Endometrial Carcinoma Recurrence Score (ECARS) validates to identify aggressive disease and associates with markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PI3K alterations.

PURPOSE: Our previously reported 29-gene expression signature identified an aggressive subgroup of endometrial cancer patients with PI3K activation. We here wanted to validate these findings by independent patient series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 29-gene expression signature was assessed in fresh frozen tumor tissue from 280 primary endometrial carcinomas (three independent cohorts), 19 metastatic lesions and in 333 primary endometrial carcinomas using TCGA data, and expression was related to clinico-pathologic features and survival. The 29-gene signature was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, DNA oligonucleotide microarrays, or RNA sequencing. PI3K alterations were assessed by immunohistochemistry, DNA microarrays, DNA sequencing, SNP arrays or fluorescence in situ hybridization. A panel of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was also correlated to the 29-gene signature score. RESULTS: High 29-gene Endometrial Carcinoma Recurrence Score (ECARS) values consistently validated to identify patients with aggressive clinico-pathologic phenotype and reduced survival. Within the presumed favorable subgroups of low grade, endometrioid tumors confined to the uterus, high ECARS still predicted a poor prognosis. The score was higher in metastatic compared to primary lesions (P<0.001) and was significantly associated with potential measures of PI3K activation, markers of EMT and vascular invasion as an indicator of metastatic spread (all P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ECARS validates to identify aggressive endometrial carcinomas in multiple, independent patients cohorts. The higher signature score in metastatic compared to primary lesions, and the potential link to PI3K activation and EMT, support further studies of ECARS in relation to response to PI3K and EMT inhibitors in clinical trials of metastatic endometrial carcinoma.

High level of HSF1 associates with aggressive endometrial carcinoma and suggests potential for HSP90 inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Recent identification of a specific role of HSF1 in cancer progression has led to new relevance of HSF1 as both a prognostic and a predictive marker. The role of HSF1 in endometrial cancer has so far been unexplored. METHODS: A total of 823 lesions from endometrial carcinoma precursors, primary tumours and metastases were prospectively collected and explored for HSF1 protein expression in relation to established markers for aggressive disease and survival. Transcriptional alterations related to HSF1 protein level were investigated by microarray analysis for 224 freshly frozen samples in parallel. RESULTS: High expression of HSF1 protein in endometrial carcinoma is significantly associated with aggressive disease and poor survival (all P-values ≤ 0.02), also among ERα-positive patients presumed to have good prognosis. The HSF1-related gene signatures increase during disease progression and were also found to have prognostic value. Gene expression analyses identified HSP90 inhibition as a potential novel therapeutic approach for cases with high protein expression of HSF1. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate for the first time in endometrial cancer that high expression of HSF1 and measures for transcriptional activation of HSF1 associate with poor outcome and disease progression. The HSP90 inhibitors are suggested as new targeted therapeutics for patients with high HSF1 levels in tumour in particular.

Differences in proliferative capacity of primary human acute myelogenous leukaemia cells are associated with altered gene expression profiles and can be used for subclassification of patients.

OBJECTIVES: Proliferative capacity of acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) blasts is important for leukaemogenesis, and we have investigated whether proliferative capacity of primary human AML cells could be used for subclassification of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro proliferative capacity of AML cells derived from two independent groups was investigated. Cells were cultured under highly standardized conditions and proliferation assayed by (3) H-thymidine incorporation after seven days culture. Patients were subclassified by clustering models, and gene expression profile was examined by microarray analyses. RESULTS: Based on proliferative capacity of the AML cells, three different patient clusters were identified: (i) autocrine proliferation that was increased by exogenous cytokines; (ii) detectable proliferation only in presence of exogenous cytokines; and (iii) low or undetectable proliferation even in presence of exogenous cytokines. Patients with highest proliferative capacity cells had no favourable prognostic impact by NPM-1 mutation. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the most proliferative cells generally had altered expression of genes involved in regulation of transcription/RNA functions, whereas patients with high proliferative capacity and internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in the FLT3 cytokine receptor gene had altered expression of several molecules involved in cytoplasmic signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro proliferative capacity of primary human AML cells was considerably variable between patients and could be used to identify biologically distinct patient subsets.

