An Integrative Taxonomy of a New Species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with High Reproductive Capacity.

A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is described: Trichogramma foersteri sp. nov. Takahashi from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) a major soybean defoliating pest. The parasitoid was collected in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil, and molecular and morphological characters were used to confirm the identity of the new species. Preliminary biological data are provided to demonstrate its high capacity of parasitism. The new species is a potential candidate as a biological control agent against some lepidopteran-pests.

Annotated checklist and illustrated key to the species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from South America.

A checklist is provided for all 43 species of Trichogramma recorded in South America, including diagnoses, comments, hosts, and distributions. A key to the South American species based on males (external morphology and genitalia) is also presented. Trichogramma koehleri Blanchard is here placed as species inquirenda.

New species, notes and new records of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Brazil.

Two new species of Trichogramma are described: Trichogramma piracicabense sp. nov. and T. valmiri sp. nov. Additionally, T. manicobai from eggs of the cassava hornworm Erinnyis ello is redescribed, and new records on the distribution and host associations of species of Trichogramma from Brazil are presented.

On the identity of Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), with a checklist and a key to Trichogramma species associated with Erinnyis ello (L.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) in Brazil.

Specimens collected from eggs of the cassava hornworm Erinnyis ello, originally identified as T. demoraesi, were compared with the paratype of this species. Based on morphological analysis, the specimens from E. ello actually belong to Trichogramma marandobai Brun, Moraes and Soares, 1986. Therefore, T. demoraesi is not a parasitoid of the eggs of E. ello, a major pest of cassava. The main features separating the two species, and a checklist and key to the species of Trichogramma associated with E. ello are presented.

The aquatic habit and host plants of Paracles klagesi (Rothschild) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) in Brazil

The aquatic habit and host plants of Paracles klagesi (Rothschild) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) in Brazil. The aquatic caterpillar Paracles klagesi (Rothschild, 1910) was collected from the headwaters of a stream in an ecotone between Cerrado and Babaçu forest in northeastern Brazil. The single caterpillar found was observed feeding on the macrophyte Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. (Eriocaulaceae) and other aquatic plants of the family Nymphaeaceae present in the area, but also accepted as food Elodea canadensis Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) and Cabomba sp. (Cabombaceae) under laboratory conditions.

Diversidade de Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha em citros, café e fragmento de floresta nativa do Estado de São Paulo / Diversity of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha in citrus, coffee and a fragment of native forest of the State of São Paulo

The population of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha was studied in sweet citrus groves (Citrus sinensis), coffee plantations (Coffea arabica) and a semi-deciduous seasonal forest with shrub physiognomy in Bebedouro, SP, to evaluate the influence of the natural ecosystem on the species composition of the agroecosystems. Monitoring was carried out by using yellow stick cards, which were replaced every 15 days and all Auchenorrhyncha collected were counted and identified. Seven families, 11 subfamilies and 98 species were collected, with Cicadellidae being the most abundant. The native forest presented larger wealth, diversity and equitability of Auchenorrhyncha species, demonstrating to be more stable than the other habitats. The high values of similarities obtained between the agroecosystems and the forest demonstrated that great part of Auchenorrhyncha species occurring in the agricultural habitats was also occurring at the forest, indicating that the last may serve as reservoir of species. The abundance of the taxonomic groups of Auchenorrhyncha collected varied with the evaluated habitats, with Proconiini being the most abundant in the coffee plantation next to the forest, Athysanini, Scaphytopiini, Neocoelidiinae and Coelidiinae in the orange orchard and coffee plantation distant from the forest; Cicadellinae and Agalliinae were not related to any of the habitats. The presence of vector insects and possible vectors of plant diseases in the appraised habitats indicate the need of the implementation of strategies for landscape management.

