Influence of two paraffin wax chewing gums with different con-sistencies on the stimulated salivary flow rate.

This study investigated and compared the consistency and compressive strength of two commercially available paraffin wax chewing gums (Aurosan (AU) and GC Europe (GC)), as well as their impact on stimulated salivary flow rate. Instrumental texture analysis was uti-lized to assess the consistency and compressive strength of AU and GC during a 7-min chewing period. Subsequently, stimulated salivary flow rate (sSFR) was evaluated in healthy subjects using AU and GC over a 7-minute period. The compressive strengths from the pre-liminary test were compared over time with the sialometry data. Eighty-one test subjects, comprising 33 men and 48 women, participated. Over the 7-min measurement period, dif-ferences were observed in the total amount of saliva accumulated per minute. Direct com-parison of AU and GC revealed that regardless of age and gender, the amount of saliva formed after 1 min was 0.63 times less with AU than with GC (95% CI: 0.56 - 0.70; P < 0.001). The accumulated saliva volume with AU was also significantly lower than that with GC in the first 4 min (P = 0.016). However, from minute 5 onwards, the two products no longer showed statistical differences in the total amount of saliva. Comparison of the com-pressive strength of AU and GC showed that the values after 1 and 2 min were significantly higher for AU than for GC (P < 0.05); for all other time points, the compressive strength was higher for GC. In the mixed-effects model after log-transformation of compressive strength and saliva volume, GC exhibited decreasing saliva volumes with increasing compressive strength (P <0.001). Conversely, the opposite was observed for AU (P = 0.019). The study suggests that the consistency or compressive strength of paraffin wax chewing gums from different manufacturers could impact sSFR.

A retrospective analysis of patients suffering from halitosis over a 17-year period.

Halitosis is a socially avoided topic with an increasing worldwide prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the different forms of halitosis and factors such as: gender, smoking, stress, and oral hygiene. We analysed data from patients registered at the Center of Salivary Diagnostics, Hyposalivation and Halitosis at the University Center for Dental Medicine Basel over a 17-year period, using both subjective and objective approaches to determine the presence of halitosis. The data was statistically analysed using chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Although halitosis is of multifactorial origin, an oral cause was found in 3 out of 4 patients. Men showed higher values of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) (p = 0.002) indicative of halitosis than women, while women displayed better oral hygiene (p < 0.001), yet were twice as likely to suffer from halitophobia than males. Patients with higher tongue coating scores (p < 0.001) and periodontitis (p < 0.001) had higher levels of VSC, contributing to bad breath, whereas patients with symptoms such as stress (p = 0.81) or smoking (p = 0.28) did not reveal significantly altered measurements. This study sheds light on the complex and multifactorial nature of halitosis over a long period of time. It further underlines the importance of individualized treatment strategies, given halitosis' multifactorial nature, in order to contribute to the patients' treatment needs.

The effects of various types of lozenges on halitosis: A crossover clinical trial.

The aim of this crossover clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of three different types of lozenges on halitosis based on their composition and surface roughness. This crossover clinical trial comprised 35 healthy subjects who were tested after the induction of halitosis via the intake of chips and soft cheese. The breath was analyzed using the organoleptic and instrumental measurement techniques. The effects of three different types of lozenges were tested: apple-flavored (CA, control); apple-flavored with zinc (AZ, <0.2%); and apple-flavored with zinc and a rough surface (AZR, <0.2%). The instrumental and organoleptic measurements were repeated four times with a time interval of 120 s between measurements after the first measurement (baseline). Subsequently, the subjects were asked to describe their experience with the tested type of candy using a questionnaire. Statistically significant reductions in the grade of halitosis were observed after using the three different types of lozenges at the various time-points compared to the baseline value (p < 0.001). Additionally, significant correlations were observed between the instrumental and organoleptic measurements for all the lozenges (p < 0.001). Neither AZ nor AZR showed a significant difference compared to CA with regard to the reduction of the instrumental readings. Furthermore, the subjective feeling of having a fresh breath was not related to the values obtained using the instrumental technique. These findings indicate that lozenges can significantly reduce artificially induced halitosis, regardless of the type used. Nonetheless, additional studies using a larger sample size are required to validate these findings.

Halitosis.

