Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain, edema, and trismus after surgical removal of impacted third molars: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) stimulus inhibits the activity of nociceptive neurons of the central nervous system. Pain relief is achieved by increasing the pulse amplitude of TENS to induce a non-painful paranesthesia beneath the electrodes. This study aimed to assess the effect of TENS on acute pain, edema, and trismus after surgical removal of impacted third molars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized, double blind, split-mouth clinical trial was conducted on 37 patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars. The angle and body of mandible at the site of surgery in one randomly selected quadrant underwent TENS immediately after surgery (50 Hz, 100-µs short pulse, 15 minutes for 6 days). The TENS stimulator device was used in off mode for the placebo quadrant. The pain score (primary outcome) was measured for 7 days postoperatively, and edema and trismus (secondary outcomes) were assessed at 2, 4 and 7 days, postoperatively. The results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using R software (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: The overall mean pain score was significantly lower in the TENS than the placebo group (P<0.05). The number of taken analgesics in the first 3 days was significantly lower in the TENS group (P<0.001). Postoperative edema in the TENS group was lower than the placebo group but only the difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). The inter-incisal distance, as an index to assess trismus, was not significantly different between the two group at day 2, but it was significantly higher in the TENS group after the second day (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TENS effectively decreased pain and trismus following impacted third molar surgery, and may be recommended as a non-pharmaceutical method to relieve postoperative symptoms.

Patient perception after oral biopsies: an observational outpatient study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative course in patients undergoing oral mucosal biopsies, considering clinical and patient's perception variables potentially correlated to poor healing. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients underwent oral biopsies. All the variables connected with the surgery were recorded, and the harvested volume was calculated through image software (ImageJ, NIH, Betesda, USA). To evaluate the postoperative discomfort, the OHIP-14 and the numeric rating scale of pain (NRS) were administered at 6 h, 7 days and 21 days after biopsy. RESULTS: Six hours after the biopsy, 22 (OHIP-14 ≥ 20) and 24 (NRS ≥ 4) patients experienced a troublesome or painful healing, respectively. A significant statistical correlation between poor healing and high scores of NRS and OHIP was detected (Pearson's correlation test p < 0.05). Higher values of OHIP-14 were correlated to the type of lesion (OR = 1.165; p < 0.05), whereas high values of NRS were correlated to the use of systemic drugs (p < 0.05). No surgical variable had a significant statistical correlation with any of the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical evaluation was correlated with the patient's perception of pain and discomfort. This finding could be suggestive of the fact that wound healing can be reliably monitored with the help of these tools. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Patient perception can be a predictor of the healing of biopsied tissues.

Measurement of gap between abutment and fixture in dental conical connection implants. A focused ion beam SEM observation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the authors was to examine the abutment-fixture interface in Morse-type conical implants in order to verify gaps at this level using a new microscopical approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this in vitro study, 20 abutment-fixture complexes were prepared by sectioning (longitudinal and cross-sectional to the long axis) with a microtome and then with a focused ion beam (FIB). This is a micrometric machine tool that uses gallium ions to abrade circumscribed areas to dig deeper into the cuts obtained with the microtome in order to eliminate cut-induced artifacts. This is because the FIB abrasion is practically free from artifacts, which are normally generated by the action of the microtome blades or other techniques. Samples were then observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The observation of the abraded parts with the FIB permitted measurement of the real gap between the implant-abutment components. A variable amount of gap was retrieved (from 0 to 3 µm) by the observations, confirming the non-hermetic nature of the connection. It has to be pointed out that in approximately 65% of cases, the gap accounted for less than 1 µm. CONCLUSIONS: The reported data confirmed that the analyzed connection system allowed for minimal gap. However, from the evidence of the present analysis, it cannot be assumed that the 2 parts of a Morse-type conical implant are fused in 1 piece, which would create a perfectly matched hermetic connection.

Chemical hazard for dental hygienists: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Dental hygienists (DHs) are professionals responsible for oral health. They deal with professional oral hygiene, counselling, and screening patients for oral health, as well as preventing and treating oral diseases. However, DH responsibilities and duties may vary worldwide, characterising changeable occupational exposure scenarios and making it difficult to achieve a suitable evaluation of workplace risks, particularly regarding chemical exposure. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to provide a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge on DH chemical risks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Isi Web of Knowledge databases was performed to retrieve all articles assessing DH occupational chemical exposures. RESULTS: Fragmented data are currently available on DH chemical risk, due to the limited number of studies on the topic and few DHs enrolled, as well as their frequent assimilation to other oral healthcare professionals. The majority of the retrieved investigations focused on possible hypersensitivity reactions caused by natural rubber latex exposure, but not on potential risks derived from other currently employed substances or innovative wide-spreading compounds. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should be focused on assessing DH chemical risks according to a more comprehensive and toxicologically standardised approach to achieve an appropriate awareness among the DH workforce concerning the possibility for hazardous exposure and adverse health effects. Overall, this may lead to the adoption/implementation of adequate preventive measures to protect the health and safety of these oral healthcare professionals.

Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric analysis of nasolabial soft tissue effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a systematic review of clinical trials.

The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the quality and clinical evidence in the literature analysing, through 3D stereophotogrammetry, the nasolabial soft tissue modifications that may occur after rapid maxillary expansion (RME). This systematic literature review was based on the PRISMA-P statement and was registered in the PROSPERO database with the following protocol ID: CRD42017079875. Pubmed, Cochrane, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science databases were searched with no restriction of year or publication status. Selection criteria were: randomised clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies on patients with unilateral/bilateral crossbite, transverse maxillary deficiency and crowding, treated with RME and monitored by 3D stereophotogrammetry. 652 articles were retrieved in the initial search. After the review process, 11 full-text articles met inclusion criteria. After the evaluation process, 4 publications were included for the present literature review. Due to the heterogeneous methodology meta-analysis was not possible; consequently, a systematic assessment of the studies and summary of the findings from the available evidence were used to answer the research question. The maximum widening of the alar cartilage is 1.41 ± 0.95 mm, whose clinical significance is open to question. The effect of RME on the mouth width remains controversial. In Altindis et al., the difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment mouth width (1.80 mm increment in the banded RME group) was statistically significant, while in Baysal 1.86 mm was considered a non-significant value. Inconsistencies and limitations in the study population and measurement protocols were detected between studies. These data underline the necessity for updated guidelines that allow to standardise, for this type of study, sample selection, measurement methods and collection of results.

Relationship between oral microbiota and periodontal disease: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: In recent years metagenomic analysis has become more accessible for the characterization of biological specimens. There has been an important increase of studies using this technique for subgingival human samples. To date, there are no updated systematic reviews on the relationship between oral microbiota and periodontal disease. The aim of the present systematic review was to update data about studies concerning the influences of changes in oral microbiota composition on the periodontal status in human subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in four databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL and Web of Science) for articles published in English from January 2014 to April 2018. In vitro or animal studies, case reports, case series, retrospective studies, review articles, abstracts and discussions were excluded. Also, studies that evaluated less than 5 microbial species, only viruses or already known periodontal pathogens were excluded. Two independent researches selected the studies and extracted the data. The quality of evidence was assessed as high, moderate or low for each microorganism. RESULTS: Eight studies and three additional publications recovered from the bibliography search of the selected articles were included in the review. The Bacteria domain was the main detected among the others and it included 53 species. The review confirmed the presence of recognized periodontal pathogens such as the members of the red complex but also identified, with high weight of evidence, the presence of new pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review support high evidence for the association of 3 new species/genera with the etiology of periodontitis. Future investigations on the actual role of these new pathogens in the onset and progression of the disease are needed.

Is telephone follow-up really effective in early diagnosis of inflammatory complications after tooth extraction?

BACKGROUND: To establish whether telephone follow-up is really able to intercept post-extraction complications and to evaluate the degree of patient satisfaction with this kind of post-surgical monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS: six hundred and thirty-eight patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to a test or control group. Test group patients were monitored by telephone follow-up 24 and 72 hours after surgery to investigate the presence of local symptoms that are frequently associated with surgical wound infection and inflammation. Both test and control group patients were examined 7 days at suture removal. Patients with systemic diseases, those in which intra-operative accidents occurred during surgery and those for whom extraction suture was not required, were excluded. RESULTS: At least one complication among alveolar osteitis, alveolar inflammation, alveolar infection and dehiscence involved 15.70% of the patients in the test group and 30.70% of the patients in the control group and telephone follow-up proved to be useful in early identification of anomalies in the post-extraction wound healing process. Comparable results were recorded in all extraction subgroups divided according to the type (surgical and non-surgical) and the number (single and multiple) of extractions performed in the same session. Telephone follow-up showed an 8.60 ± 1.17 (0 to 10 score scale) average acceptance. All cases of alveolar osteitis and infection occurred in patients who underwent antibiotic prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: Telephone follow-up seems to allow early detection of any possible wound healing complications, it is widely accepted by patients and it could therefore be considered a valid method for wound healing monitoring after tooth extractions, due to its effectiveness, feasibility and low costs.

Dental anaesthesia for children - effects of a computer-controlled delivery system on pain and heart rate: a randomised clinical trial.