A população de Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha foi estudada em pomares de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis), cafezais (Coffea arabica) e floresta estacional semidecidual com fisionomia arbustiva, em Bebedouro (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar a influencia do ecossistema natural na composição de espécies do agroecossistemas. O monitoramento foi feito com cartões adesivos amarelos, os quais foram trocados a cada 15 dias, efetuando-se a contagem e identificação dos Auchenorrhyncha coletados. Capturou-se o total de sete famílias, 11 subfamílias e 98 espécies, sendo Cicadellidae o grupo mais abundante. A floresta nativa apresentou a maior riqueza, diversidade e equitabilidade de espécies de Auchenorrhyncha, demonstrando ser mais estável que os demais habitats. Os altos valores de similaridades obtidos entre os agroecossistemas e a floresta demonstram que grande parte das espécies de cigarrinhas que está ocorrendo nos habitats agrícolas também está ocorrendo na floresta, indicando que esta pode estar funcionando como reservatório de espécies. A abundância de grupos taxonômicos de Auchenorrhyncha coletados variou nos habitats avaliados, sendo Proconiini o mais abundante no cafezal próximo à floresta, Athysanini, Scaphytopiini, Neocoelidiinae e Coelidiinae no pomar de laranja e cafezal distante da floresta; Cicadellinae e Agalliinae não se relacionaram a nenhum dos habitats. A presença de insetos vetores e possíveis vetores de doenças de plantas cultivadas nos habitats avaliados indicam a necessidade da implantação do manejo de pragas nessa área.

An aquatic microhymenopterous egg-parasitoid of Argia insipida Hagen in Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) and biological observations in the Central Amazon, Brazil.

The tritrophic interaction Argia insipida Hagen in Selys, the Trichogrammatidae egg parasitoid Pseudoligosita longifrangiata (Viggiani) and the host plant Tonina fluviatilis (Eriocaulacea), which is a substrate for egg deposition of A.insipid, was investigated. The study locality was a stream with rapids where macrophytes such as T. fluviatilis grow. Information on aquatic egg parasitoids is scarce. This is the first record of egg parasitism of A. insipida by P. longifrangiata in Brazil, and the first record of occurrence of P. longifrangiata in the country. Parasitized and unparasitized eggs of A. insipida were observed only on leaves 0-5 cm below the water surface. The maximum number of pairs of A. insipida laying eggs in the study area was observed between 13:00 h and 14:00 h. Leaves of T. fluviatilis become yellowish and dry out when large numbers of eggs of A. insipida are laid on them.

An aquatic microhymenopterous egg-parasitoid of Argia insipida Hagen in Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) and biological observations in the Central Amazon, Brazil / Um microimenóptero aquático parasitóide de ovos de Argia insipida Hagen in Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) e observações biológicas na Amazônia Central, Brazil

The tritrophic interaction Argia insipida Hagen in Selys, the Trichogrammatidae egg parasitoid Pseudoligosita longifrangiata (Viggiani) and the host plant Tonina fluviatilis (Eriocaulacea), which is a substrate for egg deposition of A.insipid, was investigated. The study locality was a stream with rapids where macrophytes such as T. fluviatilis grow. Information on aquatic egg parasitoids is scarce. This is the first record of egg parasitism of A. insipida by P. longifrangiata in Brazil, and the first record of occurrence of P. longifrangiata in the country. Parasitized and unparasitized eggs of A. insipida were observed only on leaves 0-5 cm below the water surface. The maximum number of pairs of A. insipida laying eggs in the study area was observed between 13:00h and 14:00h. Leaves of T. fluviatilis become yellowish and dry out when large numbers of eggs of A. insipida are laid on them.

