Vaccine effectiveness against anal HPV among men who have sex with men aged 18-45 years attending sexual health clinics in three United States cities, 2018-2023.

BACKGROUND: We assessed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine effectiveness (VE) against anal HPV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 2018-2023. METHODS: Residual anal specimens from MSM without HIV ages 18-45 years were tested for HPV. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between vaccination (≥1 dose) and quadrivalent vaccine (4vHPV)-type prevalence adjusting for city, race/ethnicity, and non-vaccine-type HPV prevalence, stratified by age group (18-26, 27-45). VE was calculated as (1-aPR)x100. RESULTS: Among 2802 persons aged 18-26, 4vHPV-type prevalence was lower in those vaccinated at age <18 (aPR=0.13, CI: 0.08-0.22, VE=87%) and those vaccinated ≥2 years before specimen collection (aPR=0.52, CI: 0.42-0.64, VE=48%), compared with unvaccinated persons. Among 3548 persons aged 27-45, 4vHPV-type prevalence was lower in those vaccinated at ages 18-26 (aPR=0.68, CI: 0.57-0.82, VE=32%) and those vaccinated ≥2 years before specimen collection (aPR=0.66, CI: 0.57-0.77, VE=33%), compared with unvaccinated persons. While we observed no VE in persons vaccinated at age >26 overall, 4vHPV-type prevalence was lower in the subgroup vaccinated ≥2 years before specimen collection (aPR=0.71, CI: 0.56-0.89, VE=29%). CONCLUSIONS: We found high VE against anal 4vHPV-type prevalence among MSM aged 18-26 who were vaccinated at age <18. Lower VE was observed among MSM ages 27-45 who were vaccinated at age 18-26 or ≥2 years before specimen collection. While ideally vaccination should be given at younger ages, vaccination can prevent some future infections in this population.

Genomic epidemiology reveals 2022 mpox epidemic in New York City governed by heavy-tailed sexual contact networks.

The global mpox epidemic in 2022 was likely caused by transmission of mpox virus (MPXV) through sexual contact networks, with New York City (NYC) experiencing the first and largest outbreak in the United States. By performing a phylogeographic and epidemiological analysis of MPXV, we identify at least 200 introductions of MPXV into NYC and 84 leading to onward transmission. Through a comparative analysis with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in NYC, we find that both MPXV and HIV genomic cluster sizes are best fit by scale-free distributions and that people in MPXV clusters are more likely to have previously received an HIV diagnosis (odds ratio=1.58; p=0.012) and be a member of a recently growing HIV transmission cluster, indicating overlapping sexual contact networks. We then model the transmission of MPXV through sexual contact networks and show that highly connected individuals would be disproportionately infected at the start of an epidemic, thereby likely resulting in the exhaustion of the most densely connected parts of the sexual network. This dynamic explains the rapid expansion and decline of the NYC outbreak, as well as the estimated cumulative incidence of less than 2% within high-risk populations. By synthesizing the genomic epidemiology of MPXV and HIV with epidemic modeling, we demonstrate that MPXV transmission dynamics can be understood by general principles of sexually transmitted pathogens.

Serological Evidence of Mpox Virus Infection During Peak Mpox Transmission in New York City, July to August 2022.

BACKGROUND: The extent to which infections may have been undetected in an epicenter of the 2022 mpox outbreak is unknown. METHODS: A serosurvey (July and August 2022) assessed the seroprevalence and correlates of mpox infection among a diverse sample of asymptomatic patients with no prior mpox diagnoses and no known histories of smallpox or mpox vaccination. We present seropositivity stratified by participant characteristics collected via survey. RESULTS: Two-thirds of 419 participants were cismen (281 of 419), of whom 59.1% (166 of 281) reported sex with men (MSM). The sample also included 109 ciswomen and 28 transgender/gender nonconforming/nonbinary individuals. Overall seroprevalence was 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1%-8.8%); 3.7% among ciswomen (95% CI, 1.0%-9.1%), 7.0% among cismen with only ciswomen partners (95% CI, 2.0%-11.9%), and 7.8% among MSM (95% CI, 3.7%-11.9%). There was little variation in seroprevalence by race/ethnicity, age group, HIV status, or number of recent sex partners. No participants who reported close contact with mpox cases were seropositive. Among participants without recent mpox-like symptoms, 6.3% were seropositive (95% CI, 3.6%-9.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 15 vaccine-naive people in our study had antibodies to mpox during the height of the NYC outbreak, indicating the presence of asymptomatic infections that could contribute to ongoing transmission.