Local anaesthesia in dentistry is usually given by conventional injection through a syringe. In this randomised, single-blind, split-mouth clinical study we evaluated the perception of pain and changes in heart rate in children being given dental local anaesthesia using a computer-controlled device compared with that given using a traditional syringe. Participants were in good general health with no contraindications to local anaesthetics. One half of each maxilla was anaesthetised using each technique, the order having been randomly selected according to a computer-generated sequence. The hypothesis was that the controlled anaesthetic flow rate results in virtually imperceptible injections. The outcomes were the perception of pain and the heart rate. Seventy-six children aged from 5-12 years old participated in this study. The mean (SD) pain score of the conventional injection was 5.51 (2.46) and the mean (SD) heart rate was 2.72 (6.76), which were significantly higher than those of the computerised delivery system, which were 4.74 (2.8) and 0.34 (7.3) (p=0.04). More patients anaesthetised with the traditional syringe technique required a second injection (n=21). These results suggest that dental anaesthesia given to children with a computer-controlled delivery system reduced pain better than that given with a conventional syringe.

Risks in surgery-first orthognathic approach: complications of segmental osteotomies of the jaws. A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To date, no systematic review has been undertaken to identify the complications of segmental osteotomies. The aim of the present systematic review was to analyze the type and incidence of complications of segmental osteotomies, as well as the time of subjective and/or clinical onset of the intra- and post-operative problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was conducted in two electronic databases (MEDLINE - Pubmed database and Scopus) for articles published in English between 1 January 2000 and 30 August 2015; only human studies were selected. Case report studies were excluded. Two independent researchers selected the studies and extracted the data. Two studies were selected, four additional publications were recovered from the bibliography search of the selected articles, and one additional article was added through a manual search. RESULTS: The results of this systematic review demonstrate a relatively low rate of complications in segmental osteotomies, suggesting this surgical approach is safe and reliable in routine orthognathic surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the small number of studies included in this systematic review, the rate of complication related to surgery first approach may be slightly higher than those associated with traditional orthognathic surgery, since the rate of complications of segmental osteotomies must be added to the complication rate of basal osteotomies. A surgery-first approach could be considered riskier than a traditional one, but further studies that include a greater number of subjects should be conducted to confirm these findings.

Diurnal trajectories of salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase and psychological profiles in oral lichen planus patients.

Although many reports have been published on the link between oral lichen planus (OLP) and the stress-related neuro-psycho-endocrine clinical features of the disease over the last 20 years, the data still remain controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the personality traits of OLP subjects and assess the subjects' capability of coping with stress challenges. Cortisol and alpha-amylase were measured as reliable markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities in salivary samples collected by the participants at their home during the sampling day (07:30, 12:00, and 19:30). Compared with the healthy controls, the OLP patients demonstrated a less effective coping ability, had higher scores in stress perception and loneliness, and had no significant variation in their anxiety and depressive symptoms. The OLP patients also showed dysregulation of the HPA axis activity with a significant reduction of diurnal salivary cortisol production, which was particularly significant in the morning hours. No significant variation was found in the OLP salivary alpha-amylase diurnal fluctuation and production, which was measured at the same time point as that for cortisol. In conclusion, we report that OLP subjects had a reduced capability of coping with stress events and presented a dysregulation of HPA axis activity with hypocortisolism detected in the morning hours.

Subjective pain response to two anesthetic systems in dental surgery: traditional syringe vs. a computer controlled delivery system.

The present study was conducted to evaluate human pain perception at different phases of dental surgery using a computer controlled device, the Single Tooth Anesthesia System (STA System), versus the traditional syringe technique. One hundred healthy patients participated in this single-blind split-mouth design study. Individuals provided pain ratings at needle insertion, delivery of anesthetic solution and tooth extraction via a numeric visual rating scale or NVRS. The anterior middle superior alveolar, or AMSA, injection was compared with traditional syringe injections in maxillary quadrants. NVRS scores for AMSA were significantly lower for the STA System when compared to traditional syringe technique at needle insertion, delivery of anesthetic solution (p less than 0.0001) and also during tooth extractions (p=0.0002). A higher percentage of patients (23 percent) required a second injection after the traditional syringe technique. Subjects reported having less clinical pain with AMSA injection at every step of the dental surgery. The STA System combines an anesthetic pathway and controlled flow rate resulting in virtually imperceptible needle insertion and injection, and a rapid onset of profound anesthesia. NVRS scoring system facilitated patient comprehension in assessing pain value and intensity experienced. The two anesthetic delivery techniques were therapeutically equivalent for maxillary injections but AMSA/computer controlled protocol significantly minimizes subjective pain perception at needle insertion, anesthetic delivery and during tooth extraction.