Impact of climate change on the geographical distribution of ticks of public health significance in Colombia: Amblyomma ovale (Ixodida: Ixodidae), the Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) complex and the Amblyomma cajennense (Ixodida: Ixodidae) complex.

Ticks of the Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida Ixodidae) complex, the Amblyomma cajennense (Ixodida Ixodidae) complex and Amblyomma ovale (Ixodida Ixodidae) are known to transmit various Rickettsia species in Colombia, but their exact distribution is unknown. We built several models based on current climate and projected future climate changes using a maximum entropy approach. A total of 314 records of the A. cajennense complex (65.9%; n = 207), A. ovale (22.9%; n = 72), and the A. maculatum complex (11.1%; n = 35) were obtained. Amblyomma ovale has a current distribution in the Pacific, Caribbean and Andean regions and could be potentially found in the Amazon. Amblyomma maculatum has a current distribution in the Andean and could potentially be found in the Caribbean and Orinoco regions. Amblyomma mixtum can be found near the Caribbean Sea and in the Pacific region, and A. patinoi is likely to be found in the Andean region and the Caribbean. In 2070, it will be possible to find an expansion of A. ovale and A. maculatum and a decrease of A. mixtum and A. patinoi. The variables that best predict the distribution of these species are isothermality (small fluctuations in temperature) and annual precipitation. Amblyomma cajennense s.l and A. ovale, A. cajennese s.l and A. patinoi, as well as A. maculatum and A. patinoi, have an important environmental sympatry. Epidemiological and acarological surveillance is crucial to investigate rickettsiosis caused by R. parkeri in A. ovale regions, by R. rickettsii in A. patinoi and A. mixtum areas, and by R. parkeri s.s in A. maculatum regions.

Infection and Coinfection of Porcine-Selected Viruses (PPV1 to PPV8, PCV2 to PCV4, and PRRSV) in Gilts and Their Associations with Reproductive Performance.

Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (nPPVs) (PPV2 through PPV8) have been described, although their pathogenicity and possible effects on porcine reproductive failure (PRF) are undefined. In this study, these nPPVs were assessed in gilts from Colombia; their coinfections with PPV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4, and PRRSV and an association between the nPPVs and the reproductive performance parameters (RPPs) in sows were determined. For this, 234 serum samples were collected from healthy gilts from 40 herds in five Colombian regions, and the viruses were detected via real-time PCR. The results confirmed the circulation of PPV2 through PPV7 in Colombia, with PPV3 (40%), PPV5 (20%), and PPV6 (17%) being the most frequent. Additionally, no PCV4 or PPV8 was detected. PPV2 to PPV7 were detected in concurrence with each other and with the primary PRF viruses, and these coinfections varied from double to sextuple coinfections. Additionally, the association between nPPVs and PRF primary viruses was statistically significant for the presence of PPV6 in PCV3-positive (p < 0.01) and PPV5 in PPRSV-positive (p < 0.05) gilts; conversely, there was a significant presence of PPV3 in both PCV2-negative (p < 0.01) and PRRSV-negative (p < 0.05) gilts. Regarding the RPPs, the crude association between virus detection (positive or negative) and a high or low RPP was only statistically significant for PCV3 and the farrowing rate (FR), indicating that the crude odds of a low FR were 94% lower in herds with PCV3-positive gilts. This finding means that the detection of PCV3 in gilts (PCV3-positive by PCR) is associated with a higher FR in the farm or that these farms (with positive gilts) have lower odds (OR 0.06, p-value 0.0043) of a low FR. Additionally, a low FR tended to be associated with the detection of PPV4 and PPV5 (p-value < 0.20). This study is important for establishing the possible participation of nPPVs in PRF.

'Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae' and Probable Exclusion of Rickettsia parkeri in Ticks from Dogs in a Natural Area of the Pampa Biome in Brazil.

