Comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles in goat milk during different lactation periods and their interactions with volatile compounds and metabolites.

This study aimed to compare the composition of fatty acids in goat milk during lactation with human milk, as well as analyze the differences in their interaction with odor and metabolites. Polyunsaturated fatty acids content was higher in human milk, while odd-chain, branched-chain, and monounsaturated fatty acids content were higher in goat milk with a decreasing trend during lactation. PUFAs in human milk undergo auto-oxidation to produce aldehydes (hexanal), giving it a mild aroma. Butyric acid in goat colostrum mediates the synthesis and auto-oxidation of PUFA, while taurine mediated the hydrolysis of amino acids. They produce a furanone compound (2(5H)-furanone) with a buttery flavor. The presence of butyric acid in goat transitional milk had an impact on flavor and metabolites. The medium chain fatty acid composition of the goat mature milk was affected by nucleic acid compounds, which then oxidized to produce methyl ketone (2-nonanone), giving it an unpleasant flavor.

Proteomic profiling of laser capture microdissection kidneys from diabetic nephropathy patients.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), warranting equal attention and separate analysis of glomerular, tubular, and interstitial lesions in its diagnosis and intervention. This study aims to identify the specific proteomics characteristics of DN, and assess changes in the biological processes associated with DN. 5 patients with DN and 5 healthy kidney transplant donor control individuals were selected for analysis. The proteomic characteristics of glomeruli, renal tubules, and renal interstitial tissue obtained through laser capture microscopy (LCM) were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Significantly, the expression of multiple heat shock proteins (HSPs), tubulins, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) in glomeruli and tubules was significantly reduced. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the glomerulus showed significant enrichment in pathways related to cell junctions and cell movement, including the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and tight junction. DEPs in renal tubules were significantly enriched in glucose metabolism-related pathways, such as glucose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle. Moreover, the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway was a co-enrichment pathway in both DN glomeruli and tubules. Notably, ACTB emerged as the most crucial protein in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of DEPs in both glomeruli and renal tubules. In this study, we delve into the unique proteomic characteristics of each sub-region of renal tissue. This enhances our understanding of the potential pathophysiological changes in DN, particularly the potential involvement of glycolysis metabolic disorder, glomerular cytoskeleton and cell junctions. These insights are crucial for further research into the identification of disease biomarkers and the pathogenesis of DN.

Research on image recognition of tomato leaf diseases based on improved AlexNet model.

Aiming at the problems that the traditional image recognition technology is challenging to extract useful features and the recognition time is extended; the AlexNet model is improved to improve the effect of image classification and recognition. This study focuses on 8 types of tomato leaf diseases and healthy leaves. By using HOG and LBP weighted fusion to extract image features, a tomato leaf disease recognition model based on the AlexNet model is proposed, and transfer learning is used to train the AlexNet model. Transfer the knowledge learned by the AlexNet model on the PlantVillage image dataset to this model while reducing the number of fully connected layers. Keras deep learning framework and programming language Python were used. The model was implemented, and the classification and identification of tomato leaf diseases were carried out. The recognition rate of feature-weighted fusion classification is higher than that of serial and parallel methods, and the recognition time is the shortest. When the weight coefficient ratio of HOG and LBP is 3:7, the image recognition rate is the highest, and its value is 97.2 %. From the model performance curve See, when the number of iterations is more than 150 times, the training set and test accuracy rate both exceed 97 %, the loss rate shows a gradient decline, and the change is relatively stable; compared with the traditional AlexNet model, HOG + LBP + SVM model, and VGG model, improved AlexNet model has the highest recognition rate, and it has high recall value, accuracy, and F1 value; Compared with the latest convolutional neural network disease recognition models, improved AlexNet model recognition accuracy was 98.83 %, and the F1 value was 0.994. It shows that the model has good convergence performance, fast prediction speed, and low loss rate and can effectively identify 8 types of tomato leaf images, which provides a reference for the research on crop disease identification.

Effects of Planarization of the Triphenylamine Unit on the Electronic and Transport Properties of Triarylamine-Fluorene Copolymers in Both Doped and Undoped Forms.

