Molecular investigation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) genetic variants and their impact on VDR mRNA and serum vitamin D levels in allergic rhinitis in an Indian population: A case-control study.

Vitamin D deficiency is widespread and poses a significant health concern, as emerging research links it to allergic diseases owing to its immunomodulatory functions. The optimal functioning of vitamin D and its activation depend on its nuclear receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR). Genetic variants of VDR have been explored as potential factors in autoimmune and allergic diseases, with limited studies on their association with allergic rhinitis (AR). The present investigation aims to analyse the role of three VDR genetic variants - TaqI, FokI and BsmI - in AR susceptibility and their impact on VDR mRNA and serum vitamin D levels. A total of 550 subjects, consisting of 250 AR cases and 300 age- and gender-matched controls, underwent genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). VDR mRNA and vitamin D levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and chemiluminescence, respectively. Although TaqI did not exhibit significant differences, FokI demonstrated a noteworthy association with AR, particularly with the CC genotype (odds ratio [OR]: 3.34; confidence interval [CI]: 1.79-6.23). Similarly, BsmI revealed an increased risk for AR, with the GA + AA genotypes showing a 2.2-fold elevated risk (OR: 2.20; CI: 1.53-3.16). VDR mRNA expression was threefold lower in AR patients (p < .0001), accompanied by reduced serum vitamin D levels (p < .0001). In addition, CC (p = .01) and AA (p = .02) genotypes of FokI and BsmI were associated with reduced VDR mRNA levels, whereas TaqI showed no such association. Similarly, heterozygous genotypes of TaqI and FokI, as well as homozygous AA of BsmI, correlated with lower serum vitamin D levels (p < .001). This study emphasizes the intricate relationship among VDR genetic variations, altered VDR activity, immune modulation and vitamin D metabolism in AR. Further research involving diverse populations is crucial for confirming and generalizing these findings, paving the way for personalized therapeutic interventions in vitamin D-related disorders.

Investigating dysregulation of TGF-ß1/SMAD3 signaling in Atopic Dermatitis: A Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis".

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a persistent and recurring inflammatory condition affecting the skin. An expanding corpus of evidence indicates the potential participation of TGF-ß1 in the modulation of inflammation and tissue remodeling in AD. The primary objective of this study was to examine the aberrant modulation of TGF-ß1/SMAD3 signaling through a comprehensive analysis of their molecular and protein expression profiles. The study encompassed an aggregate of 37 participants, which included 25 AD patients and 12 controls. The assessment of mRNA and protein levels of TGF-ß1 and SMAD3 was conducted utilizing quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, whereas serum IgE and vitamin D levels were estimated by ELISA and chemiluminescence, respectively. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a 2.5-fold upregulation of TGF-ß1 mRNA expression in the lesional AD skin (p<0.0001). Immunohistochemistry also exhibited a comparable augmented pattern, characterized by moderate to strong staining intensities. In addition, TGF-ß1 mRNA showed an association with vitamin D deficiency in serum (p<0.02), and its protein expression was linked with the disease severity (p<0.01) Furthermore, a significant decrease in the expression of the SMAD3 gene was observed in the affected skin (p = 0.0004). This finding was further confirmed by evaluating the protein expression and phosphorylation of SMAD3, both of which exhibited a decrease. These findings suggest that there is a dysregulation in the TGF-ß1/SMAD3 signaling pathway in AD. Furthermore, the observed augmentation in mRNA and protein expression of TGF-ß1, along with its correlation with the disease severity, holds considerable clinical significance and emphasizes its potential role in AD pathogenesis.

Evaluation of SOCS5 mRNA and its association with serum IL-12 levels and rs41379147 SNP in various subsets of allergic disorders: A case control study.