Spotted fever illness caused by the tick-borne pathogen Rickettsia parkeri has emerged in the Pampa biome in southern Brazil, where the tick Amblyomma tigrinum is implicated as the main vector. Because domestic dogs are commonly parasitized by A. tigrinum, this canid is also a suitable sentinel for R. parkeri-associated spotted fever. Herein, we investigate rickettsial infection in ticks, domestic dogs and small mammals in a natural reserve of the Pampa biome in southern Brazil. The ticks A. tigrinum, Amblyomma aureolatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were collected from dogs. Molecular analyses of ticks did not detect R. parkeri; however, at least 34% (21/61) of the A. tigrinum ticks were infected by the non-pathogenic agent 'Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae'. Serological analyses revealed that only 14% and 3% of 36 dogs and 34 small mammals, respectively, were exposed to rickettsial antigens. These results indicate that the study area is not endemic for R. parkeri rickettsiosis. We tabulated 10 studies that reported rickettsial infection in A. tigrinum populations from South America. There was a strong negative correlation between the infection rates by R. parkeri and 'Candidatus R. andeanae' in A. tigrinum populations. We propose that high infection rates by 'Candidatus R. andeanae' might promote the exclusion of R. parkeri from A. tigrinum populations. The mechanisms for such exclusion are yet to be elucidated.

Preventive measures focused on the urban-rural interface protect rural food-producing communities from SARS-CoV-2. / Medidas preventivas centradas en la interfaz urbano-rural protegen a las comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos del SARS-CoV-2

INTRODUCTION: Rural food-producing communities are fundamental for the development of economic activities associated with sustainability and food security. However, despite the importance of rurality in Colombia, preventive strategies continue to be implemented homogeneously, without considering the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in rural food-producing communities. OBJECTIVE: To model real areas in Colombia involving rural and urban populations that have intrinsic SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Characterize rural-urban interactions by means of a parameter that provides different scenarios and allows us to identify interactions capable of preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rural food-producing communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection was modeled in five case studies (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Sucre) considering urban and rural areas and their interaction (connectivity) in the urban-rural interface. For this purpose, an epidemiological compartmental model considering a classification of individuals according to their economic activity and their epidemiological status was assessed. RESULTS: Preventive measures focused on the urban-rural interface impact the number of deaths in rural areas. Hence, it is possible to assume that the dynamics of the disease in rural areas depend on the constant interaction with infected individuals from urban areas, which occurs due to the food production dynamics in the urban-rural interface. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should focus on places of high transmissibility and risk for rural communities, such as the urban-rural interface. This work highlights the importance of national heterogeneous preventive measures and the protection of rural communities from the social and economic impacts of SARS-CoV-2.

Introducción. Las comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos son fundamentales para el desarrollo de actividades económicas asociadas a la sostenibilidad y la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia de la ruralidad en Colombia, las estrategias de prevención continúan siendo implementadas homogéneamente, sin considerar la dinámica del SARS-CoV-2 en estas comunidades. Objetivo. Modelar la dinámica del SARS-CoV-2 en poblaciones rurales colombianas. Se quiso caracterizar la interacción rural-urbana mediante un parámetro que proporciona diferentes contextos y permite identificar una interacción rural-urbana capaz de prevenir la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 en comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos. Materiales y métodos. La dinámica de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 se modeló en cinco estudios de caso (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Santander y Sucre) considerando áreas urbanas y rurales, así como su interacción (conectividad) en la interfaz urbanorural. Para ello, se empleó un modelo epidemiológico compartimental que considera una clasificación de los individuos según su actividad económica y su estado epidemiológico. Resultados. Las medidas preventivas enfocadas en la interfaz urbano-rural impactan el número de muertes en áreas rurales. Por lo tanto, es posible asumir que la dinámica de la enfermedad en las áreas rurales depende del contacto constante con los individuos infectados de las áreas urbanas, lo que ocurre debido a la dinámica de los sistemas de producción de alimentos en la interfaz urbano-rural. Conclusiones. Las medidas de prevención deben enfocarse en lugares con gran transmisibilidad y riesgo para las comunidades rurales, como la interfaz urbano-rural. En este trabajo se destaca la importancia de las medidas preventivas heterogéneas y la protección de las comunidades rurales contra los impactos sociales y económicos del SARS-CoV-2.