Triarylamine-alt-fluorene (TAF) copolymers are widely used for hole injection and transport in organic electronics. Despite suggestions to planarize the triphenylamine moiety, little research has been conducted. Here, we report a comprehensive investigation of the effects of planarization on the electronic and transport properties of a model TAF polymer semiconductor core. We compared the conventional twisted-propeller N-4-methoxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylamine-4',4″-diyl (TA) unit and its planarized bridged analogue (bTA) where adjacent o,o'-positions are linked by 1,1-dimethylmethylene. We studied both polyelectrolyte and non-polyelectrolyte forms of this core in both doped and undoped states. We found that planarization leads to an unprecedented trap-free transport of holes, and a pronounced enhancement of their mobility in the undoped state though less so in the doped state. Planarization also induces a slight reduction in the ionization energy of the undoped polymer, consequently lowering the work function of the doped polymer. This is accompanied by small spectral shifts: a red shift in the first absorption band of the undoped polymer and a blue shift in the first absorption band of the polaron. Furthermore, this study unveils new fundamental features of TAF polymers: (i) Doping induces the formation of three polaron bands within the subgap. (ii) Absorption of both neutral and polaron segments exhibit a linear intensity relationship with doping level. (iii) Electrical conductivity reaches a maximum at the half-doped state, varying as σ ∼ (x (1 - x))3 for 0.1 ≲ x ≲ 0.9, where x is the doping level. Finally, we demonstrate the successful integration of these self-compensated hole-doped TAF polymers as efficient hole injection layers in organic semiconductor diodes.

OsG6PGH1 affects various grain quality traits and participates in the salt stress response of rice.

Cytoplasmic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (G6PGH) is a key enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway that is involved in regulating various biological processes such as material metabolism, and growth and development in plants. However, it was unclear if OsG6PGH1 affected rice grain quality traits. We perform yeast one-hybrid experiments and reveal that OsG6PGH1 may interact with OsAAP6. Subsequently, yeast in vivo point-to-point experiments and local surface plasmon resonance experiments verified that OsG6PGH1 can bind to OsAAP6. OsG6PGH1 in rice is a constitutive expressed gene that may be localized in the cytoplasm. OsAAP6 and protein-synthesis metabolism-related genes are significantly upregulated in OsG6PGH1 overexpressing transgenic positive endosperm, corresponding to a significant increase in the number of protein bodies II, promoting accumulation of related storage proteins, a significant increase in grain protein content (GPC), and improved rice nutritional quality. OsG6PGH1 positively regulates amylose content, negatively regulates chalkiness rate and taste value, significantly affects grain quality traits such as appearance, cooking, and eating qualities of rice, and is involved in regulating the expression of salt stress related genes, thereby enhancing the salt-stress tolerance of rice. Therefore, OsG6PGH1 represents an important genetic resource to assist in the design of high-quality and multi-resistant rice varieties.

Dysregulation of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Disturbs the Circadian Rhythm and Aggravates Epileptic Seizures by Inducing Hippocampal GABAergic Dysfunction in C57BL/6 Mice.

The interplay between circadian rhythms and epilepsy has gained increasing attention. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which acts as the master circadian pacemaker, regulates physiological and behavioral rhythms through its complex neural networks. However, the exact role of the SCN and its Bmal1 gene in the development of epilepsy remains unclear. In this study, we utilized a lithium-pilocarpine model to induce epilepsy in mice and simulated circadian disturbances by creating lesions in the SCN and specifically knocking out the Bmal1 gene in the SCN neurons. We observed that the pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice experienced increased daytime seizure frequency, irregular oscillations in core body temperature, and circadian gene alterations in both the SCN and the hippocampus. Additionally, there was enhanced activation of GABAergic projections from the SCN to the hippocampus. Notably, SCN lesions intensified seizure activity, concomitant with hippocampal neuronal damage and GABAergic signaling impairment. Further analyses using the Gene Expression Omnibus database and gene set enrichment analysis indicated reduced Bmal1 expression in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy, potentially affecting GABA receptor pathways. Targeted deletion of Bmal1 in SCN neurons exacerbated seizures and pathology in epilepsy, as well as diminished hippocampal GABAergic efficacy. These results underscore the crucial role of the SCN in modulating circadian rhythms and GABAergic function in the hippocampus, aggravating the severity of seizures. This study provides significant insights into how circadian rhythm disturbances can influence neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting SCN and the Bmal1 gene within it in epilepsy management.