BACKGROUND: The SOCS proteins act as suppressors of cytokine signaling by impeding certain signaling pathways. SOCS5, a constituent of the SOCS family, has been associated with the management of allergic reactions, primarily by impeding the signaling of interleukin-4 (IL-4), which is known to have a cardinal function in accelerating the development of an allergic reaction. The key goal of our research was to explore the probable ramifications of the SOCS5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) namely rs41379147 on the expression of SOCS5 mRNA and serum IL-12 levels, as well as to analyze the interaction between SOCS5 genotypes and various clinicopathological parameters in atopic diseases. METHODS: The study involved the enrollment of 314 subjects comprising 154 atopic individuals and 160 healthy controls. PCR-RFLP was employed to conduct SNP analysis. Real-Time PCR was employed to quantify SOCS5 mRNA. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used for the quantification of interleukin-12 and total IgE levels in the serum while as chemiluminescence was used to determine Vitamin D levels. RESULTS: The PCR-RFLP analysis indicated a lack of statistically significant variation in genotypic and allelic frequencies between the cases and controls (p > 0.05) for - 9147 C/T SNP either in total atopy (OR-0.70, 95% CI=0.43-1.12, p =0.15), and on subgroup stratifications of chronic urticaria (OR-0.81, 95 % CI = 0.42-1.59, p = 0.61), allergic rhinitis (OR-0.63, 95 % CI = 0.33-1.19, p = 0.16) and bronchial asthma (OR-0.66,95% CI = 0.29-1.4, p=0.32). There was reduced mRNA expression of SOCS5 in total atopic cases, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and chronic urticaria in comparison to controls which advocates the fact that SOCS5 has a protective role in allergic disease development. Despite the reduced amounts of IL-12 in total atopic cases and different allergic disorders in comparison to controls, IL-12 showed significant positive correlation with SOCS5 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SOCS5 SNP rs41379147(C/T) does not pose any significant risk towards the development of any allergic disorder and has no impact on the expression of SOCS5 and IL-12. Our study has shown the reduced mRNA expression of SOCS5 among individuals diagnosed with chronic urticaria, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma and the expression of SOCS5 showed complete dependence on the cytokine milieu of IL12. The modulation of SOCS5 and IL-12 may represent potential curative targets for treating the menace of allergic diseases and present promising avenues for future investigation.

Analysis of intronic SNP (rs4147358) and expression of SMAD3 gene in Atopic Dermatitis: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial cutaneous disorder associated with chronic inflammation of the skin. Growing evidence points to TGF-ß/SMAD signaling as a key player in mediating inflammation and the subsequent tissue remodeling, often resulting in fibrosis. This study investigates the role of a core transcription factor involved in TGF-ß signaling i.e., SMAD3 genetic variants (rs4147358) in AD predisposition and its association with SMAD3 mRNA expression, serum IgE levels, and sensitization to various allergens in AD patients. METHODS: A total of 246 subjects including 134 AD cases and 112 matched healthy controls were genotyped for SMAD3 intronic SNP by PCR-RFLP. mRNA expression of SMAD3 was determined by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR), Vitamin-D levels by chemiluminescence, and total serum IgE levels by ELISA. In-vivo allergy testing was performed for the evaluation of allergic reactions to house dust mites (HDM) and food allergens. RESULTS: A significantly higher frequency of mutant genotype AA (cases: 19.4% vs controls: 8.9%) (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.2 - 6.7, p = 0.01) was observed in AD cases. The mutant allele 'A' also showed a 1.9-fold higher risk for AD compared to the wild allele 'C' indicating that the carriers of the A allele have a higher risk for AD predisposition (OR-1.9, CI = 1.3-2.8, p < 0.001). In addition, quantitative analysis of SMAD3 mRNA in peripheral blood showed 2.8-fold increased expression in AD cases as compared to healthy controls. Stratification analysis revealed the association of the mutant AA genotype with deficient serum Vitamin D levels (p = 0.02) and SMAD3 mRNA overexpression with HDM sensitization (p = 0.03). Furthermore, no significant association of genotypes with SMAD3 mRNA expression was observed. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that SMAD3 intronic SNP bears a significant risk of AD development. Moreover, overexpression of SMAD3 mRNA and its association with HDM sensitization highlights the possible role of this gene in AD pathogenesis.