Rickettsial infection in ticks from a natural area of Atlantic Forest biome in southern Brazil.

From June 2013 to January 2014, blood sera samples and ticks were collected from domestic dogs and wild small mammals, and ticks from the vegetation in a preservation area of the Atlantic Forest biome (Turvo State Park), and the rural area surrounding the Park in Derrubadas municipality, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Dogs were infested by Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma aureolatum adult ticks, whereas small mammals were infested by immature stages of A. ovale, Amblyomma yucumense, Amblyomma brasiliense, Ixodes loricatus, and adults of I. loricatus. Ticks collected on vegetation were A. brasiliense, A. ovale, A. yucumense, Amblyomma incisum, and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi. Three Rickettsia species were molecularly detected in ticks: Rickettsia bellii in I. loricatus (also isolated through cell culture inoculation), Rickettsia amblyommatis in A. brasiliense, and Rickettsia rhipicephali in A. yucumense. The latter two are tick-rickettsia associations reported for the first time. Seroreactivity to Rickettsia antigens were detected in 33.5% (55/164) small mammals and 8.3% (3/36) canine sera. The present study reveals a richness of ticks and associated-rickettsiae in the largest Atlantic Forest Reserve of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which is characterized by a rich fauna of wild mammals, typical of more preserved areas of this biome. Noteworthy, none of the detected Rickettsia species have been associated to human or animal diseases. This result contrasts to other areas of this biome in Brazil, which are endemic for tick-borne spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii or Rickettsia parkeri.

Preventive measures focused on the urban-rural interface protect rural food-producing communities from SARS-CoV-2 / Medidas preventivas centradas en la interfaz urbano-rural protegen a las comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos del SARS-CoV-2

Introduction: Rural food-producing communities are fundamental for the development of economic activities associated with sustainability and food security. However, despite the importance of rurality in Colombia, preventive strategies continue to be implemented homogeneously, without considering the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in rural food-producing communities. Objective: To model real areas in Colombia involving rural and urban populations that have intrinsic SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Characterize rural-urban interactions by means of a parameter that provides different scenarios and allows us to identify interactions capable of preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rural food-producing communities. Materials and methods: The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection was modeled in five case studies (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Sucre) considering urban and rural areas and their interaction (connectivity) in the urban-rural interface. For this purpose, an epidemiological compartmental model considering a classification of individuals according to their economic activity and their epidemiological status was assessed. Results: Preventive measures focused on the urban-rural interface impact the number of deaths in rural areas. Hence, it is possible to assume that the dynamics of the disease in rural areas depend on the constant interaction with infected individuals from urban areas, which occurs due to the food production dynamics in the urban-rural interface. Conclusions: Preventive measures should focus on places of high transmissibility and risk for rural communities, such as the urban-rural interface. This work highlights the importance of national heterogeneous preventive measures and the protection of rural communities from the social and economic impacts of SARS-CoV-2.

Introducción. Las comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos son fundamentales para el desarrollo de actividades económicas asociadas a la sostenibilidad y la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia de la ruralidad en Colombia, las estrategias de prevención continúan siendo implementadas homogéneamente, sin considerar la dinámica del SARS-CoV-2 en estas comunidades. Objetivo. Modelar la dinámica del SARS-CoV-2 en poblaciones rurales colombianas. Se quiso caracterizar la interacción rural-urbana mediante un parámetro que proporciona diferentes contextos y permite identificar una interacción rural-urbana capaz de prevenir la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 en comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos. Materiales y métodos. La dinámica de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 se modeló en cinco estudios de caso (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Santander y Sucre) considerando áreas urbanas y rurales, así como su interacción (conectividad) en la interfaz urbano-rural. Para ello, se empleó un modelo epidemiológico compartimental que considera una clasificación de los individuos según su actividad económica y su estado epidemiológico. Resultados. Las medidas preventivas enfocadas en la interfaz urbano-rural impactan el número de muertes en áreas rurales. Por lo tanto, es posible asumir que la dinámica de la enfermedad en las áreas rurales depende del contacto constante con los individuos infectados de las áreas urbanas, lo que ocurre debido a la dinámica de los sistemas de producción de alimentos en la interfaz urbano-rural. Conclusiones. Las medidas de prevención deben enfocarse en lugares con gran transmisibilidad y riesgo para las comunidades rurales, como la interfaz urbano-rural. En este trabajo se destaca la importancia de las medidas preventivas heterogéneas y la protección de las comunidades rurales contra los impactos sociales y económicos del SARS-CoV-2.