Balloon angiopLasty for intracranial Atherosclerotic minor Stroke/TIA (BLAST): study protocol for a multicenter prospective cohort study.

Rationale/Aim: Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a common cause of stroke in Asia and is significantly associated with stroke recurrence. The Balloon angiopLasty for intracranial Atherosclerotic minor Stroke/TIA (BLAST) study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of early submaximal balloon angioplasty (SBA) combined with standard medical therapy vs. standard medical therapy alone in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to ICAS. Methods: The BLAST study is a multicenter prospective cohort study which will enroll patients with minor stroke or TIA due to symptomatic ICAS within 1 week of symptom onset from 20 centers in China. Eligible patients will receive either SBA with standard medical therapy or standard medical therapy alone based on the decision of the patient or legal representative. Participants will be followed up for 1 year. Study outcomes: The primary outcome is a composite of stroke or death within 30 days or ischemic stroke in the culprit artery territory from 30 days to 1 year. Secondary outcomes include stroke or death within 30 days, ischemic stroke in the culprit artery territory from 30 days to 1 year, restenosis rate of the culprit artery at 1 year, and neurological improvement at 90 days (assessed by mRS score). Safety outcomes include intracranial hemorrhage within 30 days and endovascular complications. Sample size estimate: According to previous studies, the incidence of the composite clinical outcomes is 15% in the group receiving medical therapy alone. We assumed the incidence would decrease to 5% in the SBA combined with the medical therapy group. The target sample size is 416 patients (208 per group), with 90% power and 5% type I error, allowing for a 10% loss to follow-up. Implications: The BLAST study will provide evidence regarding whether early SBA can reduce stroke recurrence and mortality in patients with minor stroke/TIA due to ICAS compared with medical therapy alone.Clinical trial registration:Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT06014723.

Developmental effects and lipid disturbances of zebrafish embryos exposed to three newly recognized bisphenol A analogues.

Bisphenol G (BPG), bisphenol M (BPM) and bisphenol TMC (BPTMC), are newly recognized analogues of bisphenol A (BPA), which have been detected in multiple environmental media. However, the understanding of their negative impacts on environmental health is limited. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BPA and the three analogues (0.1, 10, and 1000 µg/L) to identify their developmental toxic effects. According to our results, all of the three analogues induced significant developmental disorders on zebrafish embryos including inhibited yolk sac absorption, altered heart rate, and teratogenic effects. Oil Red O staining indicated lipid accumulation in the yolk sac region of zebrafish after bisphenol analogues exposure, which was consistent with the delayed yolk uptake. Untargeted lipidomic analysis indicated the abundance of triacylglycerols, ceramides and fatty acids was significantly altered by the three analogues. The combined analysis of lipidomics and transcriptomics results indicated BPG and BPM affected lipid metabolism by disrupting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway and interfering with lipid homeostasis and transport. This partly explained the morphological changes of embryos after bisphenol exposure. In conclusion, our study reveals that BPG, BPM and BPTMC possess acute and developmental toxicity toward zebrafish, and the developmental abnormalities are associated with the disturbances in lipid metabolism.

Intraplatelet miRNA-126 regulates thrombosis and its reduction contributes to platelet inhibition.

