Experimental Model of Cerebral Arterial Air Embolism in Conscious Rats.

In this work, an optimal air supply mode was selected to create a model of cerebral arterial air embolism (CAAE) on conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=49). The efficacy of the selected model (administration of 100 µl/kg of air at a rate of 10 µl/min with an infusion pump) was determined by changes in serum biochemical parameters (cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphates, AST, and triglycerides), impaired motor functions in the Rotarod test, and visual assessment of the ischemic foci (staining of frontal sections with 1% triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution) at different terms after AAE. The model of AAE created by us confirmed impairment of coordination and motor function in conscious animals and reproduced the lethal consequences of this condition. The obtained results can serve as the basis for drug testing and the development of new approaches to the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Modeling of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke in Conscious Rats via Arterial Air Embolization.

The etiological factor of cerebral ischemia in the vast majority of cases is vascular embolism. In the present study we investigated embolism caused by atmospheric air bubbles injected into the internal carotid artery of conscious rats. Immediately after embolism modeling, behavioral abnormalities were observed in the animals, and after 24 h, foci of brain damage were detected. The death of animals was observed within 5 days after embolism. The proposed experimental model of cerebral ischemia in conscious rats is more relevant and better corresponds to real conditions than the model on narcotized animals and allows to perform physiological tests immediately after modeling.

Study of PT1 Peptide Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity on a Local Inflammation Model in Mice CD-1.

PT1 peptide isolated from the venom of spider Geolycosa sp. is a modulator of P2X3 receptors that play a role in the development of inflammation and the transmission of pain impulses. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy of the PT1 peptide was studied in a model of complete Freund's adjuvant-induced paw inflammation in CD-1 mice. The analgesic activity of PT1 peptide was maximum after intramuscular injection at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg, which surpassed the analgesic effect of diclofenac at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity was maximum after intramuscular injection at a dose of 0.0001 mg/kg; a decrease in paw thickness was observed as soon as 2 h after the administration of the PT1 peptide against the background of inflammation development. All tested doses of PT1 peptide showed high anti-inflammatory activity 4 and 24 h after administration. PT1 peptide at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg when injected intramuscularly simultaneously produced high anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to other doses of the peptide. Increasing the dose of PT1 peptide led to a gradual decrease in its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity; increasing the dose of intramuscular injection to 0.1 and 1 mg/kg is inappropriate.

Effect of a helium and oxygen mixture on physiological parameters of rats with cerebral arterial air embolism.

Introduction: Cerebral arterial air embolism (CAE) is a serious and potentially dangerous condition that can interrupt the blood supply to the brain and cause stroke. One of the promising gas mixtures for emergency treatment of air embolism is an oxygen-helium mixture. Methods: We modeled CAE in awake rats by injecting air into the common carotid artery. Immediately after CAE, animals were either untreated or underwent hyperbaria, oxygen inhalation, heated air inhalation, or helium-oxygen mixture inhalation. Body temperature, locomotor activity, respiratory and cardiovascular parameters were monitored in the animals before CAE modeling, and 3 and 24 h after CAE modeling. Results: After 3 hours of CAE modeling in awake rats, depression of the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as decreased body temperature were observed. 24 h after CAE modeling multifocal cerebral ischemia was observed. Normobaric helium-oxygen mixture inhalation, on par with hyperbaric treatment, restored body temperature, locomotor activity, respiratory volume, respiratory rate, and blood pressure 3 hours after CAE, and prevented the formation of ischemic brain damage lesions 24 h after CAE. Discussion: Thus, inhalation of a heated oxygen-helium gas mixture (O2 30% and He 70%) immediately after CAE improves the physiological condition of the animals and prevents the foci of ischemic brain damage formation.

Experimental Approaches to Scar Modeling through Mechanical Skin Damage and Chemical Burn in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Creating of a scar model in laboratory animals is the most acceptable option for the preclinical search of scar treatment. However, due to high skin regeneration rate in laboratory rodents, creating an optimal animal model of scar formation is a challenge. Here we describe five methods for modeling a scar tissue in rats that we have tested. These methods allowed achieving different histopathological features and different stages of skin scar formation.

Taxifolin Reduces Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive Male Wistar Rats.

Male Wistar rats aged 10 months were assigned to groups according to the initial level of systolic BP: hypertensive (systolic BP >115 mm Hg) and normotensive (systolic BP <115 mm Hg). The animals were injected intraperitoneally with 100 µg/kg taxifolin daily for 7 days. Systolic BP and HR were measured on the next day after single taxifolin administration and on the next day after 7-day injection course. In the group of hypertensive animals, systolic BP markedly decreased on the next day after the first injection; this decrease became even more pronounced (to the level of normotensive animals) at the end of the taxifolin course. In the group of normotensive animals, systolic BP remained unchanged. Hence, we demonstrate the possibility of course administration of taxifolin for BP normalization in hypertensive patients.

