Conventional progesterone receptors (PR) B and PRA are expressed by human chondrocytes and can be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

To evaluate the expression, location and role of progesterone receptors (PRs) A and B in human chondrocytic cell lines, Western blotting, real time PCR analyses, transmission electron microscopy and immunogold assays were performed. By transfection and co-transfection assays, the influence of progesterone (OHPg) on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) promoter activity was investigated. MTT and pAKT documented OHPg effects on chondrocytes survival. The PR-B and PR-A were both observed in human chondrocytes. The PR-B was evidenced both in the nucleus and in the cytosol of the cells. OHPg, through PR-B, induced ERα expression by acting at the ER promoter level affecting chondrocytes survival. We reported for the first time the expression of PRs in human chondrocytes. Interestingly, we described a novel mechanism via progesterone induction of ERα, which may explain, at least in part, the dramatic rise in OA prevalence among postmenopausal women.

Urinary tract infections after early removal of urinary catheter in total joint arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative urine retention (POUR) is a well-known complication after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). POUR is most commonly managed with an indwelling catheter. However, indwelling catheters have been associated with a substantial risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the incidence of UTI and POUR in patient with indwelling urinary catheter after TJA, (2) identify the microorganisms responsible for catheter colonization, and (3) assess preoperative risk factors (gender, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking) associated with catheter colonization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing primary TJA with no preoperative bacteriuria were enrolled. Prior to the draping of the surgical site, each patient received an indwelling catheter that was inserted under sterile conditions and remained in place for 24 hours. Urine and tip catheter cultures were performed after catheter removal. RESULTS: 55 patients (38 females and 17 males) were recruited (26 total knee and 29 total hip arthroplasties). POUR was not reported in any patient, and only 1 patient (1.8%) had UTI. Cultures of catheter tips were positive in 16 patients (29.1%). Only 1 of these patients had a positive urine culture. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common pathogen isolated. None of the preoperative variables was associated with the risk of catheter colonization. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support early catheter removal after TJA. Predominant catheter-isolated bacteria are enteric species. The culture of a catheter tip specimen should be discouraged for the diagnosis of UTI within the firsts 24 hours after surgery.