Identification of Viruses in Molossus Bats from the Brazilian Amazon: A Descriptive Metagenomic Analysis.

Bats are widely distributed in Brazil, including the Amazon region, and their association with viral pathogens is well-known. This work aimed to evaluate the metavirome in samples of Molossus sp. bats captured in the Brazilian Amazon from 2019 to 2021. Lung samples from 58 bats were divided into 13 pools for RNA isolation and sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis. The Retroviridae family showed the highest abundance of viral reads. Although no complete genome could be recovered, the Paramyxoviridae and Dicistroviridae families showed the formation of contigs with satisfactory identity and size characteristics for further analysis. One contig of the Paramyxoviridae family was characterized as belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, being grouped most closely phylogenetically to Porcine morbillivirus. The contig related to the Dicistroviridae family was identified within the Cripavirus genus, with 94%, 91%, and 42% amino acid identity with Culex dicistrovirus 2, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Aphid lethal paralysis, respectively. The presence of viruses in bats needs constant updating since the study was able to identify viral sequences related to families or genera still poorly described in the literature in association with bats.

Immunological impact of tetrahydrobiopterin on the central nervous system in a murine model of rabies virus infection.

Currently, the Milwaukee protocol presents healing results in human beings affected by the rabies virus. However, there are many points to clarify on the action of drugs and the immune mechanism involved in the evolution of the disease. One of the drugs used is biopterin, which is an important cofactor for nitric oxide, important for preventing vasospasm. Thus, we describe the effect of biopterin on some inflammatory factors in a rabies virus infection developed in an animal model. The immunological mediators studied in animals infected with rabies virus submitted to doses of sapropterin were Anti-RABV, IL-6, IL-2, IL-17a, INF-gamma and Anti-iNOS. It is suggested that the medication in the context of a RABV infection already installed, had the effect of modulating the inflammatory mechanisms mainly linked to the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and the migration of cytotoxic cells.

Febre do Nilo Ocidental: uma revisão da literatura / West Nile Fever: a literature review / Fiebre del Nilo Occidental: una revisión de la literatura

A partir de seu primeiro isolamento em Uganda, em 1937, até os dias de hoje, o vírus do Nilo Ocidental (WNV) tornou-se um alarmante agente etiológico em humanos e animais. O WNV é mantido e perpetuado na natureza através de um ciclo enzoótico, entre aves e mosquitos, e ocasionalmente causa surtos epizoóticos em razão de uma doença contagiosa em humanos e cavalos. Este vírus é amplamente difundido no mundo e, embora grande parte das infecções humanas causadas por WNV seja assintomática, a doença pode evoluir para um quadro neurológico grave, resultando em sequelas a longo prazo ou óbito do paciente. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a literatura específica sobre o WNV para apresentar uma revisão de artigos científicos, buscando explorar os aspectos mais importantes da doença. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO a partir dos seguintes descritores: "West Nile virus", "epidemiology" e "pathogenesi'". A linha temporal pesquisada abrange de 1998 a 2019, o que permitiu a localização de 293 artigos, dos quais, com base na leitura dos resumos, 88 foram selecionados para realização da leitura completa do artigo. Ao final da leitura dos artigos, 33 foram selecionados na análise final, tendo levado à conclusão de que a vigilância epidemiológica e as medidas preventivas são uma necessidade contínua para reduzir os impactos da doença na saúde pública.

From its first isolation in Uganda, in 1937, up to date, the West Nile virus (WNV) has become a major cause of disease in both humans and animals. Maintained in nature through an enzootic cycle involving birds and mosquitoes, the WNV is liable to occasional epizootic outbreaks, causing diseases in humans and horses. This virus is widely spread in the world and, although most human infections with WNV are asymptomatic, the disease may progress into a severe neurological disorder, resulting in long-term sequelae or death. This study comprises a literature review on scientific articles discussing the theme of WNV. For that, a search was conducted in the databases PubMed and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) for articles published between 1998 and 2019, using the following descriptors: "West Nile virus", "epidemiology", and "pathogenesis". From the 293 articles found, 88 were selected for full-text reading after abstract screening, 33 of which remained in the final analysis. To reduce the impact of the disease on public health, authorities must conduct epidemiological surveillance and develop preventive measures.

Desde su primer aislamiento en Uganda en 1937 hasta la actualidad, el virus del Nilo Occidental (WNV) se ha convertido en un importante agente etiológico en humanos y animales. El WNV es un virus mantenido y perpetuado en la naturaleza a través de un ciclo enzoótico, entre aves y mosquitos, y ocasionalmente ocurren brotes epizoóticos, causando enfermedad en humanos y caballos. Es un virus ampliamente difundido en el mundo, que causa infecciones asintomáticas en humanos en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, la enfermedad puede evolucionar a un cuadro neurológico grave, ocasionando secuelas a largo plazo o el óbito del paciente. Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar la literatura específica sobre el WNV para presentar una revisión de artículos científicos referentes al tema. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO a partir de los siguientes descriptores: "West Nilo virus", "epidemiology" y "pathogenesi". La línea temporal de estudio abarcaba de 1998 a 2019, en la cual se encontraron 293 artículos y con base en la lectura de los resúmenes se seleccionaron 88 para realizar la lectura completa. Al final de la lectura de los artículos, 33 artículos fueron seleccionados en el análisis final, lo que se concluye que la vigilancia epidemiológica y las medidas preventivas son una necesidad continua a fin de reducir los impactos de esa enfermedad en la salud pública.

Diagnosis of arboviruses using indirect sandwich IgG ELISA in horses from the Brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family. FINDINGS: Sensitivity varied between 40.85 and 100%; the specificity was low and ranged from 39.71 to 67.0%; and the accuracy varied between 41 and 65.2%. The test developed in this study yielded a large number of serological cross-reactions. CONCLUSIONS: The test can be employed to detect IgG antibodies within one arbovirus family; however, the hemagglutination test or other more specific techniques, such as the serum neutralization test in mice or the plaque-reduction neutralization test, are essential complementary methods for positive cases.

Diagnosis of arboviruses using indirect sandwich IgG ELISA in horses from the Brazilian Amazon

The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family.

Diagnosis of arboviruses using indirect sandwich IgG ELISA in horses from the Brazilian Amazon

The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family.

Avaliação higienicossanitária dos lanches comercializados na Praça da República em Belém, PA / Evaluation hygienical of snacks commercialized in Square Republic Belem

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias e microbiológicas dos lanches comercializados na Praça da República na cidade de Belém-PA. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo e quantitativo, através de levantamento de dados, com aplicação de questionário aos manipuladores e aos consumidores, seguindo as normas exigidas pela legislação de Boas Práticas de Fabricação que tem como base a resolução RDC n º 12 de 02/01/2001 da ANVISA-MS.

Avaliação da qualidade sanitária do pescado salgado seco comercializado nas feiras livres de Belém, PA / Evaluation of the sanitary quality of the fish commercialized in fairs in Belém, PA

A salga e a secagem são antigos métodos de conservação de alimentos, através do qual há redução de umidade e diminuição da atividade de micro-organismos. Na região amazônica, o processo de salga é realizado de acordo com o conhecimento popular, sem o emprego de técnicas adequadas e de princípios de higiene, gerando conseqüências na boa qualidade do produto final. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de 14 amostras de pescado salgado seco oriundos das feiras livres de Belém, escolhidos aleatoriamente e analisados através de análises físico-químicas (determinação de pH, substâncias voláteis a 105ºC e reação de èber) e microbiológicas (coliformes a 45º, análise de Sthaphylococcus coagulase positivo e Salmonella sp.).