Bayesian spatial modeling of COVID-19 case-fatality rate inequalities.

The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 challenges the health systems and epidemiological responses of all countries worldwide. Although preventive measures have been globally considered, the spatial heterogeneity of its effectiveness is evident, underscoring global health inequalities. Using Bayesian-based Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, we identify the spatial association of socioeconomic factors and the risk for dying from COVID-19 in Colombia. We confirm that from March 16 to October 04, 2020, the COVID-19 case-fatality rate and the multidimensional poverty index have a heterogeneous spatial distribution. Spatial analysis reveals that the risk of dying from COVID-19 increases in regions with a higher proportion of poor people with dwelling (RR 1.74 95%CI = 1.54-9.75), educational (RR 1.69 95%CI = 1.36-5.94), childhood/youth (RR 1.35 95%CI = 1.08-4.03), and health (RR 1.16 95%CI = 1.06-2.04) deprivations. These findings evidence the vulnerability of most disadvantaged members of society to dying in a pandemic and assist the spatial planning of preventive strategies focused on vulnerable communities.

Medicina Veterinaria Forense, Bienestar y Maltrato Animal: Percepciones y Conocimiento de Estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria Colombianos y Brasileños.

Los médicos veterinarios juegan un papel fundamental en la detección de casos de maltrato animal y violencia doméstica. Por lo tanto, es esencial que las escuelas de medicina veterinaria brinden una formación adecuada en bienestar animal y medicina veterinaria forense. El objetivo del presente artículo es caracterizar la percepción y el conocimiento de los estudiantes de medicina veterinaria sobre la formación en medicina veterinaria forense, bienestar animal y la asociación entre maltrato animal y violencia humana. Un cuestionario online fue distribuido a los estudiantes de las 227 y 22 facultades de medicina veterinaria en Brasil y Colombia, respectivamente. Pruebas de chi-cuadrado fueron realizadas para comparar las respuestas de las variables categóricas entre los estudiantes de Brasil y Colombia. La mayoría de los estudiantes encuestados indicaron que su escuela ofrecía capacitación en bienestar animal. Sin embargo, solo el 21.8% (47/216) de los estudiantes colombianos y el 43.1% (216/523) de los brasileños mencionaron que su facultad ofrecía formación en medicina veterinaria forense. En ambos países fueron identificadas deficiencias en la capacitación sobre la identificación de traumas no accidentales, denuncia de maltrato animal y el conocimiento sobre la asociación entre maltrato animal y violencia interpersonal. A pesar de esto, más del 90% de los estudiantes relataron ser conscientes de la relación que existe entre estos dos crímenes y la importancia de recibir capacitación obligatoria sobre maltrato animal y medicina veterinaria forense. Adicionalmente, la mayoría de los encuestados reconocieron que el maltrato animal incluye tanto el abuso físico como el mental. Nuestros resultados destacan la necesidad de mejorar la educación en bienestar animal, maltrato animal, violencia humana y medicina veterinaria forense en las facultades de medicina veterinaria de Brasil y Colombia.

The in-utero experience of piglets born from sows with lameness shapes their life trajectory.