Should We Be Testing for Mycoplasma genitalium on Initial Presentation? Trends in Persistent/Recurrent Urethritis Among Men Presenting for Care in STD Clinics, 2015-2019, STD Surveillance Network.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma genitalium is a major contributor to persistent/recurrent urethritis cases. However, there are limited published studies on recent trends of persistent/recurrent urethritis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of men presenting with symptomatic urethritis in 16 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics from 2015 to 2019. Poisson regression was used to assess trends in the annual proportions of urethritis episodes with follow-up (FU) characterized with persistent/recurrent urethritis symptoms. Results were also stratified by results of chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (NG) testing and treatment prescribed. RESULTS: There were 99,897 urethritis episodes, from 67,546 unique men. The proportion of episodes with persistent/recurrent symptomatic FU visits increased 50.8% over a 4-year period (annual percentage change [APC], 11.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.5-16.3). Similar trends were observed in nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis episodes (APC, 12.7%; 95% CI, 6.8-18.9) but increases among those positive for NG (APC, 12.1%; 95% CI, -2.3 to -28.5) or for CT (APC, 7.3%; 95% CI, -6.7 to 23.5) were not statistically significant. Among episodes who received azithromycin as first-line treatment, increases in the proportion of persistent/recurrent FU visits were observed (APC, 12.6%; 95% CI, 8.6-16.7). For episodes where first-line treatment was doxycycline, no significant increases were detected (APC, 4.3%; 95% CI, -0.3 to 9.2). CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in the proportion of urethritis episodes with persistent or recurrent symptoms over time. Given these observed trends in episodes negative for NG or CT, an etiology not detectable by routine diagnostics was a likely factor in increased persistence, suggesting patients with urethritis may benefit from diagnostic testing for M. genitalium during an initial symptomatic presentation.

Delays in sexual health care among patients attending New York City Sexual Health Clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020 to February 2021.

BACKGROUND: Public health emergencies can lead to reduced or suspended services in sexual health clinics (SHCs), raising questions about optimal ways to maintain access to care. We examined changes in sexual behaviors, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use, telehealth preference, and correlates of delayed sexual health care among patients attending New York City (NYC) publicly funded SHCs during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: 470 patients from four SHCs (July-September 2021) completed a self-administered survey that collected data on access to sexual health care, overall and over three distinct time periods [Spring 2020 (COVID-19 wave 1), Summer 2020, Fall 2020/Winter 2021 (COVID-19 wave 2)]. We used log-binomial models to examine factors associated with delayed sexual health care. RESULTS: Participants reporting multiple in-person sexual contacts increased from 28% to 57% (P < 0.0001) between the first and second wave. Almost half of participants (35/72) taking HIV PrEP cited decreased use. Over 90% (423/460) of participants preferred in-person clinic visits over telehealth. Overall, delays in routine and urgent sexual health care were reported by 34% (129/375) and 12% (46/373) of participants, respectively. More men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender/gender non-conforming/nonbinary (TGNCNB) individuals experienced delayed care compared with women [MSM: aPR 1.43 (95% CI, 1.00-2.03); TGNCNB: 1.67 (1.04-2.69)]. Compared with participants who primarily sought sexual health care from private providers, those who primarily used SHCs experienced significantly more delayed care [1.72 (1.14-2.59)]. CONCLUSIONS: Delays in sexual health care access can have serious implications for certain patient populations. Additional resources are needed to maintain access to sexual health clinic services.

