RESUMO
Peer-provided services exist in many different domains and professions. However, there is a knowledge gap in the existing programs' descriptions and grouping that hinders creating new high-quality peer support programs. The objectives of this article are two-fold in describing existing peer support programs published in the literature in the medical field and evaluating their descriptive quality. Six electronic databases, grey literature, and reference lists were systematically searched. Studies reporting the existence of a support program delivered by peers and its description or methodology were included. Studies targeting patients and children were excluded. 11 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and explored in detail. A total of 2155 peers participated in support programs in the fields of medicine, nursing, or both. Programs in other professional fields were not found. Programs were described in five different countries. Three methods of peer support delivery were found: in person, online, and mixed varying in their goals, duration, peer training supervision and participant demographics and number. Program descriptions were rated as good, fair, or poor using a verified rating scale. There are numerous well-described programs varying in their methodology and type of delivery. Thus, the emergence of new programs can be based on such models that have been well-described in the literature.
Les services fournis par les pairs existent dans de nombreux domaines et professions. Cependant, les connaissances en matière de description et de regroupement des programmes existants sont lacunaires, entravant ainsi la création de nouveaux programmes de soutien par les pairs de qualité. Le présent article vise d'une part à décrire les programmes actuels de soutien par les pairs dont fait état la littérature médicale et d'autre part à évaluer leur qualité descriptive. Une recherche systématique a été effectuée dans six bases de données électroniques, dans la littérature grise et dans les listes de références. Toutes les études présentant un programme de soutien fourni par des pairs et sa description ou sa méthodologie ont été incluses. Les études ciblant les patients et les enfants ont été exclues. Onze articles ont été inclus dans la synthèse qualitative et explorés en détail. Au total, 2155 pairs ont participé à un programme de soutien en médecine, en sciences infirmières ou dans les deux domaines. Aucun programme n'a été trouvé dans d'autres domaines professionnels. Les programmes décrits proviennent de cinq pays différents. Trois méthodes de soutien par les pairs ont été trouvées : en personne, en ligne et mixte. Les objectifs, la durée, la supervision de la formation par les pairs, les données démographiques des participants et leur nombre varient d'un programme à l'autre. Les descriptions de programmes ont été évaluées selon une échelle d'évaluation validée comme bonnes, acceptables ou médiocres. Il existe de nombreux programmes, bien décrits, qui varient en termes de méthodologie et de type de prestation. Aussi, la création de nouveaux programmes pourra s'appuyer sur les modèles qui sont bien décrits dans la littérature.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Novel sensory inputs for the control of food intake and gastrointestinal (GI) function are of increasing interest due to the rapid increase in nutrition-related diseases. The essential amino acid L-lysine was demonstrated to have a selective impact on food intake, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit in rats, thus indicating a potential novel direct sensory input to assess dietary protein content and quality. The aim of this study was to assess translational aspects of this finding and to investigate the dose-dependent effect of L-lysine on human and rat GI function. METHODS: L-lysine doses from 0-800 mg in rats and 0.5-7.5 g in humans were analyzed for their effect on gastric emptying and GI secretion. Human GI function was assessed non-invasively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), rat data were acquired using standard lethal measurement methods. L-lysine dose dependently delayed gastric emptying and stimulated GI secretion in rats as reflected by residual phenol red content and increased gastric wet weight. KEY RESULTS: The dose-dependent delay in gastric emptying observed in rats was confirmed in humans with an increase in halftime of gastric emptying of 4 min/g L-lysine, p < 0.01. Moreover, a dose-dependent increase in intestinal fluid accumulation was observed (0.4 mL/min/g L-lysine, p < 0.0001). No effect on alkaline tide, glucose concentration, hematocrit, or visceral sensations was detected. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: This translational study demonstrates comparable dose-dependent effects of intragastric L-lysine on GI function in humans and rats and suggests a broader role for individual amino acids in the control of GI motility and secretion in vivo.