KRAS gene amplification and overexpression but not mutation associates with aggressive and metastatic endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: Three quarter of endometrial carcinomas are treated at early stage. Still, 15 to 20% of these patients experience recurrence, with little effect from systemic therapies. Homo sapiens v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogenes homologue (KRAS) mutations have been reported to have an important role in tumorigenesis for human cancers, but there is limited knowledge regarding clinical relevance of KRAS status in endometrial carcinomas. METHODS: We have performed a comprehensive and integrated characterisation of genome-wide expression related to KRAS mutations and copy-number alterations in primary- and metastatic endometrial carcinoma lesions in relation to clinical and histopathological data. A primary investigation set and clinical validation set was applied, consisting of 414 primary tumours and 61 metastatic lesions totally. RESULTS: Amplification and gain of KRAS present in 3% of the primary lesions and 18% of metastatic lesions correlated significantly with poor outcome, high International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage, non-endometrioid subtype, high grade, aneuploidy, receptor loss and high KRAS mRNA levels, also found to be associated with aggressive phenotype. In contrast, KRAS mutations were present in 14.7% of primary lesions with no increase in metastatic lesions, and did not influence outcome, but was significantly associated with endometrioid subtype, low grade and obesity. CONCLUSION: These results support that KRAS amplification and KRAS mRNA expression, both increasing from primary to metastatic lesions, are relevant for endometrial carcinoma disease progression.

Loss of GPER identifies new targets for therapy among a subgroup of ERα-positive endometrial cancer patients with poor outcome.

BACKGROUND: The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, GPER, has been suggested as an alternative oestrogen receptor. Our purpose was to investigate the potential of GPER as a prognostic and predictive marker in endometrial carcinoma and to search for new drug candidates to improve treatment of aggressive disease. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 767 primary endometrial carcinomas derived from three patient series, including an external dataset, were studied for protein and mRNA expression levels to investigate and validate if GPER loss identifies poor prognosis and new targets for therapy in endometrial carcinoma. Gene expression levels, according to ERα/GPER status, were used to search the connectivity map database for small molecular inhibitors with potential for treatment of metastatic disease for receptor status subgroups. RESULTS: Loss of GPER protein is significantly correlated with low GPER mRNA, high FIGO stage, non-endometrioid histology, high grade, aneuploidy and ERα loss (all P-values ≤0.05). Loss of GPER among ERα-positive patients identifies a subgroup with poor prognosis that until now has been unrecognised, with reduced 5-year survival from 93% to 76% (P=0.003). Additional loss of GPER from primary to metastatic lesion counterparts further supports that loss of GPER is associated with disease progression. CONCLUSION: These results support that GPER status adds clinically relevant information to ERα status in endometrial carcinoma and suggest a potential for new inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic endometrial cancers with ERα expression and GPER loss.

High BMI is significantly associated with positive progesterone receptor status and clinico-pathological markers for non-aggressive disease in endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer incidence is increasing in industrialised countries. High body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)) is associated with higher risk for disease. We wanted to investigate if BMI is related to clinico-pathological characteristics, hormone receptor status in primary tumour, and disease outcome in endometrial cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 1129 women primarily treated for endometrial carcinoma at Haukeland University Hospital during 1981-2009 were studied. Body mass index was available for 949 patients and related to comprehensive clinical and histopathological data, hormone receptor status in tumour, treatment, and follow-up. RESULTS: High BMI was significantly associated with low International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, endometrioid histology, low/intermediate grade, and high level of progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA by qPCR (n=150; P=0.02) and protein expression by immunohistochemistry (n=433; P=0.003). In contrast, oestrogen receptor (ERα) status was not associated with BMI. Overweight/obese women had significantly better disease-specific survival (DSS) than normal/underweight women in univariate analysis (P=0.035). In multivariate analysis of DSS adjusting for age, FIGO stage, histological subtype, and grade, BMI showed no independent prognostic impact. CONCLUSION: High BMI was significantly associated with markers of non-aggressive disease and positive PR status in a large population-based study of endometrial carcinoma. Women with high BMI had significantly better prognosis in univariate analysis of DSS, an effect that disappeared in multivariate analysis adjusting for established prognostic markers. The role of PR in endometrial carcinogenesis needs to be further studied.