Modeling of Chronic Lung Inflammation in Rats by Repeated Intratracheal Administration of LPS.

A model of a chronic lung inflammation in SPF Sprague-Dawley rats was developed by repeated intratracheal administration of LPS in a dose of 0.4 mg/kg. On day 22 of the study, male rats treated with LPS have relative monocytopenia and reduced mean concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte and the mean platelet volume in comparison with the control animals (saline). Intratracheal administration of LPS induced an inflammatory process in the lungs characterized by focal atelectasis, compensatory emphysematous expansion of subpleural pulmonary acini, focal mononuclear and neutrophilic perivascular and peribronchial infiltration, and minor focal mononuclear and neutrophilic infiltration of the alveolar walls. Against the background of LPS administration, germinal centers appeared in the lymphoid follicles of the white pulp of the spleen, and focal mononuclear infiltration of the tracheal mucosa and/or submucosa was observed in some animals.

Discerning Comparison of 1 and 0.5% Ethylene Glycol in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Modeled Urolithiasis.

A common method of modeling urolithiasis is the use of 1 and 0.75% ethylene glycol, or a combination of ethylene glycol with other lithogens, but too rapid progression of the disease and multiple organ toxicity have been reported. We developed a urolithiasis model in Sprague-Dawley rats, in which the animals received a relatively low concentration of ethylene glycol (0.5%), but for a long-term period (6 weeks) followed by animal observation during the 6-week recovery period. In urine samples, signs of the urolithiasis development were observed starting from the sixth week: the presence of ketones, decrease in diuresis and urine pH; in the blood, urea, protein, and hematocrit were elevated. However, no leukocytes were detected in the urine; in the blood, no shifts in differential leukocyte count and no elevation in ALT, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed, which indicates the absence of multiple organ failure while using 1% ethylene glycol. In addition, the animals receiving 0.5% ethylene glycol were followed up to 12 weeks in contrast to animals receiving 1% ethylene glycol (the experiment in this case was stopped during the third week for ethical reasons).

α-Conotoxin RgIA and oligoarginine R8 in the mice model alleviate long-term oxaliplatin induced neuropathy.

Оligoarginines were recently discovered (Lebedev et al., 2019 Nov) as a novel class of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) inhibitors, octaoligoarginine R8 showing a relatively high affinity (44 nM) for the α9/α10 nAChR. Since the inhibition of α9/α10 nAChR by α-conotoxin RgIA and its analogs is a possible way to drugs against neuropathic pain, here in a mice model we compared R8 with α-conotoxin RgIA in the effects on the chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), namely on the long-term oxaliplatin induced neuropathy. Tests of cold allodynia, hot plate, Von Frey and grip strength analysis revealed for R8 and α-conotoxin RgIA similar positive effects, expressed most prominently after two weeks of administration. Histological analysis of the dorsal root ganglia sections showed for R8 and RgIA a similar partial correction of changes in the nuclear morphology of neurons. Since α9/α10 nAChR might be not the only drug target for R8, we analyzed the R8 action on rat TRPV1 and TRPA1, well-known nociceptive receptors. Against rTRPV1 at 25 µM there was no inhibition, while for rTRPA1 IC50 was about 20 µM. Thus, involvement of rTRPA1 cannot be excluded, but in view of the R8 much higher affinity for α9/α10 nAChR the latter seems to be the main target and the easily synthesized R8 can be considered as a potential candidate for a drug design.

Comparison of Biochemical Parameters and Pathomorphological Changes in Rats Receiving Standard and High-Fat Diets during Modeling of Streptozotocin Diabetes.

The use of a high-fat diet, along with streptozotocin administration, can provide more profound insight into the mechanism of development of complications in diabetes, as well as their treatment. High-fat diet given over 3 weeks before intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in a dose of 40 mg/kg promoted the appearance of hyperglycemia in Wistar rats. The biochemical analysis of blood serum revealed increased levels of urea, triglycerides, cholesterol, AST, ALT, and concentration of inorganic phosphates and K+ ions in the high-fat diet group in comparison with the control. Both the biochemical analysis of the blood and histological analysis showed more pronounced abnormalities in rats receiving high-fat diet in comparison with animals receiving standard ration. These changes are the early markers for the development of nephropathy, impaired liver function, and microvascular disorders typical of patients with diabetes mellitus.

Mouse Model for Assessing the Subchronic Toxicity of Organophosphate Pesticides.

The development of antidotes to organophosphate poisons is an important aspect of modern pharmacology. Recombinant acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase are effective DNA-encoded acceptors of organophosphate poisons and, in particular, pesticides. Here, we present the results of a study on the effectiveness of recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in modeling organophosphate poisoning caused by oral administration of paraoxon at a dose of 2 mg / kg. The study showed a high activity of BChE as a protective agent for subchronic anticholinesterase poisoning in an in vivo model. The administration of BChE in a dose of 20 mg / kg allows one to avoid mortality, and also contributed to rapid recovery after model poisoning.