Experiences during gestation can alter the mother's behavior and physiology, thereby potentially affecting the behavioral and physiological development of the offspring. In livestock, one common challenge for pregnant animals is lameness: a multifactorial condition that causes pain, stress, resulting in poor welfare outcomes. Since maternal pain can affect offspring development, we aimed to quantify the behavioral response in 142 piglets born from sows with different degrees of lameness during pregnancy. Gait scores of 22 pregnant group-housed sows were assessed six times at 2-week intervals. Lameness scores varied from 0 (no lameness) to 5 (most severe lameness score). Saliva samples and behavior were assessed in the sows throughout pregnancy. Sows were moved to individual farrowing pens and placental tissue was collected for glucocorticoid assessment. At 28 days of age, piglets were weaned, weighed, and regrouped by body size and sex. Skin lesions were counted for each piglet on days 28, 29, and 30 after birth. During open field and novel object tests on day 30, the vocalization and activity levels were evaluated. Piglet data were grouped by the lameness score of the sows as G1 (without lameness), G2 (moderate lameness), and G3 (severe lameness). Data analysis included ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests and pairwise comparisons which were performed using Tukey and Kramer (Nemenyi) test with Tukey-Dist approximation for independent samples. G2 piglets were heavier than G3 at weaning. G1 piglets had fewer skin lesions at days 28 and 29 than G2 piglets. Moreover, G1 piglets vocalized more than G2 when they were subjected to the combined open field and novel object test. We did not identify differences among sows showing different lameness scores in the concentration of placental or salivary glucocorticoids. Lameness in pregnant sows altered the offspring's weight gain, number of skin lesions and vocalizations, together showing evidence that lameness in sows affect offspring performance and behavior.

Seroepidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. in horses, donkeys, and mules from Colombia.

Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. are related protozoa that can cause equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). The present study aimed to determine the frequency of antibodies to these parasites in 649 equids (351 horses, 267 donkeys, and 31 mules) from six departments in the North and Northwest of Colombia. For this purpose, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used for detecting antibodies against S. neurona and Neospora spp. with a cut-off point of 1:20 and 1:50, respectively. A binomial logistic regression model was selected to predict variables associated with exposure. The frequency of anti-S. neurona antibodies was 14.24% (95% CI: 10.84-18.44) for horses, 2.99% (95% CI: 1.39-6.04) for donkeys, and 16.13% (95% CI: 6.09-34.47) for mules. The risk for S. neurona infection was significantly lower in donkeys (OR: 0.18 [0.08-0.38]; p<0.001) than horses and mules, and higher in animals with a poor body condition (OR: 2.82 [1.45-6.05]; p<0.05). Additionally, older animals (>12y) had a higher risk of seropositivity (OR: 5.26 [1.88-19.1]; p<0.05), as well as animals that inhabit climatic conditions associated with tropical very dry forest (OR: 1.85 [1.01-3.51]; p<0.05). Córdoba and Antioquia departments presented the highest seropositivity to S. neurona with 13.01 and 8.3%, respectively. The frequency of anti-Neospora spp. antibodies was 1.42% (95% CI: 0.52-3.48) for horses, 1.12% (95% CI:0.29-3.52) for donkeys and 0% (95%, CI: 0-0) for mules. Atlántico was the state with the highest seropositivity to Neospora spp. (10%). No risks associated with Neospora spp. infection were found. These findings allow us to conclude that equids from these regions of Colombia are exposed to S. neurona, but antibodies to Neospora spp. are uncommon. Further studies are necessary to explore the presence of these two agents in other areas of the country. In addition, we need to prove the importance of the above-mentioned risk factors over the susceptibility of horses to these protozoal agents and the epidemiological impact of these underdiagnosed coccidia.

Distribution modeling of Amblyomma rotundatum and Amblyomma dissimile in Brazil: estimates of environmental suitability.