Highly infiltrative brain tumours show reduced chemosensitivity associated with a stem cell-like phenotype.

AIMS: Cancer stem-like cells might have important functions in chemoresistance. We have developed a model where highly infiltrative brain tumours with a stem-like phenotype were established by orthotopic transplantation of human glioblastomas to immunodeficient rats. Serial passaging gradually transformed the tumours into a less invasive and more angiogenic phenotype (high-generation tumours). The invasive phenotype (low-generation tumours) was characterized by an increase in stem cell markers and increased phosphorylation of kinases in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. These markers were reduced in the serially passaged vascular tumours. The present study was aimed at investigating how the two phenotypes responded in vitro to doxorubicin, a clinically potent cytotoxic drug for solid tumours. METHODS: Biopsy spheroids were implanted and passaged intracranially in nude rats. Gene expression and protein analyses were performed, and drug sensitivity was assessed. RESULTS: Microarray analysis revealed gene ontology categories connected to developmental aspects and negative regulators of differentiation, especially in the infiltrative stem cell-like tumours. The highly invasive stem-like phenotype was chemoresistant compared with the angiogenic phenotype. By interfering with the PI3K it was possible to sensitize tumour spheroids to chemotherapy. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed downregulation of the stem cell markers Nestin and Musashi-1 in low-generation biopsy spheroids following PI3K inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: Highly invasive tumours with a stem-like phenotype are more chemoresistant than angiogenic tumours derived from the same patients. We suggest that treatment resistance in glioblastomas can be related to PI3K/AKT activity in stem-like tumour cells, and that targeted interference with the PI3K/AKT pathway might differentiate and sensitize this subpopulation to chemotherapy.

Integrated genomic profiling of endometrial carcinoma associates aggressive tumors with indicators of PI3 kinase activation.

Although 75% of endometrial cancers are treated at an early stage, 15% to 20% of these recur. We performed an integrated analysis of genome-wide expression and copy-number data for primary endometrial carcinomas with extensive clinical and histopathological data to detect features predictive of recurrent disease. Unsupervised analysis of the expression data distinguished 2 major clusters with strikingly different phenotypes, including significant differences in disease-free survival. To identify possible mechanisms for these differences, we performed a global genomic survey of amplifications, deletions, and loss of heterozygosity, which identified 11 significantly amplified and 13 significantly deleted regions. Amplifications of 3q26.32 harboring the oncogene PIK3CA were associated with poor prognosis and segregated with the aggressive transcriptional cluster. Moreover, samples with PIK3CA amplification carried signatures associated with in vitro activation of PI3 kinase (PI3K), a signature that was shared by aggressive tumors without PIK3CA amplification. Tumors with loss of PTEN expression or PIK3CA overexpression that did not have PIK3CA amplification also shared the PI3K activation signature, high protein expression of the PI3K pathway member STMN1, and an aggressive phenotype in test and validation datasets. However, mutations of PTEN or PIK3CA were not associated with the same expression profile or aggressive phenotype. STMN1 expression had independent prognostic value. The results affirm the utility of systematic characterization of the cancer genome in clinically annotated specimens and suggest the particular importance of the PI3K pathway in patients who have aggressive endometrial cancer.

