RESUMO
BA.2.87.1 represents a major shift in the BA.2 lineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is unusual in having two lengthy deletions of polypeptide in the spike (S) protein, one of which removes a beta-strand. Here we investigate its neutralization by a variety of sera from infected and vaccinated individuals and determine its spike (S) ectodomain structure. The BA.2.87.1 receptor binding domain (RBD) is structurally conserved and the RBDs are tightly packed in an "all-down" conformation with a small rotation relative to the trimer axis as compared to the closest previously observed conformation. The N-terminal domain (NTD) maintains a remarkably similar structure overall; however, the rearrangements resulting from the deletions essentially destroy the so-called supersite epitope and eliminate one glycan site, while a mutation creates an additional glycan site, effectively shielding another NTD epitope. BA.2.87.1 is relatively easily neutralized but acquisition of additional mutations in the RBD could increase antibody escape allowing it to become a dominant sub-lineage.
RESUMO
The third complementary-determining regions of the heavy-chain (CDR3H) variable regions (VH) of some cattle antibodies are highly extended, consisting of 48 or more residues. These `ultralong' CDR3Hs form ß-ribbon stalks that protrude from the surface of the antibody with a disulfide cross-linked knob region at their apex that dominates antigen interactions over the other CDR loops. The structure of the Fab fragment of a naturally paired bovine ultralong antibody (D08), identified by single B-cell sequencing, has been determined to 1.6â Å resolution. By swapping the D08 native light chain with that of an unrelated antigen-unknown ultralong antibody, it is shown that interactions between the CDR3s of the variable domains potentially affect the fine positioning of the ultralong CDR3H; however, comparison with other crystallographic structures shows that crystalline packing is also a major contributor. It is concluded that, on balance, the exact positioning of ultralong CDR3H loops is most likely to be due to the constraints of crystal packing.
Assuntos
Regiões Determinantes de Complementaridade , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas , Cadeias Leves de Imunoglobulina , Modelos Moleculares , Animais , Bovinos , Cadeias Pesadas de Imunoglobulinas/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cadeias Leves de Imunoglobulina/química , Cadeias Leves de Imunoglobulina/genética , Regiões Determinantes de Complementaridade/química , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
Neurons on the left and right sides of the nervous system often show asymmetric properties, but how such differences arise is poorly understood. Genetic screening in zebrafish revealed that loss of function of the transmembrane protein Cachd1 resulted in right-sided habenula neurons adopting left-sided identity. Cachd1 is expressed in neuronal progenitors, functions downstream of asymmetric environmental signals, and influences timing of the normally asymmetric patterns of neurogenesis. Biochemical and structural analyses demonstrated that Cachd1 can bind simultaneously to Lrp6 and Frizzled family Wnt co-receptors. Consistent with this, lrp6 mutant zebrafish lose asymmetry in the habenulae, and epistasis experiments support a role for Cachd1 in modulating Wnt pathway activity in the brain. These studies identify Cachd1 as a conserved Wnt receptor-interacting protein that regulates lateralized neuronal identity in the zebrafish brain.
Assuntos
Canais de Cálcio , Habenula , Neurogênese , Neurônios , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Receptores Frizzled/metabolismo , Receptores Frizzled/genética , Habenula/metabolismo , Habenula/embriologia , Mutação com Perda de Função , Proteína-6 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/metabolismo , Proteína-6 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Neurônios/metabolismo , Receptores Wnt/metabolismo , Receptores Wnt/genética , Peixe-Zebra/embriologia , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Canais de Cálcio/genética , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismoRESUMO
BA.2.86, a recently described sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, contains many mutations in the spike gene. It appears to have originated from BA.2 and is distinct from the XBB variants responsible for many infections in 2023. The global spread and plethora of mutations in BA.2.86 has caused concern that it may possess greater immune-evasive potential, leading to a new wave of infection. Here, we examine the ability of BA.2.86 to evade the antibody response to infection using a panel of vaccinated or naturally infected sera and find that it shows marginally less immune evasion than XBB.1.5. We locate BA.2.86 in the antigenic landscape of recent variants and look at its ability to escape panels of potent monoclonal antibodies generated against contemporary SARS-CoV-2 infections. We demonstrate, and provide a structural explanation for, increased affinity of BA.2.86 to ACE2, which may increase transmissibility.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19 , Evasão da Resposta Imune , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/química , Humanos , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Mutação/genética , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Afinidade de AnticorposRESUMO