Foi estudada a interação entre Argia insipida Hagen in Selys, o parasitóide de ovos Pseudoligosita longifrangiata (Viggiani) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) e a planta Tonina fluviatilis (Eriocaulacea), utilizada como substrato de oviposição de A. insipida. O local de estudo foi um curso de água com intensa correnteza, contendo macrófitas como T. fluviatilis. As informações sobre parasitóide de ovos aquáticos são escarsas. Este é o primeiro registro do parasitismo de ovos de A. insipida por P. longifrangiata no Brazil e o primeiro registro da ocorrência de P. longifrangiata no país. Ovos de A. insipida parasitados e não-parasitados foram observados somente 0-5 cm abaixo da superfície da água. O período de maior incidência de casais de A. insipida realizando posturas foi entre 13:00h e 14:00h. As folhas de T. fluviatilis tornam-se amareladas e secam quando um grande número de ovos é inserido nas folhas.

[Diversity of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha in citrus, coffee and a fragment of native forest of the state of São Paulo]. / Diversidade de Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha em citros, café e fragmento de floresta nativa do Estado de São Paulo.

The population of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha was studied in sweet citrus groves (Citrus sinensis), coffee plantations (Coffea arabica) and a semi-deciduous seasonal forest with shrub physiognomy in Bebedouro, SP, to evaluate the influence of the natural ecosystem on the species composition of the agroecosystems. Monitoring was carried out by using yellow stick cards, which were replaced every 15 days and all Auchenorrhyncha collected were counted and identified. Seven families, 11 subfamilies and 98 species were collected, with Cicadellidae being the most abundant. The native forest presented larger wealth, diversity and equitability of Auchenorrhyncha species, demonstrating to be more stable than the other habitats. The high values of similarities obtained between the agroecosystems and the forest demonstrated that great part of Auchenorrhyncha species occurring in the agricultural habitats was also occurring at the forest, indicating that the last may serve as reservoir of species. The abundance of the taxonomic groups of Auchenorrhyncha collected varied with the evaluated habitats, with Proconiini being the most abundant in the coffee plantation next to the forest, Athysanini, Scaphytopiini, Neocoelidiinae and Coelidiinae in the orange orchard and coffee plantation distant from the forest; Cicadellinae and Agalliinae were not related to any of the habitats. The presence of vector insects and possible vectors of plant diseases in the appraised habitats indicate the need of the implementation of strategies for landscape management.

A new species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil / Uma nova espécie de Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) do Amazonas

A new fairyfly species from the Neotropics, Anagrus (Anagrus) amazonensis Triapitsyn, Querino & Feitosa, sp. n., is described and illustrated. Anagrus Haliday is a large genus of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), which now includes eight species recorded from Brazil. This new species attacks eggs of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera).

Uma nova espécie de mimarídeo Neotropical, Anagrus (Anagrus) amazonensis Triapitsyn, Querino & Feitosa, sp. n., é descrita e ilustrada. Anagrus Haliday é um gênero extenso de Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), que agora inclui oito espécies registradas para o Brasil. Esta nova espécie ataca ovos de libélulas (Odonata: Zygoptera).

A new species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil.

A new fairyfly species from the Neotropics, Anagrus (Anagrus) amazonensis Triapitsyn, Querino & Feitosa, sp. n., is described and illustrated. Anagrus Haliday is a large genus of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), which now includes eight species recorded from Brazil. This new species attacks eggs of damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera).

[Occurrence of Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) on papaya fruits in Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Ocorrência de Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) em frutos de mamoeiro em Minas Gerais.

The objective of this work was to register the infestation of C. capitata on papaya fruits in Minas Gerais State. Papaya fruits were collected, in a commercial orchard, in Jaíba, north of the State of Minas Gerais. C. capitata was the only specie collected (794 individuals). Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was collected parasitizing C. capitata larvae/pupae. The level of infestation was of 7,7 pupae/kg of fruit or 1,4 pupae/fruit, in average. C. capitata is registered for the first time on papaya fruits in the State of Minas Gerais.

[Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids of Lepidopteran eggs in Lara State, Venezuela]. / Especies de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoides de huevos de Lepidópteros en el Estado Lara, Venezuela.