AIMS: MicroRNA-126 (miR-126), one of the most abundant microRNAs in platelets, is involved in the regulation of platelet activity and the circulating miR-126 is reduced during antiplatelet therapy. However, whether intraplatelet miR-126 plays a role in thrombosis and platelet inhibition remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, using tissue-specific knockout mice, we reported that the deficiency of miR-126 in platelets and vascular endothelial cells significantly prevented thrombosis and prolonged bleeding time. Using chimeric mice, we identified that the lack of intraplatelet miR-126 significantly prevented thrombosis. Ex vivo experiments further demonstrated that miR-126-deficient platelets displayed impaired platelet aggregation, spreading and secretory functions. Next, miR-126 was confirmed to target phosphoinositol-3 kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) in platelet, which encodes a negative regulator of the PI3 K/AKT pathway, enhancing platelet activation through activating the integrin αIIbß3-mediated outside-in signaling. After undergoing myocardial infarction (MI), chimeric mice lacking intraplatelet miR-126 displayed reduced microvascular obstruction and prevented MI expansion in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of miR-126 by the administration of miR-126 agonist (agomiR-126) in wild-type mice aggravated microvascular obstruction and promoted MI expansion, which can be almost abolished by aspirin administration. In patients with cardiovascular diseases, antiplatelet therapies, either aspirin alone or combined with clopidogrel, decreased the level of intraplatelet miR-126. The reduction of intraplatelet miR-126 level was associated with the decrease of platelet activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our murine and human data reveal that (i) intraplatelet miR-126 contributes to platelet activity and promotes thrombus formation, and (ii) the reduction of intraplatelet miR-126 contributes to platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy.

Comparison of the Lipid Composition of Milk Fat Globules in Goat (Capra hircus) Milk during Different Lactations and Human Milk.

Goat milk is considered the optimal substitute for human milk and is characterized by variations in the lipid composition of its fat globules across lactation phases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to thoroughly analyze the differences between goat milk during different lactations and human milk, aiming to offer scientific guidance for the production of functional dairy products. Compared with transitional and mature milk, the findings indicated that the total membrane protein content in goat colostrum exhibited greater similarity to that found in human milk. Additionally, goat milk exhibited higher milk fat globule size, as well as a higher total lipid and protein content than human milk. A total of 1461 lipid molecules across 61 subclasses were identified in goat milk and human milk. The contents of glycerides and glycerophospholipids were higher in goat colostrum, whereas sphingolipids and fatty acids were more abundant in human milk. Meanwhile, the compositions of lipid subclasses were inconsistent. There were 584 differentially expressed lipids identified between human and goat milk, including 47 subclasses that were primarily involved in the metabolism of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and triglycerides. In summary, for both the membrane protein and the lipid composition, there were differences between the milk of different goat lactations and human milk.

Visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical sensor based on conjugated microporous polymer-grafted graphene for o-aminophenol detection.

The pollutant o-aminophenol (o-AP) presents considerable risk to environmental safety, and its detection is therefore critical. Although various optical and electrochemical methods have been proposed for the detection of o-AP, there are a limited number of detection methods based on photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors. In this study, a sensitive visible-light-driven PEC sensor was developed for o-AP detection in water. A conjugated microporous polymer (CMP)-coated graphene heterostructure (CMP-rGO) was synthesized and used to develop a PEC sensor. Under optimal conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 0.03 µM with a wide linear range of 0.0034-37.6 µM. The PEC sensor also displayed acceptable repeatability and reproducibility, good long-term stability, and excellent recovery (98-102%). In addition, the binding patterns of CMP to o-AP and o-AP analog molecules were analyzed by molecular docking. Therefore, this study provides a new and feasible PEC sensor-based detection scheme for o-AP detection.

Multidimensional occurrence and diet risk of emerging contaminants in freshwater with urban agglomerations.

Freshwater systems near highly urbanized areas are extremely susceptible to emerging contaminants (ECs), yet their stereoscopic persistence in aquatic ecosystems and related risks remain largely unknown. Herein, we characterized the multi-mediums distribution of 63 ECs in Baiyangdian Lake, the biggest urban lake in the North of China. We identified variations in the seasonal patterns of aquatic EC levels, which decreased in water and increased in sediment from wet to dry seasons. Surprisingly, higher concentrations and a greater variety of ECs were detected in reeds than in aquatic animals, indicating that plants may contribute to the transferring of ECs. Source analysis indicated that human activity considerably affected the distribution and risk of ECs. The dietary risk of ECs is most pronounced among children following the intake of aquatic products, especially with a relatively higher risk associated with fish consumption. Besides, a comprehensive scoring ranking method was proposed, and 9 ECs, including BPS and macrolide antibiotics, are identified as prioritized control pollutants. These findings highlight the risks associated with aquatic ECs and can facilitate the development of effective management strategies.