The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is driven in part by a need to evade the antibody response in the face of high levels of immunity. Here, we isolate spike (S) binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from vaccinees who suffered vaccine break-through infections with Omicron sub lineages BA.4 or BA.5. Twenty eight potent antibodies are isolated and characterised functionally, and in some cases structurally. Since the emergence of BA.4/5, SARS-CoV-2 has continued to accrue mutations in the S protein, to understand this we characterize neutralization of a large panel of variants and demonstrate a steady attrition of neutralization by the panel of BA.4/5 mAbs culminating in total loss of function with recent XBB.1.5.70 variants containing the so-called 'FLip' mutations at positions 455 and 456. Interestingly, activity of some mAbs is regained on the recently reported variant BA.2.86.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Humanos , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
Under pressure from neutralising antibodies induced by vaccination or infection the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene has become a hotspot for evolutionary change, leading to the failure of all mAbs developed for clinical use. Most potent antibodies bind to the receptor binding domain which has become heavily mutated. Here we study responses to a conserved epitope in sub-domain-1 (SD1) of spike which have become more prominent because of mutational escape from antibodies directed to the receptor binding domain. Some SD1 reactive mAbs show potent and broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We structurally map the dominant SD1 epitope and provide a mechanism of action by blocking interaction with ACE2. Mutations in SD1 have not been sustained to date, but one, E554K, leads to escape from mAbs. This mutation has now emerged in several sublineages including BA.2.86, reflecting selection pressure on the virus exerted by the increasing prominence of the anti-SD1 response.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , COVID-19 , Sindactilia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Epitopos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths, however, human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be an effective treatment. Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged, a variety of strains have acquired increasing numbers of mutations to gain increased transmissibility and escape from the immune response. Most reported neutralizing human mAbs, including all approved therapeutic ones, have been knocked down or out by these mutations. Broadly neutralizing mAbs are therefore of great value, to treat current and possible future variants. Here, we review four types of neutralizing mAbs against the spike protein with broad potency against previously and currently circulating variants. These mAbs target the receptor-binding domain, the subdomain 1, the stem helix, or the fusion peptide. Understanding how these mAbs retain potency in the face of mutational change could guide future development of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Pandemias , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
COVID-19 patients at risk of severe disease may be treated with neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To minimise virus escape from neutralisation these are administered as combinations e.g. casirivimab+imdevimab or, for antibodies targeting relatively conserved regions, individually e.g. sotrovimab. Unprecedented genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK has enabled a genome-first approach to detect emerging drug resistance in Delta and Omicron cases treated with casirivimab+imdevimab and sotrovimab respectively. Mutations occur within the antibody epitopes and for casirivimab+imdevimab multiple mutations are present on contiguous raw reads, simultaneously affecting both components. Using surface plasmon resonance and pseudoviral neutralisation assays we demonstrate these mutations reduce or completely abrogate antibody affinity and neutralising activity, suggesting they are driven by immune evasion. In addition, we show that some mutations also reduce the neutralising activity of vaccine-induced serum.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia , Mutação , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
In November 2021, Omicron BA.1, containing a raft of new spike mutations, emerged and quickly spread globally. Intense selection pressure to escape the antibody response produced by vaccines or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection then led to a rapid succession of Omicron sub-lineages with waves of BA.2 and then BA.4/5 infection. Recently, many variants have emerged such as BQ.1 and XBB, which carry up to 8 additional receptor-binding domain (RBD) amino acid substitutions compared with BA.2. We describe a panel of 25 potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated from vaccinees suffering BA.2 breakthrough infections. Epitope mapping shows potent mAb binding shifting to 3 clusters, 2 corresponding to early-pandemic binding hotspots. The RBD mutations in recent variants map close to these binding sites and knock out or severely knock down neutralization activity of all but 1 potent mAb. This recent mAb escape corresponds with large falls in neutralization titer of vaccine or BA.1, BA.2, or BA.4/5 immune serum.