This work was conducted to determine the occurrence of Trichogramma wasp species in Lara State, Venezuela. Lepidopteran egg samples collected from various crop leaves were observed daily under laboratory conditions for emergence of Trichogramma species adult wasps. Trichogramma were also obtained from traps containing eggs from the hosts Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In the laboratory, specimens of Trichogramma species were mounted on microscope slides to show male genitalia and other morphological characters used for its identification. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman y Platner emerged from S. frugiperda eggs collected in a cornfield at La Palomera, Humocaro Alto and at El Parchal, Humocaro Bajo, Municipio Morán. T. atopovirilia also emerged from S. frugiperda eggs collected in a cornfield at Sabana Grande and from S. cerealella eggs used as traps in a pepper culture at Tintinal, Municipio Andrés Eloy Blanco. T. exiguum Pinto y Platner emerged from S. frugiperda eggs used as traps or collected in cornfield at Totumito and at La Palomera, Humocaro Alto. T. pretiosum Riley emerged from Phthorimaea operculella Zeller eggs collected on stored potatoes at Monte Carmelo, Sanare. The identification of Trichogramma species in Lara State would be useful in the development of biological control programs for lepidopteran pests.

Ocorrência de Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) em frutos de mamoeiro em Minas Gerais / Occurrence of Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) on papaya fruits in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo registrar a infestação de C. capitata em frutos de mamoeiro em Minas Gerais. Foram coletados frutos em uma área comercial de mamão, em Jaíba, norte do estado. C. capitata foi a única espécie obtida (794 indivíduos). Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) foi encontrado parasitando larva/pupa de C. capitata. O índice de infestação encontrado foi em média de 7,7 pupários/kg de fruto ou 1,4 pupários/fruto. C. capitata é registrada pela primeira vez em frutos de mamão em Minas Gerais.

The objective of this work was to register the infestation of C. capitata on papaya fruits in Minas Gerais State. Papaya fruits were collected, in a commercial orchard, in Jaíba, north of the State of Minas Gerais. C. capitata was the only specie collected (794 individuals). Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was collected parasitizing C. capitata larvae/pupae. The level of infestation was of 7,7 pupae/kg of fruit or 1,4 pupae/fruit, in average. C. capitata is registered for the first time on papaya fruits in the State of Minas Gerais.

Especies de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoides de huevos de Lepidópteros en el Estado Lara, Venezuela / Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids of Lepidopteran eggs in Lara State, Venezuela

Se realizaron investigaciones para determinar la presencia de especies de avispitas del género Trichogramma en el Estado Lara, Venezuela. En el campo, se colectaron huevos de lepidópteros en varios cultivos los cuales fueron llevados al laboratorio y observados diariamente hasta la emergencia de los adultos de Trichogramma. Las especies de Trichogramma también fueron obtenidas utilizando trampas con huevos de Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) y Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). En el laboratorio, especimenes machos de Trichogramma fueron montados en láminas microscópicas para mostrar la genitalia y otros caracteres morfológicos usados para su identificación. Los resultados mostraron que Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman y Platner emergió de huevos de S. frugiperda colectados en plantas de maíz en La Palomera, Humocaro Alto y en El Parchal, Humocaro Bajo, Municipio Morán. T. atopovirilia también emergió de huevos de S. frugiperda colectados en plantas de maíz en Sabana Grande y en huevos de S. cerealella usados como trampas en plantas de pimentón en Tintinal, Municipio Andrés Eloy Blanco. T. exiguum Pinto y Platner emergió de huevos de S. frugiperda usados como trampas o colectados en plantas de maíz en Totumito y en La Palomera, Humocaro Alto. T. pretiosum Riley emergió de huevos de Phthorimaea operculella Zeller colectados en papa almacenada en Monte Carmelo, Sanare. La identificación de las especies de Trichogramma del Estado Lara permitirá su incorporación en futuros programas de control biológico de insectos plaga del orden Lepidoptera.