Joint effects about antibiotics combined using with antibiotics or phytochemicals on Aeromonas hydrophila.

Aeromonas hydrophila is highly prevalent in aquaculture animals and aquaculture environment. Due to the abuse of antibiotics, A. hydrophila can change the antibiotic resistance spectrum directly and affect human health indirectly. The use of combined drugs replacement therapy and the long-term coexistence with drug-resistant bacteria are the reality that human beings have to face in dealing with the problem of antibiotic resistance in the future. This study showed the characteristics and trends through abundant results of combined effects related with the combinations of antibiotic and the combinations of antibiotic and phytochemical on A. hydrophila, and revealed the antagonism probability of combinations of antibiotic and phytochemical is significantly higher than that of the combinations of antibiotic. Meanwhile, the combinations of antibiotic and phytochemical could protect the host cells which also achieved the same effectiveness as combination of antibiotics, and the enrichment pathway was proved to be relatively discrete. In addition, the possible mechanism about the reverse "U" shape of the combined effect curve on wild/antibiotic-resistant bacteria was clarified, and it was confirmed that the antagonism for the combinations of antibiotic and phytochemical might has the significance in inhibiting the evolution of bacterial resistance mutations. This study was aims to provide theoretical basis and some clues for the antibiotic resistance control associated with A. hydrophila.

Uptake, accumulation, translocation and transformation of seneciphylline (Sp) and seneciphylline-N-oxide (SpNO) by Camellia sinensis L.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxide (PANOs), as emerging environmental pollutants and chemical hazards in food, have become the focus of global attention. PAs/PANOs enter crops from soil and reach edible parts, but knowledge about their uptake and transport behavior in crops is currently limited. In this study, we chose tea (Camellia sinensis L.) as a representative crop and Sp/SpNO as typical PAs/PANOs to analyze their root uptake and transport mechanism. Tea roots efficiently absorbed Sp/SpNO, utilizing both passive and active transmembrane pathways. Sp predominantly concentrated in roots and SpNO efficiently translocated to above-ground parts. The prevalence of SpNO in cell-soluble fractions facilitated its translocation from roots to stems and leaves. In soil experiment, tea plants exhibited weaker capabilities for the uptake and transport of Sp/SpNO compared to hydroponic conditions, likely due to the swift degradation of these compounds in the soil. Moreover, a noteworthy interconversion between Sp and SpNO in tea plants indicated a preference for reducing SpNO to Sp. These findings represent a significant stride in understanding the accumulation and movement mechanisms of Sp/SpNO in tea plants. The insights garnered from this study are pivotal for evaluating the associated risks of PAs/PANOs and formulating effective control strategies.

Multi-omics reveals the molecular mechanism of the combined toxic effects of PFOA and 4-HBP exposure in MCF-7 cells and the key player: mTORC1.