Assuntos
Formação de Anticorpos , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Anticorpos NeutralizantesRESUMO
Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused successive global waves of infection. These variants, with multiple mutations in the spike protein, are thought to facilitate escape from natural and vaccine-induced immunity and often increase in affinity for ACE2. The latest variant to cause concern is BA.2.75, identified in India where it is now the dominant strain, with evidence of wider dissemination. BA.2.75 is derived from BA.2 and contains four additional mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Here, we perform an antigenic and biophysical characterization of BA.2.75, revealing an interesting balance between humoral evasion and ACE2 receptor affinity. ACE2 affinity for BA.2.75 is increased 9-fold compared with BA.2; there is also evidence of escape of BA.2.75 from immune serum, particularly that induced by Delta infection, which may explain the rapid spread in India, where where there is a high background of Delta infection. ACE2 affinity appears to be prioritized over greater escape.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Hepatite D , Humanos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , SARS-CoV-2 , AnticorposRESUMO
Echoviruses, for which there are currently no approved vaccines or drugs, are responsible for a range of human diseases, for example echovirus 11 (E11) is a major cause of serious neonatal morbidity and mortality. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF, also known as CD55) is an attachment receptor for E11. Here, we report the structure of the complex of E11 and the full-length ectodomain of DAF (short consensus repeats, SCRs, 1-4) at 3.1 Å determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). SCRs 3 and 4 of DAF interact with E11 at the southern rim of the canyon via the VP2 EF and VP3 BC loops. We also observe an unexpected interaction between the N-linked glycan (residue 95 of DAF) and the VP2 BC loop of E11. DAF is a receptor for at least 20 enteroviruses and we classify its binding patterns from reported DAF/virus complexes into two distinct positions and orientations, named as E6 and E11 poses. Whilst 60 DAF molecules can attach to the virion in the E6 pose, no more than 30 can attach to E11 due to steric restrictions. Analysis of the distinct modes of interaction and structure and sequence-based phylogenies suggests that the two modes evolved independently, with the E6 mode likely found earlier.
Assuntos
Infecções por Enterovirus , Enterovirus , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Antígenos CD55 , Enterovirus/metabolismo , Enterovirus Humano B/metabolismoRESUMO
Highly transmissible Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 currently dominate globally. Here, we compare neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2. BA.2 RBD has slightly higher ACE2 affinity than BA.1 and slightly reduced neutralization by vaccine serum, possibly associated with its increased transmissibility. Neutralization differences between sub-lineages for mAbs (including therapeutics) mostly arise from variation in residues bordering the ACE2 binding site; however, more distant mutations S371F (BA.2) and R346K (BA.1.1) markedly reduce neutralization by therapeutic antibody Vir-S309. In-depth structure-and-function analyses of 27 potent RBD-binding mAbs isolated from vaccinated volunteers following breakthrough Omicron-BA.1 infection reveals that they are focused in two main clusters within the RBD, with potent right-shoulder antibodies showing increased prevalence. Selection and somatic maturation have optimized antibody potency in less-mutated epitopes and recovered potency in highly mutated epitopes. All 27 mAbs potently neutralize early pandemic strains, and many show broad reactivity with variants of concern.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Epitopos , Humanos , Testes de Neutralização , SARS-CoV-2/classificação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/químicaRESUMO
The Omicron lineage of SARS-CoV-2, which was first described in November 2021, spread rapidly to become globally dominant and has split into a number of sublineages. BA.1 dominated the initial wave but has been replaced by BA.2 in many countries. Recent sequencing from South Africa's Gauteng region uncovered two new sublineages, BA.4 and BA.5, which are taking over locally, driving a new wave. BA.4 and BA.5 contain identical spike sequences, and although closely related to BA.2, they contain further mutations in the receptor-binding domain of their spikes. Here, we study the neutralization of BA.4/5 using a range of vaccine and naturally immune serum and panels of monoclonal antibodies. BA.4/5 shows reduced neutralization by the serum from individuals vaccinated with triple doses of AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccine compared with BA.1 and BA.2. Furthermore, using the serum from BA.1 vaccine breakthrough infections, there are, likewise, significant reductions in the neutralization of BA.4/5, raising the possibility of repeat Omicron infections.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Vacinas Virais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Testes de Neutralização , SARS-CoV-2/genética , África do SulRESUMO
