RESUMO
Cuba and the U.S. have the oldest Academies of Sciences outside Europe. Both countries have a long history of scientific collaboration that dates to the 1800s. Both scientific communities also share geographical proximity and common scientific research interests mainly in Biotechnology, Meteorology, and Public Health research. Despite these facts, scientists from both nations face serious barriers to cooperation raised by the U.S. embargo established in 1961 that prohibits exchanges with Cuba. The study aims to analyze the effects of U.S. policy on scientific collaboration with Cuban scientific institutions. The results of the bibliometric analysis of Cuba-U.S. joint publications in the Web of Science, and Scopus databases between 1980 to 2020 indicate sustained growth of scientific collaboration between scientists of both nations over the past forty years. The results also show that after the 1980 Smithsonian Institution and the Cuba's Academy of Sciences agreement significantly increased scientific collaboration between U.S. scientists with their Cuban peers. President Barack Obama's approach to normalizing the U.S. Cuba relations in 2015 enhanced Cuban scientific production with U.S. scientists by exceeding the number of collaborative papers published during any preceding U.S. Presidential administration. By 2020, Cuba had expanded its scientific links to 80% of the countries in the world. Cuban and U.S. scientists converted from adversaries into partners, showing that science is an effective diplomatic channel. A particularly important question for the future is how robust is the collaboration system in the face of greater political restrictions?
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Cooperação Internacional/história , Ciência/história , Cuba , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Scientometric indicators are useful to evaluate the relevance of scientific research, to prepare rankings, and to evaluate and inform research policies. That is why the choice of appropriate indicators is a matter of primary concern. This article aims to introduce a framework to decide the appropriate type of indicator for assessing the citation-based performance of complex innovation systems. The framework is two-fold: First, it brings the methodology to decide when the use of standard average based indicators is granted, and when scale-invariant indicators are mandatory. Second, it provides the procedures to build scale-invariant indicators to assess the relative impact of complex innovation systems. The framework is validated empirically through the evaluation of the relative impact of the Chilean science system in 2017. The result suggests that the Chilean science system has characteristics of a complex innovation system such as the distribution of citations fits to a power law with an exponential cutoff - 2.77 ± 0.09 and a power-law correlation between the size of the system and its impact 1.29 ± 0.11 . Furthermore, the framework shows to be efficient to compare fields of vastly different sizes.
RESUMO
Resumen El objetivo del estudio es explorar la relación escalante entre el grado de centralidad de los países y el impacto de sus publicaciones sobre dirección estratégica. Los resultados muestran que el impacto de los artículos sobre Dirección Estratégica de los países ¿Cuáles países? ¿Europa? ¿América? se relaciona con su grado de centralidad, acorde a una ley potencial con un exponente 1,28 ( 0,07, lo cual sugiere que cada vez que un país duplica su grado de centralidad en la estructura de la red de colaboración en la que participa su impacto se incrementa 21,28 o 2,42 veces. Además, sugieren que el fomento de las redes de colaboración internacional es una estrategia positiva para incrementar la visibilidad y el impacto de los resultados de la investigación sobre dirección estratégica de los países.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore the scaling relationship between degree centrality and citation-based performance of countries articles on Strategic Management. The results show a scaling relationship between Impact and degree centrality with scaling exponent of 1,28 ( 0,07. This result suggests that the Impact of a countries' articles on strategic management increases non-linearly with degree centrality 21,28 o 2,42 times when the country doubles its degree centrality. The results suggest that the increase of the participation of countries in international collaborative networks on strategic management research is a positive strategy to foster the international visibility and impact on strategic management research.
