RESUMO
The last decade has been marked by an exponential increase in the number of publications on the physiological role of the normal human gut microbiota. The idea of a symbiotic relationship between the human organism and normal microbiota of its gastrointestinal tract has been firmly established as an integral part of the current biomedical paradigm. However, the type of this symbiosis varies from mutualism to parasitism and depends on the functional state of the host organism. Damage caused to the organism by external agents can lead to the emergence of conditionally pathogenic properties in the normal gut microbiota, mediated by humoral factors and affecting the outcome of exogenous exposure. Among the substances produced by symbiotic microbiota, there are an indefinite number of compounds with systemic toxicity. Some occur in the intestinal chyme in potentially lethal amounts in the case they enter the bloodstream quickly. The quick entry of potential toxicants is prevented by the intestinal barrier (IB), a set of structural elements separating the intestinal chyme from the blood. Hypothetically, severe damage to the IB caused by exogenous toxicants can trigger a leakage and subsequent systemic redistribution of toxic substances of bacterial origin. Until recently, the impact of such a redistribution on the outcome of acute exogenous poisoning remained outside the view of toxicology. The present review addresses causal relationships between the secondary dysfunction of the IB and complications of acute poisoning. We characterize acute systemic toxicity of such waste products of the normal gut microflora as ammonia and endotoxins, and demonstrate their involvement in the formation of such complications of acute poisoning as shock, sepsis, cerebral insufficiency and secondary lung injuries. The principles of assessing the functional state of the IB and the approaches to its protection in acute poisoning are briefly considered.
RESUMO
Myeloablative therapy was modeled by administration of cyclophosphamide to rats in a dose of 2.1 LD50 for 14 days. Under these conditions, increased accumulation of Evans blue dye given by gavage was observed in the blood, brain, lung, liver, kidney, and ileum (by 34, 1.6, 149, 46, 30, and 6.2 times, respectively). After intravenous injection of the dye, its accumulation was increased only in the lung and ileum. Thus, simulation of myeloablation cytostatic therapy by cyclophosphamide injection to rats is associated with impairment of the intestinal and lung-blood barriers. These alterations predispose to penetration of biologically active substances from the small intestine, gastrointestinal chyme, and lungs to the blood, thus contributing to the development of the early toxic effects of cyclophosphamide.
Assuntos
Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclofosfamida/farmacologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Azul Evans/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Masculino , RatosRESUMO
The effects of lactulose on the release of ammonia and medium-molecular-weight substances from the intestine into the blood and on the severity of cyclophosphamide intoxication were studied in rats. The pH and urease-dependent component of ammonia-producing activity of the cecal chyme decreased over 6 h after lactulose administration, while ammonia content in the chyme increased. Cyclophosphamide caused an increase in ammonia and, less so, glutamine level in the portal blood and in the blood collected after decapitation; this drug stimulated release of methylene blue and endogenous substances of medium-molecular-weight to the portal blood. Lactulose was virtually inessential for these changes and for the neurological status, mortality, and medium life span of rats. Hence, lactulose did not prevent cyclophosphamide-induced leakage of ammonia and medium-molecular-weight substances from the gastrointestinal tract into blood and did not reduce the severity of intoxication.
Assuntos
Amônia/metabolismo , Ciclofosfamida/toxicidade , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactulose/uso terapêutico , Animais , Masculino , Azul de Metileno/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , RatosRESUMO
Ammonia level in the blood increased within 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide in doses of 200, 600, and 1000 mg/kg: by 1.4, 1.8, and 2.5 times in the blood from v. portae, by 1.5, 2.1, and 3.3 times in the blood from v. cava caud. caudally to vv. renales orifice, and by 1.8, 2.7, and 4.2 times, respectively, in the same vein cranially to vv. hepaticae. A positive portocaval gradient of ammonia concentration was abolished. Blood concentrations of glutamine and urea increased less markedly than those of ammonia. Ammonia and glutamine accumulation in isotonic saline injected to animals intraperitoneally 2.5 h after cyclophosphamide was stimulated depending on the drug dose. Blood concentrations of cytolysis markers (lactate dehydrogenase and alanine and aspartate transaminases) increased. Ammonia, glutamine, and urea concentrations in the blood remained high 18 h after injection of cyclophosphamide, the glutamine/ammonia ratio increased. These data indicate that a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide to rats in doses of 200-1000 mg/kg disorders detoxification and stimulates transperitoneal diffusion of ammonia from the digestive tract to the posterior vena cava basin with the development of hyperammoniemia.
Assuntos
Amônia/sangue , Ciclofosfamida/farmacologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Hiperamonemia/sangue , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Amônia/metabolismo , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Glutamina/sangue , Hiperamonemia/metabolismo , Injeções Intraperitoneais , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Masculino , Ratos , Ureia/sangueRESUMO
Blood ammonia concentration increased in the portal vein (by 1.4 times) and inferior vena cava (caudal to the renal vein inflow, by 2.2 times; and cranial to the hepatic vein inflow, by 2.5 times) of rats 3 h after intragastric administration of 16.57 M ethanol solution (446 mmol/kg, approximately 1.4 LD(50)/48 h). Ammonia concentration in mixed blood samples (post-decapitation) increased by 39%. The rate of ammonia accumulation was 3-fold higher in an intraperitoneal lavage solution. Three-hour exposure of ethanol-treated animals to atmospheric ammonia (0.84-1.07 mg/liter, i.e. approximately 1/8LC(50) for intact rats) was followed by a 2.4-fold increase in blood ammonia concentration as compared to specimens of the ethanol group. Ammonia inhalation potentiated the lethal effect of ethanol (dose variation factor 0.81), suppressed external respiration, and decreased oxygen consumption. Our results indicate that kinetic changes in endogenous ammonia have an adverse effect on the outcome of alcohol intoxication in rats.
Assuntos
Amônia/sangue , Amônia/toxicidade , Etanol/toxicidade , Amônia/administração & dosagem , Animais , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/administração & dosagem , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/toxicidade , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Hiperamonemia/fisiopatologia , Exposição por Inalação , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In rats with acute sodium thiopental intoxication, ammonium concentration in the caecal contents was at the lower boundary of control values, while accumulation of ammonium in lavage solution injected intraperitoneally was 50-70% accelerated. Blood ammonium level did not change 3 h after sodium thiopental injection in a dose inducing sopor, but increased 3-fold during coma modeling. Intragastric administration of gentamicin (antibiotic poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract) 2-fold reduced ammonium concentration in the caecal contents and prevented hyperammoniemia during induction of barbiturate coma. Hence, increased permeability of the gastrointestinal wall for ammonium promotes the development of hyperammoniemia in rats during induction of barbiturate coma.
Assuntos
Barbitúricos/toxicidade , Trato Gastrointestinal , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/metabolismo , Animais , Coma/sangue , Coma/induzido quimicamente , Difusão , Feminino , Trato Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Hiperamonemia/sangue , Hiperamonemia/induzido quimicamente , RatosRESUMO
Ammonia inhalation (0.84-1.07 mg/liter, 3 h) was accompanied by a 65% increase in ammonia concentration in mixed blood of intact rats. This treatment did not cause death of intact animals, but potentiated the lethal effect of sodium thiopental and inhibited external respiration and O2 consumption in animals. The resistance of rats to the lethal effect of barbiturate tended to decrease under conditions of experimental hyperammonemia induced by intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate in a nonlethal dose (6 mmol/kg). Our results indicate that potentiation of the toxic effect of barbiturates by atmospheric ammonia is related to its resorptive effects.