Soft X-Ray Second Harmonic Generation as an Interfacial Probe.

Nonlinear optical processes at soft x-ray wavelengths have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of available light sources with the requisite intensity and coherence. Here we report the observation of soft x-ray second harmonic generation near the carbon K edge (∼284 eV) in graphite thin films generated by high intensity, coherent soft x-ray pulses at the FERMI free electron laser. Our experimental results and accompanying first-principles theoretical analysis highlight the effect of resonant enhancement above the carbon K edge and show the technique to be interfacially sensitive in a centrosymmetric sample with second harmonic intensity arising primarily from the first atomic layer at the open surface. This technique and the associated theoretical framework demonstrate the ability to selectively probe interfaces, including those that are buried, with elemental specificity, providing a new tool for a range of scientific problems.

Metaphors of a bodily mind.

Patients' metaphors in analysis may allow access to ineffable experiences. This is understandable, since the mind is a bodily mind, and language is a fully embodied function of this mind. That is, both are dependent for their existence upon the physical body. The ontogenic accumulation of perceived sensory impressions and affective processes far exceeds what can be put into words. Research in cognitive psychology suggests that the active mind functions in such a manner that later perceptions are organized by means of earlier ones. However, since the mind can know only its own representations, it inhabits two ever unknown realms: the external world itself, and the domain of internal unconscious processes that sustain the mind's functions. As a result, the world and the self we know are constructed by the mediation of our bodies. In language also, the active mode by which we perceive, process, and feel makes our understanding of words dependent on previous experience. The fact that the limbic system is activated immediately in the moment of processing experience means that all modalities of representation include an affective valuation. This inevitable processing of information through the mediation of affectively valued bodily perceptions gives the metaphorical function-the human capacity to organize experience and life in metaphoric ways-the ability to create linguistic metaphors that can capture and express otherwise inexpressible psychic experiences. This manner of understanding metaphor has implications for psychoanalytic technique.

First person personal pronouns and their psychic referents.

This paper presents a psychoanalytic description of the psychic referents for the personal pronouns I, me, myself. The referents are related to memorial processes of experiences of satisfaction is early bodily dialogues. Later interpersonal dialogues, bodily and verbal, factual or fantazised, add to the memories available as potential referents for the pronouns. The linguistically spoken pronoun has a narrower referential field because a speech act can only tap a limited number of memories. The 'I'/'me' of each spoken sentence is a selected libidinal and narcissistically organised self-perception at the service of an exchange with the interlocutor at hand, the specific 'you' of that linguistic act. The linguistic 'I' is a transient pronominal function linked to memories about oneself and others. It reveals in the selection of referential sources, libidinal and narcissistic regulatory functions in the service of satisfaction of wishes, defence, and modulation of self-esteem.

Freud's speech apparatus and spontaneous speech.

Freud's first book published in 1891 was a monograph entitled On Aphasia. In it he challenges the main authorities of the time by asserting that their manner of understanding aphasias is no longer tenable. Freud proves their theories wrong and presents his own conception of a speech apparatus. The apparatus is the foundation of his clinical and theoretical explanations about the speech function and its pathological manifestations. He built the model of an apparatus capable of explaining spontaneous speech, a function that the competing models of his contemporaries could not fully integrate. Freud's speech apparatus is the first of several models he created to facilitate the understanding of psychic functions. This paper is part of a series dedicated to an in-depth study of the earliest model which would provide the foundations for the understanding of its reappearance in Freud's later theories, and in particular in his analytic technique.

Respect in clinical practice.

Respect is naturally presumed to be a component of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists, however, need to go beyond the everyday understanding of respect and be prepared to provide a dimension that we do not expect to find in other human relations.

Shame in psychoanalysis: the function of unconscious fantasies.