Low BMI-1 expression is associated with an activated BMI-1-driven signature, vascular invasion, and hormone receptor loss in endometrial carcinoma.

We studied the expression of polycomb group (PcG) protein BMI-1 in a large population-based patient series of endometrial carcinomas in relation to clinical and molecular phenotype. Also, 57 fresh frozen endometrial carcinomas were studied for the relationship between BMI-1 protein expression, BMI-1 mRNA level, and activation of an 11-gene signature reported to represent a BMI-1-driven pathway. BMI-1 protein expression was significantly weaker in tumours with vascular invasion (P<0.0001), deep myometrial infiltration (P=0.004), and loss of oestrogen receptor (ER) (P<0.0001) and progesterone receptors (PR) (P=0.03). Low BMI-1 protein expression was highly associated with low BMI-1 mRNA expression (P=0.002), and similarly low BMI-1 mRNA expression correlated significantly with vascular invasion, ER and PR loss, and histologic grade 3. In contrast, activation of the reported 11-gene signature, supposed to represent a BMI-1-driven pathway, correlated with low mRNA expression of BMI-1 (P<0.001), hormone receptor loss, presence of vascular invasion, and poor prognosis. We conclude that BMI-1 protein and mRNA expression are significantly correlated and that BMI-1 expression is inversely associated with activation of the 11-gene signature. Loss of BMI-1 seems to be associated with an aggressive phenotype in endometrial carcinomas.

Release of angiopoietin-1 by primary human acute myelogenous leukemia cells is associated with mutations of nucleophosmin, increased by bone marrow stromal cells and possibly antagonized by high systemic angiopoietin-2 levels.

The balance between proangiogenic Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and the antagonistic Ang-2 is important both for leukemogenesis and chemosensitivity in human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We examined the release of Ang-1 and Ang-2 by AML cells cultured alone and in cocultures with stromal cells. Detectable Ang-1 release from AML cells was observed for most patients (62/91), whereas Ang-2 release was detected only for a minority (23/91). Coculture of AML and stromal cells led to increased Ang-1 levels. Furthermore, the role of the angiopoietin system was investigated by characterizing whether the differences in angiopoietin expression in AML patients can be related to nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations. We compared the gene expression profiles of AML cells derived from 19 patients with FLT3 mutations and normal cytogenetics with and without NPM1 mutations and observed increased expression of Ang-1 in patients with NPM1 mutations. Finally, we found significantly higher Ang-2 levels in serum of AML patients compared with healthy controls. Our results suggest that AML cells are a major source of Ang-1 in leukemic bone marrow, especially in patients with NPM1 mutations, but the local levels are also influenced by stromal cells. Local Ang-2 release from AML cells is less common, but high systemic levels of Ang-2 may affect bone marrow angioregulation.

Hyperoxia retards growth and induces apoptosis, changes in vascular density and gene expression in transplanted gliomas in nude rats.

This study describes the biological effects of hyperoxic treatment on BT4C rat glioma xenografts in vivo with special reference to tumor growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis, general morphology and gene expression parameters. One group of tumor bearing animals was exposed to normobaric hyperoxia (1 bar, pO(2) = 1.0) and another group was exposed to hyperbaric hyperoxia (2 bar, pO(2) = 2.0), whereas animals housed under normal atmosphere (1 bar, pO(2) = 0.2) served as controls. All treatments were performed at day 1, 4 and 7 for 90 min. Treatment effects were determined by assessment of tumor growth, vascular morphology (immunostaining for von Willebrand factor), apoptosis by TUNEL staining and cell proliferation by Ki67 staining. Moreover, gene expression profiles were obtained and verified by real time quantitative PCR. Hyperoxic treatment caused a approximately 60% reduction in tumor growth compared to the control group after 9 days (p < 0.01). Light microscopy showed that the tumors exposed to hyperoxia contained large "empty spaces" within the tumor mass. Moreover, hyperoxia induced a significant increase in the fraction of apoptotic cells ( approximately 21%), with no significant change in cell proliferation. After 2 bar treatment, the mean vascular density was reduced in the central parts of the tumors compared to the control and 1 bar group. The vessel diameters were significantly reduced (11-24%) in both parts of the tumor tissue. Evidence of induced cell death and reduced angiogenesis was reflected by gene expression analyses.Increased pO(2)-levels in experimental gliomas, using normobaric and moderate hyperbaric oxygen therapy, caused a significant reduction in tumor growth. This process is characterized by enhanced cell death, reduced vascular density and changes in gene expression corresponding to these effects.