With the discovery of evidence that many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment influence human health, their toxic effects and mechanisms have become a hot topic of research. However, investigations into their endocrine-disrupting toxicity under combined binary exposure, especially the molecular mechanism of combined effects, have rarely been documented. In this study, two typical EDCs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-HBP), were selected to examine their combined effects and molecular mechanism on MCF-7 cell proliferation at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations. We have successfully established a model to evaluate the binary combined toxic effects of endocrine disruptors, presenting combined effects in a simple and direct way. Results indicated that the combined effect changed from additive to synergistic from 1.25 × 10-8 M to 4 × 10-7 M. Metabolomics analyses suggested that exposure to PFOA and 4-HBP caused significant alterations in purine metabolism, arginine, and proline metabolism and had superimposed influences on metabolism. Enhanced combined effects were observed in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathways compared to exposure to PFOS and 4-HBP alone. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are primarily involved in Biological Processes, especially protein targeting the endoplasmic reticulum, and significantly impact the oxidative phosphorylation and thermogenesis-related KEGG pathway. By integrating metabolome and transcriptome analyses, PFOA and 4-HBP regulate purine metabolism, the TCA cycle, and endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis in MCF-7 cells via mTORC1, which provides genetic material, protein, and energy for cell proliferation. Furthermore, molecular docking confirmed the ability of PFOA and 4-HBP to stably bind the estrogen receptor, indicating that they have different binding pockets. Collectively, these findings will offer new insights into understanding the mechanisms by which EDCs produce combined toxicity.

Irreversible coherent matching bonding of van der Waals heterostructure lattice by pressure.

The key of heterostructure is the combinations created by stacking various vdW materials, which can modify interlayer coupling and electronic properties, providing exciting opportunities for designer devices. However, this simple stacking does not create chemical bonds, making it difficult to fundamentally alter the electronic structure. Here, we demonstrate that interlayer interactions in heterostructures can be fundamentally controlled using hydrostatic pressure, providing a bonding method to modify electronic structures. By covering graphene with boron nitride and inducing an irreversible phase transition, the conditions for graphene lattice-matching bonding (IMB) were created. We demonstrate that the increased bandgap of graphene under pressure is well maintained in ambient due to the IMB in the interface. Comparison to theoretical modeling emphasizes the process of pressure-induced interfacial bonding, systematically generalizes, and predicts this model. Our results demonstrate that pressure can irreversibly control interlayer bonding, providing opportunities for high-pressure technology in ambient applications and IMB engineering in heterostructures.

Layer-by-layer self-assembly of PLL/CPP-ACP multilayer on SLA titanium surface: Enhancing osseointegration and antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo.

Dental Implants are expected to possess both excellent osteointegration and antibacterial activity because poor osseointegration and infection are two major causes of titanium implant failure. In this study, we constructed layer-by-layer self-assembly films consisting of anionic casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and cationic poly (L-lysine) (PLL) on sandblasted and acid etched (SLA) titanium surfaces and evaluated their osseointegration and antibacterial performance in vitro and in vivo. The surface properties were examined, including microstructure, elemental composition, wettability, and Ca2+ ion release. The impact the surfaces had on the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation abilities of MC3T3-E1 cells were investigated, as well as the material's antibacterial performance after exposure to the oral microorganisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. g) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. a). For the in vivo studies, SLA and Ti (PLL/CA-3.0)10 implants were inserted into the extraction socket immediately after extracting the rabbit mandibular anterior teeth with or without exposure to mixed bacteria solution (P. g & A. a). Three rabbits in each group were sacrificed to collect samples at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of post-implantation, respectively. Radiographic and histomorphometry examinations were performed to evaluate the implant osseointegration. The modified titanium surfaces were successfully prepared and appeared as a compact nano-structure with high hydrophilicity. In particular, the Ti (PLL/CA-3.0)10 surface was able to continuously release Ca2+ ions. From the in vitro and in vivo studies, the modified titanium surfaces expressed enhanced osteogenic and antibacterial properties. Hence, the PLL/CPP-ACP multilayer coating on titanium surfaces was constructed via a layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, possibly improving the biofunctionalization of Ti-based dental implants.

Dynamic performance of combined biochar from co-pyrolysis of pig manure with invasive weed: Effect of natural aging on Pb and As mobilization in polluted mining soil.

