported in animal model, but the exact mechanism and targets of SZYQD in asthma treatment have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: A network pharmacological approach was used to predict the active components, targets, and signalling pathways of SZYQD in asthma, including potential target prediction, proteinâprotein interaction (PPI) network construction and analysis, and Gene Ont (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. The active ingredients were identified from the SZYQD, and were molecular docked according to the results of network pharmacology. A mouse model of asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was constructed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SZYQD. Furthermore, the effects of SZYQD and its active ingredients were tested in vitro for regulating inflammation and MUC5AC expression (two main pathophysiologic abnormalities of asthma) in macrophages and airway epithelial cells by using Real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS: A total of 28 active ingredients and 111 HUB genes were screened in the relevant databases, including three key ingredients (luteolin, ß-carotene, and Sinapine) and nine core target genes (JUN, CTNNB1, IL10, TP53, AKT1, STAT3, TNF, IL6 and EGFR). KEGG and GO analysis indicated that the potential anti-asthmatic mechanisms of SZYQD were related to PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and response to lipopolysaccharide, etc. In the in vivo asthmatic model, our findings demonstrated that SZYQD exerted a protective effect against asthmatic mice induced by OVA and LPS through the inhibition of inflammation and mucus overproduction. Consistently, cell experiments showed that the SZYQD extract or the key active ingredients luteolin significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 expression and activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages. In addition, SZYQD extract or luteolin inhibited activation of the AKT pathway and expression of MUC5AC induced by EGF in airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: The anti-asthmatic mechanism of SZYQD might be associated with inhibiting inflammation and airway mucus hypersecretion by regulating the NF-κB and AKT signalling pathways as predicted by network pharmacology, which provides more evidence for the application of SZYQD in asthma treatment.
Assuntos
Antiasmáticos , Asma , Animais , Camundongos , Lipopolissacarídeos , NF-kappa B , Luteolina , Farmacologia em Rede , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Antiasmáticos/farmacologia , InflamaçãoRESUMO
Monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a highly promising material for silicon photonics. Thus, the WS2/Si interface plays a very important role due to the interfacial complex effects and abundant states. Among them, the effect of charge transfer on exciton dynamics and the optoelectronic property is determined by the dielectric function, which is very crucial for the performance of optoelectronic devices. However, research on the exciton dynamics or the transient dielectric function of WS2 in such WS2/Si junctions is still rare. In this work, both the transient dielectric function and charge transfer of WS2/Si heterojunctions are analyzed based on the transient reflectance spectra measured by the pump-probe spectrometer. The dynamic processes of the A exciton, affected by charge transfer within the WS2/Si heterojunction, are interpreted. Moreover, the transient dielectric function of WS2 is quantitatively analyzed. The dielectric function of WS2 exhibits a notable 19% change, persisting for more than 180 ps within the WS2/Si heterojunction. These findings can pave the way for the advancement of silicon photonic devices based on WS2.
RESUMO
Introduction: Qi-Xian Decoction (QXD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula consisting of eight herbs, has been clinically used to treat asthma. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. This study aimed to combine metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal the mechanism of action of QXD in asthma treatment. Methods: An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model was constructed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of QXD. Serum metabolomics and network pharmacology were combined to study the mechanism of anti-asthma action as well as the potential target, and related biological functions were validated. Results: The QXD treatment has demonstrated significant protective effects in OVA-induced asthmatic mice, as evidenced by its ability to inhibit inflammation, IgE, mucus overproduction, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Metabolomic analysis has revealed a total of 140 differential metabolites associated with QXD treatment. In addition, network pharmacology has identified 126 genes that are linked to the effects of QXD, including TNF, IL-6, IL1ß, STAT3, MMP9, EGFR, JUN, CCL2, TLR4, MAPK3 and MAPK8. Through comprehensive gene-metabolite interaction network analysis, seven key metabolites have been identified and associated with the potential anti-asthmatic effect of QXD, with palmitic acid (PA) being the most notable among them. In vitro validation studies have confirmed the gene-metabolite interaction involving PA, IL-6, and MAPK8. Furthermore, our research has demonstrated that QXD treatment can effectively inhibit PA-promoted IL-6 expression in MH-S cells and reduce PA concentration in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. Conclusion: The regulation of metabolic pathways by QXD was found to be associated with its anti-asthmatic action, which provides insight into the mechanism of QXD in treating asthma.
RESUMO
Combining MoS2 with mature silicon technology is an effective method for preparing high-performance photodetectors. However, the previously studied MoS2/silicon-based heterojunction photodetectors cannot simultaneously demonstrate high responsivity, a fast response time, and broad spectral detection. We constructed a broad spectral n-type MoS2/p-type silicon-based heterojunction photodetector. The SiO2 dielectric layer on the silicon substrate was pretreated with soft plasma to change its thickness and surface state. The pretreated SiO2 dielectric layer and the silicon substrate constitute a multilayer heterostructure with a high carrier concentration and responsiveness. Taking silicon-based and n-type MoS2 heterojunction photodetectors as examples, its responsivity can reach 4.05 × 104 A W1- at 637 nm wavelength with a power density of 2 µW mm-2, and the detectable spectral range is measured from 447 to 1600 nm. This pretreated substrate was proven applicable to other n-type TMDCs, such as MoTe2, ReS2, etc., with certain versatility.