Halitosis is a widespread condition presenting several social and psychological implications, leading to a reduction in the quality of life of an individual. Halitosis, per definition, defines an unpleasant smell of the exhaled air, independent of its etiology. It can have a long-term prevalence or be transient, making it difficult to establish this symptom's epidemiology. Oral malodor can be attributed to a high local concentration of intraoral microbial populations, particularly those of the tongue's biofilm, as well as the biofilms associated with teeth and periodontal tissue. Frequently, the treatment options rely on improving oral health via tongue cleaning, detecting periodontal diseases, insufficient dental restorations, alternating diets, and/or alleviating local factors. Different methods targeting specific bacteria species have been designed to improve this condition. The aim here is to underline the correlation between oral biofilms and halitosis, describing prime bacteria species influencing oral malodor and addressing new concepts to ameliorate this condition.

The Efficiency and Acceptance of a Suction Tongue-Cleaning Device in Adults

Halitosis is often caused by a change in the oral biofilm, primarily located on the surface of the tongue. A suction tongue cleaner enables professional cleaning of the tongue. The aim of this study was to investigate the acceptance and efficiency of a suction tongue-cleaning device in adults in comparison to a conventional manual tongue cleaner in an office (professional) setting. Both were tested simultaneously on 100 individuals with a split-mouth (i. e. half-tongue) design, between the ages of 19 to 31, at the University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB. To evaluate the efficiency of the cleaning, photos were taken before and after the cleaning and later assessed by using a modified coating tongue index by Winkel (WTCI). Both cleaning devices significantly reduced the coating on the tongue (p < 0.001). In 58 cases, the side cleaned with the suction tongue cleaner resulted to be cleaner in comparison to the side which was cleaned manually. There were no significant differences in acceptance on a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-10 cm) between the devices (p = 0.259). However, 53 subjects favored the manual method in comparison to 36 who favored the suction device. The remaining 11 did not convey any preference for either. Both devices triggered an equally frequent gag stimulus. With 95%, the majority of the patients who had this treatment would undergo it a second time. In conclusion, both cleaning devices resulted in a significant reduction of tongue coating, and the usage in general can be highly recommended. While it does not matter which one is used, the suction tongue-cleaning device offers a good alternative to manual tongue-cleaning devices in dental clinics and can be considered a viable adjunct for in-office use.

Removal of composite-bonded trauma splints using the Fluorescence-aided Identification Technique (FIT).

Accident-related dental dislocations must be considered as part of an emergency treatment. The use of tooth-colored fixation composites makes the splint seem less noticeable in everyday life. However, this makes it more difficult to remove without damaging the tooth's enamel surface. In order to better visualize the transition between composite and the tooth , the fluorescent properties of some composites can be advantageous. This article will explain the individual steps of a rapid and minimally invasive splint removal, using the so-called Fluorescence- aided Identification Technique.

[Liver diseases in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis]. / Enfermedades hepáticas en artritis reumatoidea y psoriásica.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and features of liver diseases (LD) in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 2007 to January 2010, 118 non-selected patients were consecutively examined. The assessment consisted of a medical record, biochemical studies and abdominal ultrasounds. The diagnosis of fatty liver disease was based on the ultrasound drug induced liver injury (DILI) was evaluated by the Maria-Victorino system criteria. Liver biopsy associated with chronic administration of methotrexate was performed using the histological classification of Kleiner et al. For the statistical analysis chi square test with Yates correction, Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test were applied when appropriate. In the multivariate analysis a binary logistic regression was used. The threshold of significance was P < 0.05. RESULTS: LD was diagnosed in 47 patients (39.8%). The most frequent LD was fatty liver disease in 35 patients (29.7%), followed by DILI in 15 (12.7%), associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). In the multivariate analysis, obesity was the only independent risk factor associated with fatty liver disease [Odds ratio (OR) 6.4 (confidence interval (CI) 95%: 2.5-16.1; P = 0.000)] and fatty liver disease was the only risk factor associated with DILI [OR 7.7 (CI 95%: 2.0-30.0; P = 0.003)]. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, there was a high prevalence of LD, being fatty liver disease associated with obesity the most frequent finding. The second frequent disease was DILI, being fatty liver disease its main risk factor. The presence of obesity and the use of NSAIDs, especially in patients with steatosis, arise from our results as two conditions that require special care in handling this particular population.