Due to the natural biochar aging, the improvement of soil quality and immobilization of soil pollutants achieved by biochar may change; understanding the dynamic evolution of the in situ performance of biochar in these roles is essential to discuss the long-term sustainability of biochar remediation. Therefore, in this study, combined biochar from co-pyrolysis of pig manure and invasive Japanese knotweed - P1J1, as well as pure pig manure - PM - and pure Japanese knotweed - JK - derived biochar were applied to investigate their remediation performance in a high As- and Pb-polluted soil with prolonged incubation periods (up to 360 days). Biochar application, especially P1J1 and PM, initially promoted soil pH, dissolved organic carbon, and EC, but the improvements were not constant through time. The JK-treated soil exhibited the highest increase of soil organic matter (OM), followed by P1J1 and then PM, and OM did not change with aging. Biochar, especially P1J1, was a comprehensive nutrient source of Ca, K, Mg, and P to improve soil fertility. However, while soluble cationic Ca, K, and Mg increased with time, anionic P decreased over time, indicating that continuous P availability might not be guaranteed with the aging process. The total microorganism content declined with time; adding biochars slowed down this tendency, which was more remarkable at the later incubation stage. Biochar significantly impeded soil Pb mobility but mobilized soil As, especially in PM- and P1J1-treated soils. However, mobilized As gradually re-fixed in the long run; meanwhile, the excellent Pb immobilization achieved by biochars was slightly reduced with time. The findings of this study offer fresh insights into the alterations in metal(loid)s mobility over an extended duration, suggesting that the potential mobilization risk of As is reduced while Pb mobility slightly increases over time.

A Reference Profile of N-Glycosylation for Human Kidney and the Identification of Cell-Cell Interactions between Parietal Epithelial Cells and Capillary Endothelial Cells by Single-Cell Glycosylation-Sequencing.

BACKGROUND: N-glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications in humans, and these alterations are associated with kidney diseases. METHODS: A novel technological approach, single-cell N-acetyllactosamine sequencing (scLacNAc-seq), was applied to simultaneously detect N-glycosylation expression and the transcriptome at single-cell resolution in three human kidney tissues from zero-time biopsy. Cell clusters, glycation abundance in each cell cluster, functional enrichment analysis, cell-cell crosstalk, and pseudotime analysis were applied. RESULTS: Using scLacNAc-seq, 24,247 cells and 22 cell clusters were identified, and N-glycan abundance in each cell was obtained. Transcriptome analysis revealed a close connection between capillary endothelial cells (CapECs) and parietal epithelial cells (PECs). PECs and CapECs communicate with each other through several pairs of ligand receptors (e.g., TGFB1-EGFR, GRN-EGFR, TIMP1-FGFR2, VEGFB-FLT1, ANGPT2-TEK, and GRN-TNFRSF1A). Finally, a regulatory network of cell-cell crosstalk between PECs and CapECs was constructed, which is involved in cell development. CONCLUSIONS: We here, for the first time, constructed the glycosylation profile of 22 cell clusters in the human kidney from zero-time biopsy. Moreover, cell-cell communication between PECs and CapECs through the ligand-receptor system may play a crucial regulatory role in cell proliferation.

Single-cell analysis of CD4+ tissue residency memory cells (TRMs) in adult atopic dermatitis: A new potential mechanism.

The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is complex. CD4+ T cells play an essential role in the development of lesions in AD. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between adult AD lesioned and non-lesioned skin using two datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. 62 DEGs were shown to be related to cytokine response. Compared to non-lesioned skin, lesioned skin showed immune infiltration with increased numbers of activated natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T memory cells (p < 0.01). We then identified 13 hub genes with a strong association with CD4+ T cells using weighted correlation network analysis. Single-cell analysis of AD detected a novel CD4+ T subcluster, CD4+ tissue residency memory cells (TRMs), which were verified through immunohistochemistry (IHC) to be increased in the dermal area of AD. The significant relationship between CD4+ TRM and AD was assessed through further analyses. FOXO1 and SBNO2, two of the 13 hub genes, were characteristically expressed in the CD4+ TRM, but down-regulated in IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells, as shown using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Moreover, SBNO2 expression was associated with increased Th1 infiltration in AD (p < 0.05). In addition, genes filtered using Mendelian randomization were positively correlated with CD4+ TRM and were highly expressed in IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells, as determined using qPCR and western blotting. Collectively, our results revealed that the newly identified CD4+ TRM may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult AD.