RESUMO
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with direct bandgaps are considered promising candidates for building light-emitting diodes (LEDs). One crucial indicator of their performance is the brightness of electroluminescence (EL). In this study, we fabricate WS2-based LEDs that make full use of the assistance of effective transient-mode charge injection. By introducing self-assembled silver nanoparticles (NPs) on top of the LED, the extraction efficiency is significantly improved, with a 2.9-fold EL enhancement observed in the experiment. Full-wave simulations further confirm that the improvement comes from the scattering capability of silver NPs, with results qualitatively fitting the experiment. This approach, with its compatibility with van der Waals heterostructures, can be further promoted to enhance the brightness of 2D monolayer TMDC-based LEDs.
RESUMO
The chemical mechanism (CM) of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been recognized as a decent approach to mildly amplify Raman scattering. However, the insufficient charge transfer (CT) between the SERS substrate and molecules always results in unsatisfying Raman enhancement, exerting a substantial restriction for CM-based SERS. In principle, CT is dominated by the coupling between the energy levels of a semiconductor-molecule system and the laser wavelength, whereas precise tuning of the energy levels is intrinsically difficult. Herein, two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide alloys, whose energy levels can be precisely and continuously tuned over a wide range by simply adjusting their compositions, are investigated. The alloys enable on-demand construction of the CT resonance channels to cater to the requirements of a specific target molecule in SERS. The SERS signals are highly reproducible, and a clear view of the SERS dependences on the energy levels is revealed for different CT resonance terms.
RESUMO
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a common air pollutant that has been reported to cause oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Wogonin, a flavonoid compound extracted from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, has been found to possess a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of wogonin to alleviate the cytotoxicity induced by BaP in human airway epithelial cells and explore the corresponding mechanism. Our study found that wogonin treatment inhibited DNA damage and reactive oxygen species overproduction induced by BaP in human airway epithelial cells. In vitro enzyme assays showed that wogonin significantly inhibited the enzymatic activity of CYP1A1. In addition, wogonin decreased the basal level of CYP1A1 and inhibited the CYP1A1 overexpression induced by BaP, whereas overexpression of CYP1A1 partially reversed the effect of wogonin on BaP-induced DNA damage. Meanwhile, a CYP1A1 inhibitor and CYP1A1 knockdown also showed these same effects. Further studies showed that wogonin regulates CYP1A1 expression by inhibiting CDK7 and CDK9 activity. The use of CDK7 or CDK9 inhibitors decreased BaP-induced cytotoxicity and CYP1A1 expression. Finally, we found that the methoxy group of wogonin was crucial for its inhibitory activity. In conclusion, our data indicated that wogonin could effectively relieve BaP induced cytotoxicity, and its mechanism was related to the dual inhibition of CYP1A1 activity and expression.
RESUMO
Colorectal adenoma (CRA) is a premalignant lesion of colorectal cancer. The current treatment is surgical resection, but CRA is prone to recurrence, and there is no safe and effective drug to prevent adenoma recurrence and canceration. Recent studies have shown that natural compounds in plants have favorable antitumor effects. According to preclinical studies, natural polyphenols can regulate different signal pathways and targets to play a role in the treatment of CRA, which is closely related to its inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress, and regulation of intestinal flora. Natural polyphenols are potential candidates for CRA therapy due to their remarkable efficacy and safety. In the present review, attention was paid to the experimental research progress of natural polyphenols extracted from numerous plants in the treatment of CRA in the last 10 years. The present review provided new guidance for the study of CRA, clarified the therapeutic role of polyphenols in CRA, and evaluated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the therapeutic potential of natural polyphenols to treat CRA by targeting multiple genes and signal pathways and epigenetic modification.
Assuntos
Adenoma , Neoplasias Colorretais , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/uso terapêutico , Adenoma/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , InflamaçãoRESUMO
Polarization-sensitive narrowband photodetection at near-infrared (NIR) has attracted significant interest in optical communication, environmental monitoring, and intelligent recognition system. However, the current narrowband spectroscopy heavily relies on the extra filter or bulk spectrometer, which deviates from the miniaturization of on-chip integration. Recently, topological phenomena, such as the optical Tamm state (OTS), provided a new solution for developing functional photodetection, and we experimentally realized the device based on 2D material (graphene) for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Here, we demonstrate polarization-sensitive narrowband infrared photodetection in OTS coupled graphene devices, which are designed with the aid of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The devices show narrowband response at NIR wavelengths empowered by the tunable Tamm state. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the response peak reaches â¼100â nm, and it can potentially be improved to ultra-narrow of about 10â nm by increasing the periods of dielectric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). The responsivity and response time of the device reaches 187â mA/W and â¼290 µs at 1550â nm, respectively. Furthermore, the prominent anisotropic features and high dichroic ratios of â¼4.6 at 1300â nm and â¼2.5 at 1500â nm are achieved by integrating gold metasurfaces.
RESUMO
Hot-carrier devices are promising alternatives for enabling path breaking photoelectric conversion. However, existing hot-carrier devices suffer from low efficiencies, particularly in the infrared region, and ambiguous physical mechanisms. In this work, the competitive interfacial transfer mechanisms of detrapped holes and hot electrons in hot-carrier devices are discovered. Through photocurrent polarity research and optical-pump-THz-probe (OPTP) spectroscopy, it is verified that detrapped hole transfer (DHT) and hot-electron transfer (HET) dominate the low- and high-density excitation responses, respectively. The photocurrent ratio assigned to DHT and HET increases from 6.6% to over 1133.3% as the illumination intensity decreases. DHT induces severe degeneration of the external quantum efficiency (EQE), especially at low illumination intensities. The EQE of a hot-electron device can theoretically increase by over two orders of magnitude at 10 mW cm-2 through DHT elimination. The OPTP results show that competitive transfer arises from the carrier oscillation type and carrier-density-related Coulomb screening. The screening intensity determines the excitation weight and hot-electron cooling scenes and thereby the transfer dynamics.