This work was conducted to determine the occurrence of Trichogramma wasp species in Lara State, Venezuela. Lepidopteran egg samples collected from various crop leaves were observed daily under laboratory conditions for emergence of Trichogramma species adult wasps. Trichogramma were also obtained from traps containing eggs from the hosts Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In the laboratory, specimens of Trichogramma species were mounted on microscope slides to show male genitalia and other morphological characters used for its identification. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman y Platner emerged from S. frugiperda eggs collected in a cornfield at La Palomera, Humocaro Alto and at El Parchal, Humocaro Bajo, Municipio Morán. T. atopovirilia also emerged from S. frugiperda eggs collected in a cornfield at Sabana Grande and from S. cerealella eggs used as traps in a pepper culture at Tintinal, Municipio Andrés Eloy Blanco. T. exiguum Pinto y Platner emerged from S. frugiperda eggs used as traps or collected in cornfield at Totumito and at La Palomera, Humocaro Alto. T. pretiosum Riley emerged from Phthorimaea operculella Zeller eggs collected on stored potatoes at Monte Carmelo, Sanare. The identification of Trichogramma species in Lara State would be useful in the development of biological control programs for lepidopteran pests.

Do Trichogramma minutum Riley and Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) occur in Brazil?

According to some catalogues, Trichogramma minutum and T. bennetti have been recorded in Brazil. However, the information obtained in studies with Trichogramma in recent years indicate that those species do not occur in Brazil.

Do Trichogramma minutum Riley and Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) occur in Brazil?

According to some catalogues, Trichogramma minutum and T. bennetti have been recorded in Brazil. However, the information obtained in studies with Trichogramma in recent years indicate that those species do not occur in Brazil.

Trichogramma minutum e T. bennetti têm sido registradas para o Brasil em alguns catálogos. Entretanto, as informações obtidas em estudos com Trichogramma nos últimos anos indicam que essas espécies não ocorrem no Brasil.

Registro de Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja ( Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae ) parasitando ovos de Erynnyis ello ( Lepidoptera: Sphingidae ) na Amazônia Central / Record of Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja ( Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae ) parasitizing eggs of Erynnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Este trabalho registra a ocorrência de Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) na Região Norte do Brasil.

Análise morfométrica em espécies de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) / Morphometric analysis in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species

This work deals with the intra- and interespecific variations in Trichogramma species, using the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to evaluate the ordination standard among some species. Six Trichogramma species (143 specimens) namely T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. demoraesi Nagaraja, T. distinctum Zucchi, T. galloi Zucchi and T. bruni Nagaraja were examined. Based on the shape three species groups were obtained: (1) T. acacoi and T. atopovirilia, (2) T. bruni, T. distinctum and T. galloi and (3) only specimens of T. demoraesi. The variables that more contributed for the species separation were mostly characters of the genital capsule and setae of mesoescuto and mesoescutelo. Based on PCA it was possible to show subtle differences among species as well as to evidence the intra-specific morphological variations, which are of great deal of importance to the taxonomic studies with Trichogramma.

Foram estudadas as variações morfológicas intra e interespecíficas em espécies de Trichogramma, utilizando-se a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) para avaliar o padrão de ordenação entre as espécies estudadas. Foram examinados 143 indivíduos representando seis espécies de Trichogramma: T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. demoraesi Nagaraja, T. distinctum Zucchi, T. galloi Zucchi e T. bruni Nagaraja. A ACP demonstrou a existência de três grupos diferenciados: (1) T. acacoi e T. atopovirilia, (2) T. bruni, T. distinctum e T. galloi e (3) comapenas T. demoraesi. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a diferenciação das espécies foram principalmente os caracteres da cápsula genital e as cerdas do mesoescuto e mesoescutelo. Por meio da ACP foi possível verificar diferenças entre as espécies e variações morfológicas intra-específicas, quesão de fundamental importância nos estudos sistemáticos de Trichogramma.