RESUMO
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays crucial roles in cellular processes including plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we report that a pair of E3 ubiquitin ligases, AvrPiz-t-interaction protein 6 (APIP6) and IPA1-interaction protein 1 (IPI1), intricately target early flowering3 (ELF3) paralogous proteins to control rice immunity and flowering. APIP6 forms homo-oligomers or hetero-oligomers with IPI1. Both proteins interact with OsELF3-2, promoting its degradation to positively control resistance against the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae). Intriguingly, overexpression of IPI1 in Nipponbare caused significantly late-flowering phenotypes similar to the oself3-1 mutant. Except for late flowering, oself3-1 enhances resistance against M. oryzae. IPI1 also interacts with and promotes the degradation of OsELF3-1, a paralog of OsELF3-2. Notably, IPI1 and APIP6 synergistically modulate OsELF3s degradation, finely tuning blast disease resistance by targeting OsELF3-2, while IPI1 controls both disease resistance and flowering by targeting OsELF3-1. This study unravels multiple functions for a pair of E3 ligases in rice.
RESUMO
F-box protein is a subunit of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which plays a critical role in regulating different pathways in plant immunity. In this study, we identified the rice (Oryza sativa) F-box protein OsFBX156, which targets the heat shock protein 70 (OsHSP71.1) to regulate resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Overexpression of OsFBX156 or knockout of OsHSP71.1 in rice resulted in the elevation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and an induction burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after flg22 and chitin treatments, thereby enhancing resistance to M. oryzae. Furthermore, OsFBX156 can promote the degradation of OsHSP71.1 through the 26S proteasome pathway. This study sheds lights on a novel mechanism wherein the F-box protein OsFBX156 targets OsHSP71.1 for degradation to promote ROS production and PR gene expression, thereby positively regulating rice innate immunity.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Proteínas F-Box , Oryza , Doenças das Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Ubiquitinação , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Proteínas F-Box/metabolismo , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Proteólise , Imunidade Vegetal/genética , Ascomicetos/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Plants typically activate distinct defense pathways against various pathogens. Heightened resistance to one pathogen often coincides with increased susceptibility to another pathogen. However, the underlying molecular basis of this antagonistic response remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that mutants defective in the transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 (OsEIL2) exhibited enhanced resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, but enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, necrotroph-induced OsEIL2 binds to the promoter of OsWRKY67 with high affinity, leading to the upregulation of salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathway genes and increased SA/JA levels, ultimately resulting in enhanced resistance. However, biotroph- and hemibiotroph-induced OsEIL2 targets OsERF083, resulting in the inhibition of SA/JA pathway genes and decreased SA/JA levels, ultimately leading to reduced resistance. Our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized defense mechanism wherein two distinct transcriptional regulatory modules differentially mediate immunity against pathogens with different lifestyles through the transcriptional reprogramming of phytohormone pathway genes.
Assuntos
Ciclopentanos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Oryza , Oxilipinas , Doenças das Plantas , Imunidade Vegetal , Proteínas de Plantas , Rhizoctonia , Ácido Salicílico , Xanthomonas , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/genética , Oryza/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Xanthomonas/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Rhizoctonia/fisiologia , Imunidade Vegetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Broad-spectrum disease resistance (BSR) is crucial for controlling plant diseases and relies on immune signals that are subject to transcriptional and post-translational regulation. How plants integrate and coordinate these signals remains unclear. We show here that the rice really interesting new gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase OsRING113 targets APIP5, a negative regulator of plant immunity and programmed cell death (PCD), for 26S proteasomal degradation. The osring113 mutants in Nipponbare exhibited decreased BSR, while the overexpressing OsRING113 plants showed enhanced BSR against Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Furthermore, APIP5 directly suppressed the transcription of the Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor genes OsBBTI5 and AvrPiz-t-interacting protein 4 (APIP4). Overexpression of these two genes, which are partially required for APIP5-mediated PCD and disease resistance, conferred BSR. OsBBTI5 and APIP4 associated with and stabilized the pathogenesis-related protein OsPR1aL, which promotes M. oryzae resistance. Our results identify an immune module with integrated and coordinated hierarchical regulations that confer BSR in plants.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Oryza , Doenças das Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Inibidores da Tripsina , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Xanthomonas , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Xanthomonas/patogenicidade , Inibidores da Tripsina/metabolismo , Inibidores da Tripsina/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Imunidade Vegetal , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , MagnaportheRESUMO
Although the antagonistic effects of host resistance against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens have been documented in various plants, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigated the antagonistic resistance mediated by the transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 3 (OsEIL3) in rice. The Oseil3 mutant confers enhanced resistance to the necrotroph Rhizoctonia solani but greater susceptibility to the hemibiotroph Magnaporthe oryzae and biotroph Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. OsEIL3 directly activates OsERF040 transcription while repressing OsWRKY28 transcription. The infection of R. solani and M. oryzae or Xoo influences the extent of binding of OsEIL3 to OsWRKY28 and OsERF040 promoters, resulting in the repression or activation of both salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent pathways and enhanced susceptibility or resistance, respectively. These results demonstrate that the distinct effects of plant immunity to different pathogen types are determined by two transcription factor modules that control transcriptional reprogramming and the SA and JA pathways.