The number of reports of tick parasitism in amphibians and reptiles has increased over the past few years, including new host and location records for Amblyomma rotundatum and Amblyomma dissimile. However, knowledge of the geographical distribution remains incomplete, and in many regions of Brazil, the presence of these vectors has not been investigated. Several candidate models were built using a correlative maximum entropy approach, and best-fitting models were selected based on statistical significance, predictive ability, and complexity based on current climatic trends and future projected climate changes. Final models showed a good ability to discriminate A. rotundatum and A. dissimile current and future potential distributions. The entire country had higher predicted suitability for A. rotundatum while A. dissimile was mainly restricted to the Amazon and Pantanal biomes. A. rotundatum is a species with enormous potential for dissemination in the next decades, potentially through the legal and illegal transport of reptiles and amphibians. The proposed model is useful for targeting surveillance efforts increasing the efficiency and accuracy of future ecological research and tick management efforts.

Veterinary Forensics, Animal Welfare and Animal Abuse: Perceptions and Knowledge of Brazilian and Colombian Veterinary Students.

Veterinarians have a fundamental role to play in the detection of animal abuse and domestic violence cases. Therefore, it is essential that veterinary colleges provide appropriate training in animal welfare and veterinary forensics. The aim of this article is to characterize the perception and knowledge of veterinary students about training in veterinary forensics, animal welfare and the association between animal abuse and human violence. An online survey was made available to veterinary students at 227 veterinary colleges in Brazil and 22 in Colombia. The Chi-square test of independence was performed to compare responses of Brazilian and Colombian students for categorical survey items. Most of the surveyed students indicated that their college offered animal welfare training. However, only 21.8% (47/216) of the Colombian and 43.1% (216/523) of the Brazilian students mentioned that their veterinary colleges offered veterinary forensics training. Deficits in training in identification of non-accidental traumas, reporting of animal abuse and awareness of the association between interpersonal violence and animal abuse were identified in both countries. Despite this, more than 90% of students were aware of the relationship between these two crimes and in the importance of receiving compulsory training in animal abuse and veterinary forensics. Likewise, most of the respondents recognized that animal abuse includes both physical and mental abuse. The results highlight the need to improve education in animal welfare, animal abuse, human violence and veterinary forensics in veterinary colleges in Brazil and Colombia.

Natural allosteric modulators and their biological targets: molecular signatures and mechanisms.

Covering: 2008 to 2018Over the last decade more than two hundred single natural products were confirmed as natural allosteric modulators (alloNPs) of proteins. The compounds are presented and discussed with the support of a chemical space, constructed using a principal component analysis (PCA) of molecular descriptors from chemical compounds of distinct databases. This analysis showed that alloNPs are dispersed throughout the majority of the chemical space defined by natural products in general. Moreover, a cluster of alloNPs was shown to occupy a region almost devoid of allosteric modulators retrieved from a dataset composed mainly of synthetic compounds, further highlighting the importance to explore the entire natural chemical space for probing allosteric mechanisms. The protein targets which alloNPs bind to comprised 81 different proteins, which were classified into 5 major groups, with enzymes, in particular hydrolases, being the main representative group. The review also brings a critical interpretation on the mechanisms by which alloNPs display their molecular action on proteins. In the latter analysis, alloNPs were classified according to their final effect on the target protein, resulting in 3 major categories: (i) local alteration of the orthosteric site; (ii) global alteration in protein dynamics that change function; and (iii) oligomer stabilisation or protein complex destabilisation via protein-protein interaction in sites distant from the orthosteric site. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which use a combination of the three types of allosteric regulation found, were also probed by natural products. In summary, the natural allosteric modulators reviewed herein emphasise their importance for exploring alternative chemotherapeutic strategies, potentially pushing the boundaries of the druggable space of pharmacologically relevant drug targets.

Impact of massage on goats on the human-animal relationship and parameters linked to physiological response / Impacto da massagem em cabras na relação homem-animal e parâmetros relacionados à resposta fisiológica

ABSTRACT: Considering the benefits that massage can promote, this research aimed to apply the stroking massage in five adult goats (G1-G5) assessed in group and individually for ten days. Parameters related to massage, immune system, physiology and behavior of goats were observed. There was only significant difference (P<0.05) regarding behavior expressed in the presence of the masseur in G4 and G5, between week 1 and 2. Most goats accepted massage, except G2, with greater demonstrations of positive than negative behavior towards the masseur. Therefore, stroking massage promoted positive interactions between the masseur and goats, and should be explored as an alternative method to those existing in improving the relationship between humans and farm animals.