Racial inequities in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men prior to and amidst an Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine trends in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) relative to the scale up of Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiatives, including biomedical prevention strategies, and to describe racial inequities over time. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study, matching annual cohorts of New York City (NYC) Sexual Health Clinic (SHC) patients from 2010 to 2018 to the citywide HIV registry to identify seroconversions during 1 year of follow-up, through 2019. METHODS: We examined HIV incidence for each annual cohort of MSM using diagnoses within 1 year after last negative HIV test. We calculated incidence rates and rate ratios (IRR) pooled across 3-year intervals (2010-2012, 2013-2015, 2016-2018) by race/ethnicity, age, neighborhood poverty level, recent STI diagnosis, and condom use during anal sex. RESULTS: There were 36 156 study visits among MSM attending NYC SHCs, including 37% among White MSM and 63% among MSM of color. From 2010 to 2018, HIV incidence decreased overall from 2.82 to 0.82/100 person-years, and among all race/ethnicity, age, poverty, STI, and condom use subgroups. For 2010-2012 vs. 2016-2018, adjusted IRRs (95% CI) increased for Black MSM [1.8 (1.3-2.6) vs. 6.0 (3.5-10.2)], Latino MSM [1.4 (1.0-2.0) vs. 4.0 (2.3-6.8)], and MSM of other races [1.0 (0.6-1.7) vs. 2.5 (1.3-4.9)] compared with White MSM. Black and Latino MSM seroconverted at significantly higher rates than White MSM in the same age groups and neighborhood poverty level. CONCLUSION: Despite decreases in HIV incidence among MSM, racial inequities were exacerbated over time. Addressing structural factors that impact racial inequities in risk of HIV should undergird EHE initiatives.

JYNNEOS™ effectiveness as post-exposure prophylaxis against mpox: Challenges using real-world outbreak data.

BACKGROUND: JYNNEOSTM vaccine has been used as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) during a mpox outbreak in New York City (NYC). Data on effectiveness are limited. METHODS: Effectiveness of a single dose of JYNNEOSTM vaccine administered subcutaneously ≤ 14 days as PEP for preventing mpox disease was assessed among individuals exposed to case-patients from May 22, 2022-August 24, 2022. Individuals were evaluated for mpox through 21 days post-exposure. An observational study was conducted emulating a sequence of nested "target" randomized trials starting each day after exposure. Results were adjusted for exposure risk and race/ethnicity. Analyses were conducted separately based on last (PEPL) and first (PEPF) exposure date. We evaluated the potential to overestimate PEP effectiveness when using conventional analytic methods due to exposed individuals developing illness before they can obtain PEP (immortal time bias) compared to the target trial. RESULTS: Median time from last exposure to symptom onset (incubation period) among cases that did not receive PEPL was 7 days (range 1-16). Time to PEPL receipt was 7 days (range 0-14). Among 549 individuals, adjusted PEPL and PEPF effectiveness was 19 % (95 % Confidence Interval [CI], -54 % to 57 %) and -7% (95 % CI, -144 % to 53 %) using the target trial emulation, respectively, and 78 % (95 % CI, 50 % to 91 %) and 73 % (95 % CI, 31 % to 91 %) using conventional analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Determining PEP effectiveness using real-world data during an outbreak is challenging. Time to PEP in NYC coupled with the observed incubation period resulted in overestimated PEP effectiveness using a conventional method. The target trial emulation, while yielding wide confidence intervals due to small sample size, avoided immortal time bias. While results from these evaluations cannot be used as reliable estimates of PEP effectiveness, we present important methodologic considerations for future evaluations.

Possible Exposures Among Mpox Patients Without Reported Male-to-Male Sexual Contact - Six U.S. Jurisdictions, November 1-December 14, 2022.