Assuntos
Ciclopentanos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Oryza , Oxilipinas , Doenças das Plantas , Imunidade Vegetal , Proteínas de Plantas , Ácido Salicílico , Xanthomonas , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/genética , Oryza/imunologia , Oryza/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Xanthomonas/patogenicidade , Imunidade Vegetal/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Rhizoctonia , Transdução de Sinais , Resistência à Doença/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Magnaporthe , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Cultivating rice varieties with robust blast resistance is the most effective and economical way to manage the rice blast disease. However, rice blast disease comprises leaf and panicle blast, which are different in terms of resistance mechanisms. While many blast resistant rice cultivars were bred using genes conferring resistance to only leaf or panicle blast, mining durable and effective quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for both panicle and leaf blast resistance is of paramount importance. In this study, we conducted a pangenome-wide association study (panGWAS) on 9 blast resistance related phenotypes using 414 international diverse rice accessions from an international rice panel. This approach led to the identification of 74 QTLs associated with rice blast resistance. One notable locus, qPBR1, validated in a F4:5 population and fine-mapped in a Heterogeneous Inbred Family (HIF), exhibited broad-spectrum, major and durable blast resistance throughout the growth period. Furthermore, we performed transcriptomic analysis of 3 resistant and 3 sensitive accessions at different time points after infection, revealing 3,311 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) potentially involved in blast resistance. Integration of the above results identified 6 candidate genes within the qPBR1 locus, with no significant negative effect on yield. The results of this study provide valuable germplasm resources, QTLs, blast response genes and candidate functional genes for developing rice varieties with enduring and broad-spectrum blast resistance. The qPBR1, in particular, holds significant potential for breeding new rice varieties with comprehensive and durable resistance throughout their growth period.
RESUMO
The flower-infecting fungus Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, which is a severe emerging disease threatening rice (Oryza sativa) production worldwide. False smut not only reduces yield, but more importantly produces toxins on grains, posing a great threat to food safety. U. virens invades spikelets via the gap between the 2 bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing the floret and specifically infects the stamen and pistil. Molecular mechanisms for the U. virens-rice interaction are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rice flowers predominantly employ chitin-triggered immunity against U. virens in the lemma and palea, rather than in the stamen and pistil. We identify a crucial U. virens virulence factor, named UvGH18.1, which carries glycoside hydrolase activity. Mechanistically, UvGH18.1 functions by binding to and hydrolyzing immune elicitor chitin and interacting with the chitin receptor CHITIN ELICITOR BINDING PROTEIN (OsCEBiP) and co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (OsCERK1) to impair their chitin-induced dimerization, suppressing host immunity exerted at the lemma and palea for gaining access to the stamen and pistil. Conversely, pretreatment on spikelets with chitin induces a defense response in the lemma and palea, promoting resistance against U. virens. Collectively, our data uncover a mechanism for a U. virens virulence factor and the critical location of the host-pathogen interaction in flowers and provide a potential strategy to control rice false smut disease.
Assuntos
Quitina , Flores , Hypocreales , Oryza , Doenças das Plantas , Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Quitina/metabolismo , Flores/microbiologia , Hypocreales/patogenicidade , Hypocreales/genética , Hypocreales/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genéticaRESUMO
Plants have evolved a multi-layered immune system to fight off pathogens. However, immune activation is costly and is often associated with growth and development penalty. In crops, yield is the main breeding target and is usually affected by high disease resistance. Therefore, proper balance between growth and defence is critical for achieving efficient crop improvement. This review highlights recent advances in attempts designed to alleviate the trade-offs between growth and disease resistance in crops mediated by resistance (R) genes, susceptibility (S) genes and pleiotropic genes. We also provide an update on strategies for optimizing the growth-defence trade-offs to breed future crops with desirable disease resistance and high yield.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Melhoramento Vegetal , Resistência à Doença/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/genéticaRESUMO
Plant immunity is fine-tuned to balance growth and defense. However, little is yet known about molecular mechanisms underlying immune homeostasis in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, we reveal that a rice calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), OsCPK17, interacts with and stabilizes the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) OsRLCK176, a close homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (AtBIK1). Oxidative burst and pathogenesis-related gene expression triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns are significantly attenuated in the oscpk17 mutant. The oscpk17 mutant and OsCPK17-silenced lines are more susceptible to bacterial diseases than the wild-type plants, indicating that OsCPK17 positively regulates rice immunity. Furthermore, the plant U-box (PUB) protein OsPUB12 ubiquitinates and degrades OsRLCK176. OsCPK17 phosphorylates OsRLCK176 at Ser83, which prevents the ubiquitination of OsRLCK176 by OsPUB12 and thereby enhances the stability and immune function of OsRLCK176. The phenotypes of the ospub12 mutant in defense responses and disease resistance show that OsPUB12 negatively regulates rice immunity. Therefore, OsCPK17 and OsPUB12 reciprocally maintain OsRLCK176 homeostasis and function as positive and negative immune regulators, respectively. This study uncovers positive cross talk between CDPK- and RLCK-mediated immune signaling in plants and reveals that OsCPK17, OsPUB12, and OsRLCK176 maintain rice immune homeostasis.