Predictors of dropout from a multidisciplinary heart failure program: a nested case study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is a growing public health issue that is reaching epidemic proportions. In the last few years, multidisciplinary management programs have been developed to improve its management. Yet, some patients take advantage of these programs, whereas others do not. METHODS: Several demographic, medical, and social variables were evaluated as contributors to dropout after enrollment into a multidisciplinary heart failure program using a nested case-control design. A total of 14 patients and 42 controls were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Possible associations were explored by means of chi Mantel-Haenszel test and a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: The only significant factor associated with dropout was social isolation. Patients who lived alone, without family support, had a significantly greater dropout risk (odds ratio, 12.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-11.6). CONCLUSIONS: For patients who live alone, an individualized approach may be better than a multidisciplinary management program, but this hypothesis should be investigated in future studies.

Identificación de lesiones en los tejidos blandos de la cavidad bucal en adolescentes con privacion de libertad en el odontopediátrico de carapa: Septiembre 2005- abril 2006 venezuela

El Odontopediátra es el responsable de tratar niños, niñas y adolescentes, el cual debe tener presente la posibilidad de encontrar condiciones patológicas a nivel de la cavidad bucal de esta población. El propósito de este estudio fue realizar un levantamiento epidemiológico, de las lesiones patológicas presentes en tejidos blandos de la población adolescente recluida en las entidades para el cumplimiento de la medida socio educativa de privación de libertad y detención preventiva del área metropolitana de Caracas y determinar la relación de estas con las condiciones de supervivencia dentro de las entidades tales como stress, violencia, hacinamiento, malos hábitos, alimentación inadecuada, etc., durante el período Septiembre 2005 - Abril 2006. El presente trabajo se realizó en una población total de 96 pacientes distribuidos en cuatro entidades para el cumplimiento de la medida socio educativa de privación de libertad y detención preventiva, de los cuales fueron estudiados 88 pacientes entre 12 y 19 años de edad, de estos 69 pacientes (91%) presentaron 122 lesiones y 19 pacientes (9%) no presentó lesiones; el género masculino fue el más prevalente con 92,75% y el femenino el 7,25%. Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron la Queilitis Actínica con un 17%, Leucoplasia con 13%, Morsiscatum Bucarum y Fibroma Traumático con 12% cada uno, también se observaron lesiones como Nevus, Mucocele, Úlcera Traumática entre otras. La edad de mayor prevalencia fue entre 16 y 17 años con 68% y la localización anatómica más frecuente fue el Labio Superior en un 49% seguido por carrillo 19%, reborde 14%, paladar, encía y lengua 6% cada una. La etnia mestiza fue la de mayor prevalencia con 44%. El hábito con mayor frecuencia que se encontró fue Queilofagia con 44% y la condición de supervivencia en cuanto a su relación con las lesiones patológicas presentes encontramos que la de mayor prevalencia fue la Ansiedad y Stress con 92%, luego Hacinamiento 6% y Violencia con 2%. Con éste estudio se evidencia la incidencia de lesiones premalignas como es la Leucoplasia en una población adolescente; situación preocupante por demás por la capacidad de transformación neoplásica de sus tejidos y aún más si se relaciona con hábitos como el fumar, alcohol y facticias (lesiones autoinducidas), que pudieran potencializar cambios celulares a nivel de la cavidad bucal de esta población.

The Odontopediatre is the person in charge of treating children and teenagers, who must bear in mind the possibility of finding pathological conditions at the mouth cavity’s levels in a population. The purpose of this study was to discover an epidemiological population at the Odontopediatric Center of Carapa in Caracas, Venezuela. The teenager population at the center was preventive imprisoned to fulfilled social-educative measures in the Caracas metropolitan area. Several pathological injuries were found in their soft tissues. These injuries determine the relation of the living conditions at the center such as stress, violence, bad habits and inadequate nourishment, etc; during September 2005-April 2006 period. The present study carried out a total population of 96 patients, distributed in 4 entities. Around 88 out of these 96 patients were between 12 to 19 years of age. About 69 of these patients (91%) presented 122 injuries and the other 19 patients (9%) did not present any injuries. The masculine genre was the most affected with a 92.75% of injuries. The most frequent injuries were the actinic queilitis with 17%, leukoplakia with 13%, morsiscatum Bucarum and traumatic fibroma with a 12% each. There were also found other types of injuries as Nevus, Mucocele and traumatic sores among others. The most prevalence age was between 16 and 17 years of age with a 68% and the most frequent anatomical location was the lips with 49% followed by buccal mucosa19%, rim 14% and the palate, gingiva, tongue with a 2% respectively. This study demonstrates the incident of pre-malign injuries in a teen population as Leukoplakia. It is an aggravating situation due to the neo-plastic transformation capacity of tissues if they are directly related to bad habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption. These habits could promote cellular changes to the mouth cavity levels of teen population.