The extent to which the 2022 mpox outbreak has affected persons without a recent history of male-to-male sexual contact (MMSC) is not well understood. During November 1-December 14, 2022, CDC partnered with six jurisdictional health departments to characterize possible exposures among mpox patients aged ≥18 years who did not report MMSC during the 3 weeks preceding symptom onset. Among 52 patients included in the analysis, 14 (27%) had a known exposure to a person with mpox, including sexual activity and other close intimate contact (eight) and household contact (six). Among 38 (73%) patients with no known exposure to a person with mpox, self-reported activities before illness onset included sexual activity and other close intimate contact (17; 45%), close face-to-face contact (14; 37%), attending large social gatherings (11; 29%), and being in occupational settings involving close skin-to-skin contact (10; 26%). These findings suggest that sexual activity remains an important route of mpox exposure among patients who do not report MMSC.

Mycoplasma genitalium in the US (MyGeniUS): Surveillance Data From Sexual Health Clinics in 4 US Regions.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is on the CDC Watch List of Antimicrobial Resistance Threats, yet there is no systematic surveillance to monitor change. METHODS: We initiated surveillance in sexual health clinics in 6 cities, selecting a quota sample of urogenital specimens tested for gonorrhea and/or chlamydia. We abstracted patient data from medical records and detected MG and macrolide-resistance mutations (MRMs) by nucleic acid amplification testing. We used Poisson regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs, adjusting for sampling criteria (site, birth sex, symptom status). RESULTS: From October-December 2020 we tested 1743 urogenital specimens: 57.0% from males, 46.1% from non-Hispanic Black persons, and 43.8% from symptomatic patients. MG prevalence was 16.6% (95% CI: 14.9-18.5%; site-specific range: 9.9-23.5%) and higher in St Louis (aPR: 1.9; 1.27-2.85), Greensboro (aPR: 1.8; 1.18-2.79), and Denver (aPR: 1.7; 1.12-2.44) than Seattle. Prevalence was highest in persons <18 years (30.4%) and declined 3% per each additional year of age (aPR: .97; .955-.982). MG was detected in 26.8%, 21.1%, 11.8%, and 15.4% of urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), respectively. It was present in 9% of asymptomatic males and 15.4% of asymptomatic females, and associated with male urethritis (aPR: 1.7; 1.22-2.50) and chlamydia (aPR: 1.7; 1.13-2.53). MRM prevalence was 59.1% (95% CI: 53.1-64.8%; site-specific range: 51.3-70.6%). MRMs were associated with vaginitis (aPR: 1.8; 1.14-2.85), cervicitis (aPR: 3.5; 1.69-7.30), and PID cervicitis (aPR: 1.8; 1.09-3.08). CONCLUSIONS: MG infection is common in persons at high risk of sexually transmitted infections; testing symptomatic patients would facilitate appropriate therapy. Macrolide resistance is high and azithromycin should not be used without resistance testing.

Sociodemographic and Behavioral Predictors of Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis Among Sexual Health Clinic Patients in New York City From 2014 to 2018.

OBJECTIVE: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, and recurrence is common. We examined factors associated with BV recurrence using electronic medical record data for patients attending New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene sexual health clinics from 2014 to 2018. METHODS: Clinician-diagnosed BV was defined using a clinical BV diagnosis code based on Amsel criteria. Recurrent BV was defined as any BV diagnosis occurring more than 30 days after the previous diagnosis. Adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for the relationship between potential risk factors and recurrent BV were estimated using conditional gap-time models. RESULTS: The data set contained 14,858 patients with at least one BV diagnosis. Of these, 46.3% (n = 6882) had at least 1 follow-up visit to a sexual health clinic between January 2014 and December 2018. Of those with a follow-up visit, 53.9% (n = 3707) had ≥1 recurrent BV episode, with 33.7% (n = 2317) experiencing recurrence within 3 months. In the multivariable model, using a hormonal intrauterine device (IUD; AHR, 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.49) or copper IUD (AHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.37), having a history of trichomonas (AHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12-1.36), and being non-Hispanic Black (AHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18) were associated with a higher risk of BV recurrence, whereas using non-IUD hormonal contraception was associated with reduced risk (AHR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Risk of BV recurrence was increased among patients using an IUD, whereas it was reduced in patients using non-IUD hormonal contraception.