RESUMO: Considerando os benefícios que a massagem pode promover, este trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar a massagem do tipo stroking em cinco cabras adultas (G1-G5) avaliadas em grupo e individualmente por dez dias. Parâmetros relacionados à massagem, sistema imunológico, fisiologia e comportamento das cabras foram observados. Houve apenas diferença significativa (P<0,05) em relação ao comportamento expresso na presença da massagista em G4 e G5, entre as semanas 1 e 2. A maioria das cabras aceitou a massagem, exceto G2, com maiores demonstrações de comportamentos positivos do que negativos direcionados à massagista. Portanto, a massagem do tipo stroking promoveu interações positivas entre a massagista e as cabras, devendo ser explorada como um método alternativo aos existentes na melhora da relação entre seres humanos e animais de produção.

Brazilian Spotted Fever Prevention through a Nonlethal Capybara Population Control Strategy.

INTRODUCTION: Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a lethal tick-borne Rickettsioses (2000 - 2018 >600 human deaths) involving synanthropic capybara as host. METHODS: We introduced an alternative to mitigate human-capybara conflicts and epidemiologic concerns of BSF. Complex aspects like transmission dynamics, risk areas, host mobility, and birth rate control, were considered to develop a prevention strategy using an anti-GnRH vaccine. RESULTS: The propositioned immunocontraceptive potentially remove and prevent the spread of BSF from endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: We propose the anti-GnRH vaccine as a BSF prevention strategy based on these favorable results.

Gastrointestinal and pulmonary parasites of working horses from Colombia.

Working equids are used in different countries for numerous purposes and regularly are crucial for multiple communities' income and profit. Historically, in Bogotá D.C. they were used as animal-powered vehicles but in 2013 it was initiated a substitution and adoption program as a result of society pressure and lawful processes. Infectious diseases and mainly parasitic diseases, poses a threat in the health and productivity of these animals. Our aim was to identify, by coproparasitological methods, the gastrointestinal and pulmonary parasite species infecting working horses submitted to the mentioned substitution and adoption program. Between May and December 2013 and February and July 2014, fresh faecal samples were obtained from 1004 and 648 horses from Bogotá D.C. and other Colombian municipalities, respectively. They were processed by flotation and Baermann tests in order to visualize faecal parasitic forms (eggs, oocysts, and larvae). Prevalences were calculated for each gastrointestinal parasite at origin and one year after, at destination, and analysed by age group and coinfection. At origin (Bogotá D.C.), prevalence for at least one parasite species was 87.5% and one year later, at destination (other municipalities), was 89.5%. The most prevalent species were strongyles (86.4-89.4%) followed by Parascaris spp. (0.7-6.2%), cestodes (Anoplocephalidae) (3.7-4.9%) and Oxyuris sp. (2.8-4.3%). Other species detected were Eimeria sp., Strongyloides sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. Coinfection by two or more species ranged between 14.4 and 38.3% being strongyle, Parascaris spp., Oxyuris sp. and cestodes (Anoplocephalidae) the most common species involved. Some parasitic infections commonly associated with younger animals (e.g. Parascaris spp.) were detected in all age groups. Flow patterns of parasites linking Bogotá D.C. and other municipalities are presented. Finally, these results support the widespread distribution of most of species and the plausible health and welfare impact of this infections in working equids submitted to particular epidemiological risks.

Perception, knowledge and attitudes of small animal practitioners regarding animal abuse and interpersonal violence in Brazil and Colombia.