Identification and distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the brain of adult zebrafish.

Nitric oxide (NO) is proposed to be involved in developmental and plastic processes. We investigated the presence and distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) using molecular and histochemical techniques. A partial gene sequence corresponding to the neuronal NOS isoform (nNOS) was identified, and in situ hybridization revealed cellular nNOS mRNA expression throughout the brain of adult zebrafish, distributed in distinct central nuclei and in proliferation zones. NOS immunoreactivity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activity partly coincided with the nNOS mRNA expression, however was present also in additional neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. The results indicate the occurrence of different NOS isoforms in the adult brain, of which nNOS may participate in neurotransmission, and in mechanisms related to the continuous growth and neuronal plasticity of the teleost brain.

Partial cloning of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases and detailed neuronal expression of NOS mRNA in the cerebellum and optic tectum of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Studies of different species have implicated nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) in various physiological and pathological events. Three major NOS isoforms are present in the brain of mammals; endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). Little is known about the significance of the presence of these proteins in the brain. We report the first investigation into the presence of nNOS and iNOS isoforms in a teleost, adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Complementary DNA was synthesized from cerebellum and thymus mRNA using RT-PCR techniques with primers against conserved regions of NOS. Cloning and sequencing revealed a partial gene sequence of 560 bp corresponding to mammalian nNOS from cerebellum cDNA. The predicted protein sequence of identified salmon nNOS possessed 85% identity to that of mammalian nNOS. Northern blot analysis of different tissues revealed expression in brain and heart, and indicated expression of three different nNOS mRNAs in the brain. In addition, a 389 bp sequence corresponding to iNOS was identified in thymus cDNA. Salmon iNOS is almost identical to rainbow trout iNOS (95%), but shows much less amino acid identity to goldfish (65%) and mammalian (52%) iNOS. Phylogenetically, all vertebrate nNOS and iNOS homologues are clustered separately. Expression studies by means of in situ hybridization revealed abundant nNOS mRNA transcripts in distinct neuronal populations throughout the Purkinje cell layer of the corpus cerebellum and the periventricular layer of the optic tectum. Our data show that adult Atlantic salmon possess a gene encoding an nNOS isoform and putative alternatively spliced forms, which are expressed in distinct neuronal populations in the cerebellum and optic tectum, and in yet unidentified cell types in the heart. The data suggest that the arising of different vertebrate NOS isoforms is an evolutionary old event. The well conserved sequences present in salmon and mammalian nNOS may reflect their importance in protein function, whereas interspecies distributional differences in cellular expression of nNOS and sequence differences of iNOS may reflect variations and specializations in routes of NO action in the vertebrate phylogeny.

Resistance of herpes simplex virus type 2 to neomycin maps to the N-terminal portion of glycoprotein C.

Entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into cells is believed to be mediated by specific binding of envelope proteins to a cellular receptor. Neomycin specifically blocks this initial step in infection by HSV-1 but not HSV-2. Resistance of HSV-2 to this compound maps to a region of the genome encoding glycoprotein C (gC-2). We have studied the function of gC-2 in the initial interaction of the virus with the host cell, using HSV-2 mutants deleted for gC-2 and gC-2-rescued recombinants. Resistance to neomycin was directly linked to the presence of gC-2 within the viral genome. In addition, deletion of the gC-2 gene caused a marked delay in adsorption to cells relative to the wild-type virus. HSV-1 recombinants containing chimeric gC genes composed of HSV-1 and HSV-2 sequences were used to localize neomycin resistance within the N-terminal 223 amino acids of gC-2. This region of the glycoprotein comprises an important domain responsible for binding of HSV-2 to cell receptors in the presence of neomycin. A gC-2-negative mutant is still infectious, indicating that HSV-2 also has an alternative pathway of adsorption.