Trends in Patient's Use of Sexual Health Services During COVID-19 in a Network of STD Clinics, STD Surveillance Network, 2019 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: The initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted sexual health care clinic's services. We describe use patterns by patient characteristics, and the use of telehealth (TH) services among a network of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. METHODS: Data were collected using a survey to assess the impact of COVID-19 from March to December 2020 among 7 jurisdictions who contribute STD visit-level data as part of the STD Surveillance Network. As a complement to the survey, retrospective data from January 2019 to December 2021 from these 7 STD clinics in the same 7 jurisdictions were examined for monthly utilization trends by overall visits, patient characteristics, and TH visits. RESULTS: Survey results indicated 7 clinics prioritized patients for in-person visits and 4 jurisdictions reported urgent care centers were the most common referral location. In April 2020 (relative to April 2019) clinic visits and unique patients decreased by 68.0% and 75.8%, respectively. Telehealth were documented in 4 clinics, beginning in March 2020, peaking in December 2020, and tapering until December 2021. We observed the number of clinic visits (-12.2%) and unique patients presenting for care (-27.2%) in December 2021 had yet to return to levels to that seen in December 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted disease clinics showed fragility and resiliency in their adjustment to the pandemic; allowing for the continuation of services. Overall patient census has been slow to return to prepandemic levels, and many patients may still not be seeking timely care. This could result in missed opportunities to screen and treat STIs and increasing the possibility of harmful sequelae.

Estimated Effectiveness of JYNNEOS Vaccine in Preventing Mpox: A Multijurisdictional Case-Control Study - United States, August 19, 2022-March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023, more than 30,000 monkeypox (mpox) cases had been reported in the United States in an outbreak that has disproportionately affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender persons (1). JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 for the prevention of smallpox and mpox via subcutaneous injection as a 2-dose series (0.5 mL per dose, administered 4 weeks apart) (2). To expand vaccine access, an Emergency Use Authorization was issued by FDA on August 9, 2022, for dose-sparing intradermal injection of JYNNEOS as a 2-dose series (0.1 mL per dose, administered 4 weeks apart) (3). Vaccination was available to persons with known or presumed exposure to a person with mpox (postexposure prophylaxis [PEP]), as well as persons at increased risk for mpox or who might benefit from vaccination (preexposure mpox prophylaxis [PrEP]) (4). Because information on JYNNEOS vaccine effectiveness (VE) is limited, a matched case-control study was conducted in 12 U.S. jurisdictions,† including nine Emerging Infections Program sites and three Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity sites,§ to evaluate VE against mpox among MSM and transgender adults aged 18-49 years. During August 19, 2022-March 31, 2023, a total of 309 case-patients were matched to 608 control patients. Adjusted VE was 75.2% (95% CI = 61.2% to 84.2%) for partial vaccination (1 dose) and 85.9% (95% CI = 73.8% to 92.4%) for full vaccination (2 doses). Adjusted VE for full vaccination by subcutaneous, intradermal, and heterologous routes of administration was 88.9% (95% CI = 56.0% to 97.2%), 80.3% (95% CI = 22.9% to 95.0%), and 86.9% (95% CI = 69.1% to 94.5%), respectively. Adjusted VE for full vaccination among immunocompromised participants was 70.2% (95% CI = -37.9% to 93.6%) and among immunocompetent participants was 87.8% (95% CI = 57.5% to 96.5%). JYNNEOS is effective at reducing the risk for mpox. Because duration of protection of 1 versus 2 doses remains unknown, persons at increased risk for mpox exposure should receive the 2-dose series as recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),¶ regardless of administration route or immunocompromise status.

Healthy Vaccinee Bias and MenB-FHbp Vaccine Effectiveness Against Gonorrhea.