Identificación de entidades patológicas en los tejidos blandos bucales de la población rural infantil y adolescente de la unidad educativa padre luis ormieres “fe y alegria” de maturin, estado monagas en el período agosto - noviembre 2005 / Identification of pathological conditions in the oral soft tissue in the rural population of children and adolescents in the Unidad Educacional Padre Luis Ormieres Fe y Alegría of Maturin Monagas state to the august november period

El Odontopediátra es el responsable de tratar niños y adolescentes, el cual debe tener presente la posibilidad de encontrar condiciones patológicas a nivel de la cavidad bucal de esta población. El propósito de este estudio fue el de determinar lesiones patológicas en tejidos blandos de la población infantil y adolescentes de la Unidad Educativa Padre Luis Ormieres “Fe y Alegría” de una región rural en Maturín, Estado Monagas - Venezuela, en el período de Agosto - Noviembre del 2005. El presente trabajo se realizó en una población de 875 pacientes entre 3 y 17 años de edad, de los cuales 205 pacientes (23,42 por ciento) presentaron 211 lesiones lo que equivale al 1,02 por ciento de lesiones patológicas en tejidos blandos; el género femenino fue el más prevalente 53 por ciento; las lesiones más frecuentes fueron la Úlcera Traumática con 24,2 por ciento, seguido por Lengua Geográfica con 13,3 por ciento, Nevus el 11,84 por ciento, Fibroma Traumático 10,42 por ciento, Mácula Melanótica 10 por ciento, Afta Recurrente Menor 6,63 por ciento, Mucoceles 4,73 por ciento, Leucoplasia 4,26 por ciento, Morsiscatum Bucare y Herpes Labial Recurrente 2,36 por ciento, Papiloma 1,9 por ciento, Queilitis Angular 1,42 por ciento, Glositis Romboidea Media, Quiste Gingival y Queratosis Friccional con el 0,94 por ciento y Hemangioma Capilar, Impétigo, Fibroma Periférico, Gingivoestomatitis Herpética, Queilitis Actínica Candidiasis Atrófica y Estomatitis Subprotésica cada una con 0,47 por ciento; la edad de mayor prevalencia fue entre 12 y 14 años de edad 26 por ciento y la localización más frecuente fue el labio con 54 por ciento seguido por carrillo 20 por ciento, lengua el 19 por ciento, encía 4 por ciento, paladar 2 por ciento y región perinasal 1 por ciento. La raza mestiza fue la de mayor prevalencia con 71 por ciento. Con este estudio se evidencian las lesiones más frecuentes en niños y adolescentes en una población rural, con la finalidad de despertar

The Odontopediatric is the responsibele of taking care children and adolescent, who must have into consideration the possibility of finding bucal lesions at this group of people. The purpose of this research was to determine bucal lesions in soft tissue in children and adolescent’s group at Unidad Educativa Padre Luis Ormieres "Fe y Alegria" of a rural region, located in Maturín, Edo. Monagas, Venezuela, from August 2005 - November 2005. The present research was did it in a group of 875 patients between 3 and 17 years old, from which 205 patients (23,42 percent) showed 211 lesions equivalent to 1.02 percent of lesions in soft tissue; famele population was the most prevalent with 53 percent; the most lesions more frequents were the Traumatic Ulcer with 24.2 percent, followed by Geographic Language with 13.3 percent, Nevus 11.84 percent, Traumatic Fibroma 10.42 percent, Spot Melanótica 10 percent, Smaller Recurrent Afta 6.63 percent, Mucoceles 4.73 percent, Leucoplasia 4.26 percent, Morsiscatum Bucare and Herpes Recurrent Labial 2.36 percent, Papiloma 1.9 percent, Angular Queilitis 1.42 percent, Glositis Average Romboidea, Cyst Gingival and Queratosis Friccional with 0.94 percent and Hair Hemangioma, Impétigo, Peripheral Fibroma, Gingivoestomatitis Herpética, Actinic Queilitis Candidiasis Atrófica and Estomatitis Subprotésica each one with 0,47 percent; the age of greater prevalence was between 12 and 14 years of age 26 percent and the most frequent location was the lip with 54 percent followed by cheek 20 percent, language 19 percent, encia 4 percent, to paladar 2 percent and perinasal region 1 percent. The racially mixed race was the one of greater prevalence with 71 percent. With this study the most frequent injuries in children and adolescents in a rural population are demonstrated, with the purpose of waking up to the Odontologico union and in the different services of public attention the necessities to diagnose and to give treatment