Background: Administration of potent anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) monoclonal antibodies has been shown to curtail viral shedding and reduce hospitalization in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the structure-function analysis of potent human anti-RBD monoclonal antibodies and its links to the formulation of antibody cocktails remains largely elusive. Methods: Previously, we isolated a panel of neutralizing anti-RBD monoclonal antibodies from convalescent patients and showed their neutralization efficacy in vitro. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of action of antibodies and dissect antibodies at the epitope level, which leads to a formation of a potent antibody cocktail. Results: We found that representative antibodies which target non-overlapping epitopes are effective against wild type virus and recently emerging variants of concern, whilst being encoded by antibody genes with few somatic mutations. Neutralization is associated with the inhibition of binding of viral RBD to ACE2 and possibly of the subsequent fusion process. Structural analysis of representative antibodies, by cryo-electron microscopy and crystallography, reveals that they have some unique aspects that are of potential value while sharing some features in common with previously reported neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. For instance, one has a common VH 3-53 public variable region yet is unusually resilient to mutation at residue 501 of the RBD. We evaluate the in vivo efficacy of an antibody cocktail consisting of two potent non-competing anti-RBD antibodies in a Syrian hamster model. We demonstrate that the cocktail prevents weight loss, reduces lung viral load and attenuates pulmonary inflammation in hamsters in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Although neutralization of one of these antibodies is abrogated by the mutations of variant B.1.351, it is also possible to produce a bi-valent cocktail of antibodies both of which are resilient to variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and B.1.617.2. Conclusions: These findings support the up-to-date and rational design of an anti-RBD antibody cocktail as a therapeutic candidate against COVID-19.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Ligação Competitiva , COVID-19/virologia , Cricetinae , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cães , Epitopos , Feminino , Humanos , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Testes de Neutralização , Domínios Proteicos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismoRESUMO
Alpha-B.1.1.7, Beta-B.1.351, Gamma-P.1, and Delta-B.1.617.2 variants of SARS-CoV-2 express multiple mutations in the spike protein (S). These may alter the antigenic structure of S, causing escape from natural or vaccine-induced immunity. Beta is particularly difficult to neutralize using serum induced by early pandemic SARS-CoV-2 strains and is most antigenically separated from Delta. To understand this, we generated 674 mAbs from Beta-infected individuals and performed a detailed structure-function analysis of the 27 most potent mAbs: one binding the spike N-terminal domain (NTD), the rest the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Two of these RBD-binding mAbs recognize a neutralizing epitope conserved between SARS-CoV-1 and -2, while 18 target mutated residues in Beta: K417N, E484K, and N501Y. There is a major response to N501Y, including a public IgVH4-39 sequence, with E484K and K417N also targeted. Recognition of these key residues underscores why serum from Beta cases poorly neutralizes early pandemic and Delta viruses.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Formação de Anticorpos/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Testes de Neutralização/métodos , Ligação Proteica/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Células VeroRESUMO
Terminating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic relies upon pan-global vaccination. Current vaccines elicit neutralizing antibody responses to the virus spike derived from early isolates. However, new strains have emerged with multiple mutations, including P.1 from Brazil, B.1.351 from South Africa, and B.1.1.7 from the UK (12, 10, and 9 changes in the spike, respectively). All have mutations in the ACE2 binding site, with P.1 and B.1.351 having a virtually identical triplet (E484K, K417N/T, and N501Y), which we show confer similar increased affinity for ACE2. We show that, surprisingly, P.1 is significantly less resistant to naturally acquired or vaccine-induced antibody responses than B.1.351, suggesting that changes outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) impact neutralization. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 222 neutralizes all three variants despite interacting with two of the ACE2-binding site mutations. We explain this through structural analysis and use the 222 light chain to largely restore neutralization potency to a major class of public antibodies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Sítios de Ligação , COVID-19/terapia , COVID-19/virologia , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Imunização Passiva , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Deleção de Sequência , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Vacinação , Vacinas/imunologia , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
The race to produce vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began when the first sequence was published, and this forms the basis for vaccines currently deployed globally. Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK, B.1.1.7; South Africa, B.1.351; and Brazil, P.1. These variants have multiple changes in the immunodominant spike protein that facilitates viral cell entry via the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. Mutations in the receptor recognition site on the spike are of great concern for their potential for immune escape. Here, we describe a structure-function analysis of B.1.351 using a large cohort of convalescent and vaccinee serum samples. The receptor-binding domain mutations provide tighter ACE2 binding and widespread escape from monoclonal antibody neutralization largely driven by E484K, although K417N and N501Y act together against some important antibody classes. In a number of cases, it would appear that convalescent and some vaccine serum offers limited protection against this variant.