ABSTRACT: Observational studies demonstrated 30% to 40% effectiveness of outer-membrane vesicle (OMV) meningococcal serogroup B vaccines against gonorrhea. To explore whether healthy vaccinee bias influenced such findings, we examined the effectiveness of MenB-FHbp, a non-OMV vaccine that is not protective against gonorrhea. MenB-FHbp was ineffective against gonorrhea. Healthy vaccinee bias likely did not confound earlier studies of OMV vaccines.

Health Care Provider Decisions to Initiate Oral HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in New York City Public Sexual Health Clinics.

BACKGROUND: Oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is safe and effective but underutilized. Health care providers' beliefs about PrEP and attitudes toward people who could benefit may affect PrEP access. METHODS: This mixed-methods study (2016-2018) was conducted in 8 New York City public sexual health clinics that implemented a PrEP program. Data included 32 in-depth qualitative interviews with clinicians, quantitatively coded to reflect their PrEP beliefs; a provider questionnaire; and 6 months of medical record visit data for these providers. Among patients with a PrEP indication, we examined the odds of a patient being initiated on PrEP associated with providers' PrEP beliefs and demographic characteristics, and patient characteristics. RESULTS: Providers reported strong support for offering PrEP to eligible patients. The majority denied concerns about possible development of drug-resistant viral strains, giving PrEP to people who might not benefit, and PrEP toxicity. Nevertheless, about one-third agreed with each of these concerns, and 55% thought PrEP use might limit condom use. Of 2176 patients with a PrEP indication, 20% were initiated. Providers with more restrictive PrEP beliefs did not have lower odds of initiating patients on PrEP. Women as well as Black and Latinx patients were less likely to be initiated on PrEP. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our hypotheses, providers' negative PrEP beliefs did not seem to reduce initiation of PrEP for eligible patients. This may be attributable to clear clinical protocols, strong staff support, and training on implementing PrEP in this setting. Racial and gender disparities in PrEP uptake urgently require attention.

The Cost of Operating Sexual Health Clinics During the Ending the (HIV) Epidemic Initiative in New York City.

BACKGROUND: As part of New York State's Ending the Epidemic (EtE) initiative, sexual health clinics (SHCs) in New York City invested in clinic enhancements and expanded their HIV-related services to increase access to HIV prevention interventions and treatment. The objective of this study was to estimate and describe the change in SHC operating costs related to clinic enhancements and expanded patient services implemented as part of the EtE initiative. METHODS: A comprehensive microcosting approach was used to collect retrospective cost information from SHCs, broken down by category and programmatic activity. Cost information was collected from 8 clinics across New York City during two 6-month time periods before (2015) and during (2018-2019) EtE. RESULTS: Eight SHCs reported comprehensive cost data. Costs increased by $800,000 on average per clinic during the 6-month EtE period. The cost per visit at an SHC increased by $120 on average to $381 (ranging from $302 to $464) during the EtE period. Personnel costs accounted for 69.9% of EtE costs, and HIV-related medications accounted for 8.9% of costs. Employment of social workers and patient navigators increased costs by approximately $150,000 on average per clinic. Postexposure prophylaxis was the costliest medication with average expenditures of $103,800 per clinic. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the key drivers of cost increases when offering enhanced HIV services in SHCs. Documenting the changes in resources necessary to implement these services and their costs can inform other health departments on the viability of offering enhanced HIV services within their own clinics.

The need for sexual health clinics, their future role, and contribution to public health.

Specialised sexual health clinics (SHCs) play an important role in addressing the staggering rates of STIs seen in many high-income nations. Despite increasing healthcare coverage in the US and nationalised health care in some countries, there is a continued need for SHCs to meet the needs of patients and the community, especially for high-priority populations: those at high risk of STI acquisition and/or groups historically marginalised and underserved in the traditional healthcare system. We need to mobilise resources to support a stronger clinical infrastructure in specialised SHCs. This review describes the importance of SHCs, their future role, and some of the innovative programs housed within SHCs in the US, Australia, and the Netherlands to address both STI and HIV prevention for the populations they serve.