The conceptualization of shame as an emergent affect in the clinical situation gains clarity by linking it to unconscious fantasies. The author suggests that shame appears when an individual fails in his efforts to obtain from another person, in reality or in imagined scenes, an expected similar affect or a complementary message, or both. A self-evaluation emerges of being undeserving of the desired response. In this respect shame is related to the narcissistic component of any experience or fantasy, be it pre-oedipal, oedipal, or post-oedipal. In cases where there is a pathological predisposition to shame, the predisposition is linked to unconscious fantasies portraying the individual as the desiring and frustrated subject of an unresponded to affective message. After its formation the unconscious fantasy itself, and all its unrepressed derivatives, become a source of shame. A clinical example illustrates these points.

Religious development: a psychoanalytic point of view.

Psychoanalysis occupies a unique position in the systematic study of religious development. Its method permits access to the subjective, individual aspects of the development of belief and of the relationship to the divinity, as well as to the critical moments of their developmental reorganization.

The origins of Freud's concept of object representation ('Objektvorstellung') in his monograph 'On Aphasia': its theoretical and technical importance.

In 'On aphasia' Freud finds it necessary to ask a question: 'In what manner is the body reproduced in the cerebral cortex?' His answer to this question would provide the foundation for the essential concepts of psychoanalytic theory and technique. In this paper I present in detail Freud's conception of the process of representing the body in the cortex. I also attend to the vocabulary he selected to present his ideas. Finally, I describe the consequences of both for his later theorizing. Freud was the first to oppose Meynert's notion that 'a representation is localized in the nerve cell'. Freud suggests that representations are processes without any localization. The process, once formed, has the potential to reappear under proper stimulation, to bring forth, as mnemic images, something psychical (das Psychische). These psychical representations are the sole possessors of the proper stimuli that motivate human beings to talk spontaneously and voluntarily.

A proto-dictionary of psychoanalysis.

In this paper I take Freud's first published book, his monograph 'On aphasia', and look carefully at the terms he used in it, suggesting some later reappearances of the conception expressed by that particular word. There are several words that entered the analytic vocabulary with the monograph, indicating, as Stengel proposed, that the book 'laid the foundations of psychoanalysis'. I review the following words: association, divided attention, cathexis, complex, connection, physiological correlate, impulse to speak, memory-image, primary, representation, self-observation, spontaneous speech and transference.

Transference, language, and affect in the treatment of bulimarexia.

Bulimarexic patients in analysis seem to defend against the transference. For them, defending against the transference is the transference. They believe that the analyst does not intend to listen to them. They do not believe in the communicative function of words. Their words are used as weapons to attack the analyst, or as a decoy to avoid self-revelation. They treat the analyst's words with sarcasm and disbelief while fearing the penetrating power of his/her words. This description suggests a disturbance of the communicative function of language. This paper explores the probable genetic and dynamic sources of this disturbance. The clinical evidence suggests a disturbance of the wish to communicate at the oral and anal stages. The patient's language develops normally at the level of linguistic competence. It fails, however, to connect with the affective components of the sense of self and therefore interferes with the verbalization of subjective experience.

A view of aggression in phobic states.

This article attempts to apply a theory of aggression as motivation to overcome obstacles to the understanding of phobic states and their formation. The role of aggression in the genesis of phobic conditions is discussed, and the traditional analytic view of aggression as instinctual drive is contrasted with a motivational approach. The motivational view offers the advantage of a clearer understanding of the stimulus contexts, representational connections, and both real and imaginary object connections that are lacking in the more traditional understanding of aggression as a biological drive.

The Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire: measurement of sustaining functions of fantasies in psychiatric inpatients.

The concept of the sustaining fantasy and the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ), an instrument for its measurement, is introduced. Sustaining fantasies represent characteristic ways to ameliorate intense negative affect or to restore self-esteem. The responses of 134 psychiatric inpatients were used to construct ten scales. The SFQ and MMPI were then administered to 125 nonpatients. Psychiatric inpatients had higher scores than normals on fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God, and closeness. Fantasies of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics did not differentiate between groups. SFQ scales correlated significantly with MMPI scales and demographic characteristics as well with staff ratings of the inpatients.