Assuntos
Oryza , Oryza/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença , Imunidade Vegetal/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Homeostase , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de PlantasRESUMO
The strategy to expand the recognition spectrum of plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins by modifying their recognition sequences is generally limited and often unsuccessful. Kourelis et al. introduced a groundbreaking approach for generating a customized immune receptor, called Pikobody. This method involves integrating a nanobody domain of a fluorescent protein (FP) into a plant NLR. Their research demonstrates that the resulting Pikobody successfully initiates an immune response against diverse pathogens when exposed to the corresponding FP.
RESUMO
The receptor protein PEX5, an important component of peroxisomes, regulates growth, development, and immunity in yeast and mammals. PEX5 also influences growth and development in plants, but whether it participates in plant immunity has remained unclear. Here, we report that knockdown of OsPEX5 enhances resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We demonstrate that OsPEX5 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase APIP6, a positive regulator of plant immunity. APIP6 ubiquitinates OsPEX5 in vitro and promotes its degradation in vivo via the 26S proteasome pathway. In addition, OsPEX5 interacts with the aldehyde dehydrogenase OsALDH2B1, which functions in growth-defense trade-offs in rice. OsPEX5 stabilizes OsALDH2B1 to enhance its repression of the defense-related gene OsAOS2. Our study thus uncovers a previously unrecognized hierarchical regulatory mechanism in which an E3 ubiquitin ligase targets a peroxisome receptor protein that negatively regulates immunity in rice by stabilizing an aldehyde dehydrogenase that suppresses defense gene expression.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Magnaporthe , Magnaporthe/metabolismo , Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Aldeído Desidrogenase/genética , Aldeído Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas , Resistência à Doença , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de PlantasRESUMO
Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most important diseases of rice. Utilization of blast-resistance genes is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly way to control the disease. However, genetic resources with broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) that is effective throughout the rice growth period are rare. In this work, using a genome-wide association study, we identify a new blast-resistance gene, Pijx, which encodes a typical CC-NBS-LRR protein. Pijx is derived from a wild rice species and confers BSR to M. oryzae at both the seedling and panicle stages. The functions of the resistant haplotypes of Pijx are confirmed by gene knockout and overexpression experiments. Mechanistically, the LRR domain in Pijx interacts with and promotes the degradation of the ATP synthase ß subunit (ATPb) via the 26S proteasome pathway. ATPb acts as a negative regulator of Pijx-mediated panicle blast resistance, and interacts with OsRbohC to promote its degradation. Consistently, loss of ATPb function causes an increase in NAPDH content and ROS burst. Remarkably, when Pijx is introgressed into two japonica rice varieties, the introgression lines show BSR and increased yields that are approximately 51.59% and 79.31% higher compared with those of their parents in a natural blast disease nursery. In addition, we generate PPLPijx Pigm and PPLPijx Piz-t pyramided lines and these lines also have higher BSR to panicle blast compared with Pigm- or Piz-t-containing rice plants. Collectively, this study demonstrates that Pijx not only confers BSR to M. oryzae but also maintains high and stable rice yield, providing new genetic resources and molecular targets for breeding rice varieties with broad-spectrum blast resistance.
Assuntos
Magnaporthe , Oryza , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Plântula/genética , Plântula/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Melhoramento Vegetal , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Magnaporthe/genéticaRESUMO
Rice is a staple crop for over half of the global population. However, blast disease caused by Magnaporthe orzae can result in more than a 30% loss in rice yield in epidemic years. Although some major resistance genes bolstering blast resistance have been identified in rice, their stacking in elite cultivars usually leads to yield penalties. Here we report that OsUBC45, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme functioning in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation system, promotes broad-spectrum disease resistance and yield in rice. OsUBC45 is induced upon infection by M. oryzae, and its overexpression enhances resistance to blast disease and bacterial leaf blight by elevating pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) while nullifying the gene-attenuated PTI. The OsUBC45 overexpression also increases grain yield by over 10%. Further, OsUBC45 enhances the degradation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 OsGSK3 and aquaporin OsPIP2;1, which negatively regulate the grain size and PTI, respectively. The OsUBC45 reported in our study has the potential for improving yield and disease resistance for sustainable rice production.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Oryza , Resistência à Doença/genética , Oryza/genética , Enzimas de Conjugação de Ubiquitina/genética , Degradação Associada com o Retículo Endoplasmático , Doenças das Plantas/genéticaRESUMO
Lesion mimic mutations (LMMs) often confer broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) in plants, but with significant yield penalties. Sha et al. recently demonstrated that genome editing of the rice BSR gene RESISTANCE TO BLAST1 (RBL1), encoding a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) synthase involved in phospholipid biosynthesis, confers multipathogen resistance without an obvious trade-off in yield.