Shigellosis Cases With Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections: Population-Based Data From 6 US Jurisdictions, 2007 to 2016.

BACKGROUND: Shigella species, which cause acute diarrheal disease, are transmitted via fecal-oral and sexual contact. To better understand the overlapping populations affected by Shigella infections and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, we examined the occurrence of reported STIs within 24 months among shigellosis case-patients. METHODS: Culture-confirmed Shigella cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2016 among residents of 6 US jurisdictions were matched to reports of STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and all stages of syphilis) diagnosed 12 months before or after the shigellosis case. We examined epidemiologic characteristics and reported temporal trends of Shigella cases by sex and species. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2016, 10,430 shigellosis cases were reported. The annual number of reported shigellosis cases across jurisdictions increased 70%, from 821 cases in 2007 to 1398 cases in 2016; males saw a larger increase compared with females. Twenty percent of male shigellosis case-patients had an STI reported in the reference period versus 4% of female case-patients. The percentage of male shigellosis case-patients with an STI increased from 11% (2007) to 28% (2016); the overall percentage among females remained low. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the substantial proportion of males with shigellosis who were diagnosed with STIs within 24 months and the benefit of matching data across programs. Sexually transmitted infection screening may be warranted for male shigellosis case-patients.

Effectiveness of a serogroup B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea: a retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Declining antimicrobial susceptibility to current gonorrhoea antibiotic treatment and inadequate treatment options have raised the possibility of untreatable gonorrhoea. New prevention approaches, such as vaccination, are needed. Outer membrane vesicle meningococcal serogroup B vaccines might be protective against gonorrhoea. We evaluated the effectiveness of a serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine (MenB-4C) against gonorrhoea in individuals aged 16-23 years in two US cities. METHODS: We identified laboratory-confirmed gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections among individuals aged 16-23 years from sexually transmitted infection surveillance records in New York City and Philadelphia from 2016 to 2018. We linked gonorrhoea and chlamydia case records to immunisation registry records to determine MenB-4C vaccination status at infection, defined as complete vaccination (two MenB-4C doses administered 30-180 days apart), partial vaccination (single MenB-4C vaccine dose), or no vaccination (serogroup B meningococcal vaccine naive). Using log-binomial regression with generalised estimating equations to account for correlations between multiple infections per patient, we calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% CIs to determine if vaccination was protective against gonorrhoea. We used individual-level data for descriptive analyses and infection-level data for regression analyses. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2016, and Dec 31, 2018, we identified 167 706 infections (18 099 gonococcal infections, 124 876 chlamydial infections, and 24 731 gonococcal and chlamydial co-infections) among 109 737 individuals linked to the immunisation registries. 7692 individuals were vaccinated, of whom 4032 (52·4%) had received one dose, 3596 (46·7%) two doses, and 64 (<1·0%) at least three doses. Compared with no vaccination, complete vaccination series (APR 0·60, 95% CI 0·47-0·77; p<0·0001) and partial vaccination series (0·74, 0·63-0·88; p=0·0012) were protective against gonorrhoea. Complete MenB-4C vaccination series was 40% (95% CI 23-53) effective against gonorrhoea and partial MenB-4C vaccination series was 26% (12-37) effective. INTERPRETATION: MenB-4C vaccination was associated with a reduced gonorrhoea prevalence. MenB-4C could offer cross-protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Development of an effective gonococcal vaccine might be feasible with implications for gonorrhoea prevention and control. FUNDING: None.

Self-Reported Use of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Is Highly Accurate Among Sexual Health Clinic Patients in New York City.

ABSTRACT: In New York City, 91% of sexually transmitted infection clinic patients reported preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use that matched the detection of PrEP in their serum. Self-report had 80% sensitivity and 96% specificity ( κ = 0.79) compared with measured PrEP. Our findings suggest that self-report may be a valid indicator of PrEP uptake.