Study of transcription in measles virus-infected Vero cells using cDNA probes prepared from poly(A)RNA from uninfected and infected cells.

From af primary plasmid cDNA library prepared from measles virus-infected Vero cell poly(A)RNA, 435 clones selected at random were used to examine the sensitivity and specificity of cDNA probes derived from total poly(A)RNA from uninfected and infected Vero cells. The correlation between the abundance level of a particular species in the cDNA probe and the hybridization signal strength generated by the corresponding cDNA clone on a filter was reliably determined only when at least three independently prepared filters were examined. Variation in the amount of target plasmid was the most important cause of spurious signals. Variation in cDNA insert length did not disturb the signal strength within certain limits. cDNA species with abundance levels down to 0.08-0.01% were able to produce a hybridization signal above background. Unspecific cross-hybridization was shown to define the sensitivity limit of mixed cDNA probes. Despite the many false signals present at different stages, cDNA probes provided valuable information: the cDNA probes were used to monitor relative RNA expression levels and to clone five different measles virus transcripts and 2 host cell transcripts more abundantly expressed in infected cells. The abundance levels of the measles virus nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix, fusion protein and haemagglutinin genes were 1.5%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.75% and 0.5%, respectively, of the total cDNA library.

Structural changes in the ribosomal genes of immortalized and transformed mouse embryo C3H/10T1/2 cell lines.

Comparative studies of DNA isolated from adult C3H mouse liver, immortalized mouse embryo cells (C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8) and the tumorigenic methylcholanthrene transformed C3H/10T1/2 Cl 16 cell line have been carried out in order to analyze possible structural changes in the ribosomal genes associated with the immortalization and tumorigenic transformation of mouse cells. Southern blot hybridization experiments revealed a mutation hotspot within repetitive sequences 13 kb upstream from the 18S rRNA genes in the non-transcribed spacer (NTS). Other DNA changes were localized near the initiation and termination regions of rRNA transcription. The differences found in the restriction maps of the 5'-region resided 5 to 6 kd upstream from the 18S 5'-end and the changes located in the 3'-end mapped approximately 5 kb downstream from the 28S 3'-end. Thus, oncogenic transformation of the C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 cells by methylcholanthrene treatment was associated with stable genetic changes in the 18S rRNA gene. There was no evidence for rRNA gene amplification.

Localization on the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome of a region encoding proteins involved in adsorption to the cellular receptor.

We have previously shown that aminoglycosides such as neomycin and the polyamino acids polylysine and polyarginine selectively inhibit the binding of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to the cellular receptor, whereas HSV-2 infection is unaffected. In the present study we took advantage of this difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2 by using HSV(-1)-HSV(-2) intertypic recombinants to locate a region on the HSV-1 genome encoding proteins affecting the binding of the virion to the cellular receptor. The results were consistent with those obtained by marker rescue experiments. The identified region, which mapped between coordinates 0.580 and 0.687, contains two partial and eight complete genes, including the glycoprotein C (gC) gene and two others with potential transmembrane sequences. Various gC monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants of HSV-1 as well as a mutant completely lacking gC were found to be fully sensitive to neomycin, suggesting that gC is not the site of drug sensitivity and is not essential for adsorption of virus to the cellular receptor. However, the rate of adsorption was reduced in the absence of gC, indicating a facilitating function of the glycoprotein. The universal nature of this HSV-1 receptor binding was revealed by the similarity in drug sensitivity of infectivity in four different cell lines from various tissues and species.