Levantamiento epidemiológico de lesiones patológicas en los tejidos blandos de la cavidad bucal de los niños y adolescente del centro odontopediátrico de carapa, parroquia antímano, caracas, distrito capital Venezuela Período mayo - noviembre 2005 / Epidemiological Survey of pathological lesions in the soft tissues of the oral cavity of children and adolescents odontopediátrico of carapa center, parish Antímano, Caracas, Venezuela

El Odontopediátra es el responsable de tratar niños y adolescentes, el cual debe tener presente la posibilidad de encontrar condiciones patológicas a nivel de la cavidad bucal de esta población. El propósito de este estudio fue realizar un levantamiento epidemiológico de lesiones patológicas en tejidos blandos en niños y adolescentes en una región urbana de la ciudad de Caracas - Venezuela, en el Centro Odontopediátrico de Carapa, Parroquia Antímano, en un período de Mayo - Noviembre del 2005. El presente trabajo se realizó en una población de 245 pacientes entre 2 y 17 años de edad, de estos 69 pacientes (28,16 por ciento) presentaron 82 lesiones lo cual equivale al 1,18 por ciento de lesiones patológicas en tejidos blandos; el género masculino fue el más prevalente 56,52 por ciento. Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron el Morsiscatum Buccarum y la Leucoplasia con 15,87 por ciento, seguido por el Fibroma Traumático con 12,19 por ciento, Candidiasis y Glositis Migratoria Benigna el 9,75 por ciento, Úlcera Traumática 8,53 por ciento, Queilitis Actínica y Herpes Recurrente 6,09 por ciento, Mucocele 4,87 por ciento, Quiste de Erupción, Impétigo, Estomatitis Nicotínica y Estomatitis Subprotésica 2,43 por ciento y Úlcera Aftosa Recurrente 1,21 por ciento. La edad de mayor prevalencia fue entre 16 y 17 años 49,27 por ciento y la localización anatómica más frecuente fue Carrillo y Reborde 28 por ciento seguido por labio 25 por ciento, lengua el 16 por ciento. La etnia mestiza fue la de mayor prevalencia con 53,33 por ciento. Con éste estudio se evidencia la incidencia de lesiones premalignas como es la Leucoplasia en una población adolescente; situación preocupante por demás por la capacidad de transformación neoplásica de sus tejidos y aún más si se relaciona con hábitos como el fumar, alcohol y facticias, que pudieran potencializar cambios celulares a nivel de la cavidad bucal de esta población

The Odontopediatra is the person in charge to treat children and adolescents, which must have present the possibility of finding patologicas conditions at level of the buccal cavity of this population. The proposito of this study was to make a epidemiologico rise of patologicas injuries in soft weaves of children and adolescents in an urbana region of the city of Caracas - Venezuela, in the Center Odontopediátrico de Carapa, Antimano Parish, in a period of May - November of the 2005. The present work of realizoen a population of 245 patients between 2 and 17 years of age, of which 69 (28,16 percent) presented/displayed 82 injuries which is equivalent to 1.18 percent of patologicas injuries in soft weaves; I generate masculine was prevalente 56,52 percent; the frequent injuries but were the Morsiscatum Buccarum and the Leucoplasia with 15.87 percent, followed by the Fibroma Traumatic with 12.19 percent, Candidiasis and Benign Migratory Glositis 9.75 percent, Traumatic Ulcer 8.53 percent, Queilitis Actinica and Recurrent Herpes 6.09 percent, Mucoceles 4.87 percent, Cyst of Eruption, Impetigo, Estomatitis Nicotínica and Estomatitis Subprotésica 2.43 percent and Recurrent Aftosa Ulcer 1,21 percent; the age of greater prevalence was between 16 and 17 years 49,27 percent and the most frequent location was Cheek and Rim 28 percent followed by lip 25 percent, language 16 percent. The racially mixed race was the one of greater prevalence with 53,33 percent. With this study the incidence of injuries is demonstrated you previtiate like Leucoplasia in an adolescent population; situation that is worrisome by the capacity of transformation of weaves and still more if it is related to habits like smoking, alcohol and facticias, that could potencializar cellular changes at level of the buccal cavity of this population