Assuntos
Diacilglicerol Colinofosfotransferase , Oryza , Diacilglicerol Colinofosfotransferase/genética , Oryza/genética , Cistina Difosfato , Diglicerídeos , Mutação/genéticaRESUMO
Traditional rice blast resistance breeding largely depends on utilizing typical resistance (R) genes. However, the lack of durable R genes has prompted rice breeders to find new resistance resources. Susceptibility (S) genes are potential new targets for resistance genetic engineering using genome-editing technologies, but identifying them is still challenging. Here, through the integration of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptional analysis, we identified two genes, RNG1 and RNG3, whose polymorphisms in 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) affected their expression variations. These polymorphisms could serve as molecular markers to identify rice blast-resistant accessions. Editing the 3'-UTRs using CRISPR/Cas9 technology affected the expression levels of two genes, which were positively associated with rice blast susceptibility. Knocking out either RNG1 or RNG3 in rice enhanced the rice blast and bacterial blight resistance, without impacting critical agronomic traits. RNG1 and RNG3 have two major genotypes in diverse rice germplasms. The frequency of the resistance genotype of these two genes significantly increased from landrace rice to modern cultivars. The obvious selective sweep flanking RNG3 suggested it has been artificially selected in modern rice breeding. These results provide new targets for S gene identification and open avenues for developing novel rice blast-resistant materials.
Assuntos
Genes de Plantas , Oryza , Oryza/genética , Oryza/microbiologia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Edição de Genes , Resistência à Doença/genética , Melhoramento VegetalRESUMO
Crops with broad-spectrum resistance loci are highly desirable in agricultural production because these loci often confer resistance to most races of a pathogen or multiple pathogen species. Here we discover a natural allele of proteasome maturation factor in rice, UMP1R2115, that confers broad-spectrum resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Ustilaginoidea virens and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mechanistically, this allele increases proteasome abundance and activity to promote the degradation of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes including peroxidase and catalase upon pathogen infection, leading to elevation of H2O2 accumulation for defence. In contrast, inhibition of proteasome function or overexpression of peroxidase/catalase-encoding genes compromises UMP1R2115-mediated resistance. More importantly, introduction of UMP1R2115 into a disease-susceptible rice variety does not penalize grain yield while promoting disease resistance. Our work thus uncovers a broad-spectrum resistance pathway integrating de-repression of plant immunity and provides a valuable genetic resource for breeding high-yield rice with multi-disease resistance.
Assuntos
Magnaporthe , Oryza , Resistência à Doença/genética , Oryza/genética , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Catalase/genética , Catalase/metabolismo , Alelos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Magnaporthe/metabolismo , Melhoramento Vegetal , Doenças das Plantas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de PlantasRESUMO
Plant metabolites are critical components of immune signaling pathways; however, how these small molecules contribute to plant immunity remains largely elusive. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the rice nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR)-interacting proteins regulate the biosynthesis of ethylene, hydroxycinnamoylputrescines and diterpenoid phytoalexins to modulate plant immunity.
Assuntos
Oryza , Oryza/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Imunidade Vegetal , Transdução de Sinais , Doenças das PlantasRESUMO
Rice blast and bacterial blight, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), respectively, are devastating diseases affecting rice. Here, we report that a rice valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing protein, OsVQ25, balances broad-spectrum disease resistance and plant growth by interacting with a U-Box E3 ligase, OsPUB73, and a transcription factor, OsWRKY53. We show that OsPUB73 positively regulates rice resistance against M. oryzae and Xoo by interacting with and promoting OsVQ25 degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. Knockout mutants of OsVQ25 exhibit enhanced resistance to both pathogens without a growth penalty. Furthermore, OsVQ25 interacts with and suppresses the transcriptional activity of OsWRKY53, a positive regulator of plant immunity. OsWRKY53 downstream defense-related genes and brassinosteroid signaling genes are upregulated in osvq25 mutants. Our findings reveal a ubiquitin E3 ligase-VQ protein-transcription factor module that fine-tunes plant immunity and growth at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels.