T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and galectin-9 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predict fetal acidemia in twin pregnancies.

Purposes: The pH in the umbilical artery at delivery provides information on the fetal environment and is related to postnatal outcomes. The ability to predict fetal acidemia at delivery would improve clinical management and neonatal well-being. We hypothesized that an alteration in maternal immunity would accompany placental changes that precede a decrease in pH in the fetal circulation in twin gestations.Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), obtained from 86 women with twin pregnancies, were lysed and assayed for concentrations of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) and galectin-9 (gal-9) by ELISA. Tim-3-gal-9 interaction is a primary mechanism promoting immune suppression. At delivery, the pH of arterial cord blood was determined.Results: In eight women (9.3%), the pH in the placental arteries from both twins was <7.15, indicating fetal acidosis. In the remaining 78 women the arterial pH was ≥7.15 in both twins. The median Tim-3 level was 361 pg/ml when arterial pH was <7.15 and 199 pg/ml when pH was ≥7.15 (p = .003). Similarly, gal-9 was 31.2 versus 12.4 ng/ml when pH was <7.15 or ≥7.15, respectively (p = .001). A Tim-3 concentration >260 pg/ml predicted arterial pH <7.15 with a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 79.5% and negative predictive value of 98.4%. A gal-9 level >18.4 predicted arterial pH <7.15 with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 73.8% and a negative predictive value of 100%.Conclusion: We conclude that elevations in Tim-3 and gal-9 in PBMCs during gestation predict the subsequent occurrence of a pH <7.15 in the fetal arteries at delivery in twin gestations.

Urethrovaginal space during the third trimester of pregnancy is not related to vaginal orgasm.

INTRODUCTION: Sexologists have described the urethrovaginal space (UVS) as a region of the body involved in the female orgasm. Recently certain authors have described the UVS via ultrasound (US). Pregnancy is associated with a myriad of physiological, anatomical and biochemical changes. To measure the UVS thickness in the third trimester of pregnancy and to investigate the relationship between the UVS thickness and the presence of vaginal orgasm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sexually active pregnant patients in the third trimester were included. We measured the UVS via US. Each patient compiled a modified female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire and was categorized in group with or without vaginal orgasm. Association between vaginal orgasm and UVS thickness was evaluated via t-test and ROC curve analysis. RESULTS: UVS thickness resulted greater than 15 mm (average) in the third trimester, and was not related to the presence of vaginal orgasm (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: UVS thickness is high in the third trimester of pregnancy but it is not related to the presence of vaginal orgasm.