Identification and report of animal abuse by veterinarians are fundamental to the promotion of animal welfare and the prosecution of this crime. Likewise, these professionals have an important responsibility to cope with the cycle of violence. This study aims to characterize the perception, knowledge, and attitudes of small animal practitioners regarding animal abuse and interpersonal violence in Brazil and Colombia. An online survey containing 27 questions was distributed to small animal practitioners of both countries. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was employed to construct relationships among categorical variables and the chi-square statistic was used for testing these relationships. An important number of respondents had suspected that their patients could be victims of animal abuse (Brazil 48.1%; Colombia 64.5%). However, only a minority reported this situation to competent authorities (Brazil 32.7%; Colombia 10.8%). To receive training about veterinary forensics and/or animal welfare sciences in veterinary college was associated with identifying and denouncing animal abuse (p < .05). Deficiency in training received by veterinarians on veterinary forensic and animal welfare science in veterinary college was evident. Despite this, small animal practitioners recognize the existence of an association between animal abuse and interpersonal violence (Brazil 94.2%; Colombia 96.8%). The results highlight the need to strengthen education on animal abuse and promote the participation of veterinarians in the prosecution of this crime in Latin America.

Brazilian spotted fever prevention through a nonlethal capybara population control strategy

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a lethal tick-borne Rickettsioses (2000 - 2018 >600 human deaths) involving synanthropic capybara as host. METHODS: We introduced an alternative to mitigate human-capybara conflicts and epidemiologic concerns of BSF. Complex aspects like transmission dynamics, risk areas, host mobility, and birth rate control, were considered to develop a prevention strategy using an anti-GnRH vaccine. RESULTS: The propositioned immunocontraceptive potentially remove and prevent the spread of BSF from endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: We propose the anti-GnRH vaccine as a BSF prevention strategy based on these favorable results.

Hosts mobility and spatial spread of Rickettsia rickettsii.

There are a huge number of pathogens with multi-component transmission cycles, involving amplifier hosts, vectors or complex pathogen life cycles. These complex systems present challenges in terms of modeling and policy development. A lethal tick-borne infectious disease, the Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF), is a relevant example of that. The current increase of human cases of BSF has been associated with the presence and expansion of the capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, amplifier host for the agent Rickettsia rickettsii and primary host for the tick vector Amblyomma sculptum. We introduce a stochastic dynamical model that captures the spatial distribution of capybaras and ticks to gain a better understanding of the spatial spread of the R. rickettsii and potentially predict future epidemic outcomes. We implemented a reaction-diffusion process in which individuals were divided into classes denoting their state with respect to the disease. The model considered bidirectional movements between base and destination locations limited by the carrying capacity of the environment. We performed systematic stochastic simulations and numerical analysis of the model and investigate the impact of potential interventions to mitigate the spatial spread of the disease. The mobility of capybaras and their attached ticks was significantly influenced by the birth rate of capybaras and therefore, disease propagation velocity was higher in places with higher carrying capacity. Some geographical barriers, generated for example by riparian reforesting, can impede the spatial spread of BSF. The results of this work will allow the formulation of public actions focused on the prevention of BSF human cases.

Basic reproduction number for the Brazilian Spotted Fever.

Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is an emerging and lethal disease in South America which basic reproduction number (R0) is unknown. Calculating R0 for this disease is crucial to design control interventions and prevent human deaths. BSF endemic areas are related to the presence of capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, amplifier hosts of Rickettsia rickettsii and primary hosts of the tick Amblyomma sculptum, main vector of the agent in this area. Because of the complexity of its dynamics, we calculated R0 for the BSF system by constructing a next-generation matrix considering different categories of vectors and hosts. Each matrix element was considered as the expected number of infected individuals of one category produced by a single infected individual of a second category. We used field and experimental data to parameterize the next-generation matrix and obtain the final calculation (R0 ≈ 1.7). We demonstrated the low impact of the matrix elements corresponding to the transovarial transmission and the transmission from infected larvae in the maintenance of R. rickettsii. Sensitivity and elasticity analyzes were performed to quantify the perturbations of each matrix element in R0. We noted that the elements equivalent to the number of infected attached nymphs produced by an infected capybara, and the number of infected capybaras produced by an infected attached nymph or adult are the major contributors to changes in R0. Our results provide insights into the strategic design of preventive interventions in BSF endemic areas.