Carriage of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae on common insect vectors.

The interactions of likely insect and murine vectors of the causative agent of swine dysentery, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, were investigated. Insects were collected and analysed from 3 pig farms positive for B hyodysenteriae. Within these farms, several Musca domestica and Orphyra adult fly, Blatta sp. cockroach digestive tracts and hover fly (Eristalis sp) pupal form contents were positive in a standard PCR assay for B hyodysenteriae, whereas all other insect samples on these and case control farms were negative. In challenge exposure studies, B hyodysenteriae DNA was detected in the digestive tract of cockroaches and M domestica flies from day 1 post-inoculation with cultured B hyodysenteriae, for up to 5 days or 10 days respectively, while control non-inoculated insects remained negative. Isolates consistent with B hyodysenteriae were only cultured from frass samples of these inoculated cockroach and flies on days 1-3 post-inoculation. Isolates consistent with B hyodysenteriae were detected by analysis of agar plates exposed to live B hyodysenteriae-inoculated adult flies wandering and feeding on these plates for 20 min per day. In generational challenge inoculation studies, B hyodysenteriae was detected in the adult emergent flies, and internal components of fly pupae on days 1-7 of the pupation period, after being inoculated with B hyodysenteriae as larvae. Five-week-old conventional mice (C3H) that consumed 2 meals of B hyodysenteriae-infected flies remained negative for B hyodysenteriae throughout the next 10 days. The results indicated that pathogenic Brachyspira sp have a limited ability to internally colonise likely insect vectors and do not readily transmit infection to mice. However, the insect vectors analysed were demonstrably capable of mechanical carriage and likely on-farm involvement in consequence.

Identification and quantification of granulocytes in caecal mucosa and submucosa of chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and Salmonella enteritidis.

1. Poultry granulocytes are not clearly distinguished from each other with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain; thus, histochemical techniques must be used. Three experiments were carried out using 4-week-old Leghorn chickens. 2. Three, 80-chicken groups were orally infected with (1) 10(8) colony forming units (CFUs) Salmonella enteritidis, or (2) 10(4) Eimeria tenella oocysts, or (3) 10(8) CFUs S. enteritidis + 10(4) E. tenella oocysts. Ten chickens from each group were euthanased and caecum samples obtained. Caecum samples were fixed in 10% formalin (buffered, pH 7.4) at 4, 8, 12 h, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 d post-inoculation (PI). 3. Samples were stained using three different staining techniques: HE for the identification of heterophils and eosinophils, Ziehl-Neelsen for mast cells, and p-phenilenediamine dihydrochloride plus pyrocatechol (PPD + PC) for eosinophils. 4. Birds from Experiment 1 showed no changes in the numbers of granulocytes. Birds from Experiments 2 and 3 showed higher numbers of heterophils in caecal mucosa and submucosa separately, on d 5 and 7. In Experiment 3, a decrease was observed in submucosal mast cells on d 3. Chickens from Experiments 2 and 3 showed increased numbers of mucosal mast cells between d 7 and 14. 5. PPD + PC positively stained eosinophils, but not heterophils. 6. Numbers of heterophils and mast cells were increased during the acute inflammatory process caused by E. tenella. Therefore, mast cells could play a role as primary inflammatory cells. Eosinophils seem not to be part of the inflammatory process caused by E. tenella.

Persistence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Aujeszky's Disease virus and Blue Eye Disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces.

AIMS: This study was carried out to determine the survival time of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Aujeszky's Disease virus and Blue Eye Disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS: The four micro-organisms were inoculated into microsilos based on the solid fraction of pig faeces, sorghum and molasses. They were left for 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, after which the state of each microsilo was evaluated, and isolation of the inoculated agents was attempted. The four inoculated agents were isolated only on day 0 of ensilage. The viral agents were identified through the cytopathic effect and fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is concluded that ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces appear to reduce the risk of the transmission of the agents inoculated in this study and help to reduce the environmental impact by using the solid in animal feed.

Eficacia, tolerabilidad y seguridad del triflusal en pacientes con riesgos cardiovasculares múltiples (RCVM) / Efficacy, tolerability and security of triflusal in patients with multiple cardiovascular risks (MCVR)

Antecedentes. El tratamiento para la diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertensión arterial (HA) y dislipidemias (DL) ha reducido la morbilidad y mortalidad por estas afecciones. Objetivo. Estudiar la eficacia, tolerabilidad y seguridad de triflusal, 600 mg/día (TRI), vs. dipiridamol, 225 mg/día (DIP), sobre pruebas de agregación plaquetaria y coagulación en pacientes con RCVM (DM+HA+DL) durante 28 días. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron dos grupos de 60 pacientes con RCVM elegidos al azar. Se excluyó a quienes padecían insuficiencia renal, hepática o enfermedad arterial coronaria. Al inicio y término del estudio se realizaron pruebas de laboratorio (biometría hemática, química sanguínea, examen general de orina, tiempo de coagulación, sangrado y pruebas de agregación plaquetaria con ADP, colágeno y adrenalina), mientras los pacientes continuaron recibiendo el tratamiento para el padecimiento de base. Resultados. Al final del estudio, sólo 109 sujetos fueron evaluables por protocolo. Datos demográficos: TRI: 27 hombres, 31 mujeres con edad promedio 49 ñ 6.5 años y DIP : 22 hombres, 31 mujeres con edad promedio 48 ñ 6.5 años. Pacientes con RCVM: TRI: DM-36, HA-35 y DL-52; DIP: DM-33, HA-29 y DL-47. Los grupos fueron comparables al inicio del estudio. Se observó un efecto antiagregante plaquetario con triflusal, para las pruebas con ADP (p=0.002), colágeno (p=0.002) y adrenalina (p=0.001) en la comparación intragrupo, siendo este efecto mayor que DIP (APD: p=0.027; colágena: p=0.002 y adrenalina: p=0.001) en la comparación intergrupos. No se encontró diferencia significativa en tiempos de coagulación, sangrado y los demás exámenes, en ningún tratamiento. 32/60 pacientes (53 por ciento) del DIP tuvieron episodios adversos, por lo que se descontinuó el tratamiento de dos (3 por ciento). Conclusiones. Este estudio mostró que el triflusal tiene mayor efecto antiagregante que el dipiridamol y un mejor perfil de tolerancia y seguridad. El triflusal demostró su eficacia en las tres pruebas de agregación utilizadas