Unveiling the TGF- ß1 paradox: Significant implication of TGF- ß1 promoter variants and its mRNA and protein expression in atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with evidence of lichenification in later stages. There is mounting evidence supporting the role of TGF- ß1 in mediating inflammation as well as subsequent tissue remodeling, often resulting in fibrosis. Given the role of genetic variants in the differential expression of TGF-ß1 in various diseases, this study seeks to ascertain the role of TGF-ß1 promoter variants (rs1800469 and rs1800468) in AD susceptibility, as well as their association with TGF- ß1 mRNA expression, TGF- ß1 serum levels and skin prick test positivity in Atopic Dermatitis patients. METHODS: An aggregate of 246 subjects including 134 AD cases and 112 matched healthy controls were genotyped for TGF-ß1 promoter polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. TGF- ß1 mRNA was quantified by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR), Vitamin-D levels by chemiluminescence, and serum TGF- ß1, and total IgE levels were determined by ELISA. In-vivo allergy testing was performed for the evaluation of allergic reactions to house dust mites and food allergens. RESULTS: A higher frequency of TT genotypes of rs1800469 (OR = 7.7, p = 0.0001) and GA+AA genotypes of rs1800468 (OR-4.4, p < 0.0001) were observed in AD cases than those in controls. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that TG haplotype carriers had an increased risk of AD (p = 0.013). Quantitative analysis revealed a significant upregulation of both mRNA (p = 0.0002) and serum levels (p < 0.0001) of TGF- ß1 with a substantial positive correlation between them (Correlation coefficient=0.504; p = 0.01). Moreover, serum TGF-ß1 levels were associated with quality of life (p = 0.03), the severity of the disease (p = 0.03), and House dust mite allergy (p = 0.01) whereas TGF-ß1 mRNA levels positively correlated with disease severity(p = 0.02). Stratification analysis revealed that the TT genotype of rs1800469 was associated with higher IgE levels (p = 0.01) and eosinophil percentage(p = 0.007) whereas the AA genotype of rs1800468 correlated with elevated serum IgE levels (p = 0.01). Besides, no significant association of genotypes with mRNA and serum expression of TGF-ß1 was observed. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that TGF-ß1 promoter SNPs bear a significant risk of AD development. Moreover, upregulation of TGF-ß1 mRNA and serum levels and their association with disease severity, quality of life, and HDM allergy suggests its role as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker that could help in the development of new therapeutic and prevention strategies.

Gene variants and mRNA expression analysis of SOCS3 and its association with serum IL-4 levels in atopic diseases.

BACKGROUND: The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are a class of negative regulators for several aspects of cytokine signaling that have been attributed to the pathophysiology of inflammatory disorders. Given the role of the SOCS3 gene in regulating Th2 cell proliferation, our study aimed to analyze two SOCS3 SNPs viz. rs8074003 and rs7222391, and their potential influence on IL-4 levels and SOCS3 mRNA expression besides analyzing the interaction of the SOCS3 genotypes with the various clinicopathological parameters. METHODS: A total of 314 subjects including 154 atopic cases and 160 healthy controls were genotyped for SOCS3 polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. SOCS3 mRNA was quantified by Real-Time PCR. The serum IL-4 and total IgE levels were determined by ELISA and Vitamin-D levels were quantified by chemiluminescence. RESULTS: The CC genotype of rs8074003 was more frequent in atopic cases and posed a 3- fold risk of atopy (p = 0.001) whereas CG and GG genotypes were widespread in the controls (p = 0.1). For the other SNP rs7222391, there was no difference in genotypic and allelic distribution. The SOCS3 mRNA expression and serum IL-4 levels were substantially increased in the atopic cases with a significant positive correlation between them (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SOCS3 SNP rs8074003 poses a convincing risk of atopic disease development. The SOCS3 expression and IL-4 levels were up-regulated in total atopy and in its different presentations. It seems plausible to target SOCS3 and IL-4 as a potential target for the diagnosis of atopy and for the development of reliable personalized therapeutic strategies to control atopic conditions.

Association of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genetic variants with House Dust Mite sensitization in Atopic Dermatitis Patients.

The etiopathogenesis of AD is multifactorial and defects of the skin barrier, which physiologically constitutes the natural protection, are associated with the disease phenotype. The identification of the genetic and environmental factors paving the way for impaired barrier function is therefore important in developing new therapeutic and prevention strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Confirmed 100 cases were tested against 106 controls for filaggrin mutation and LELP-1 polymorphism by PCR-RFLP and chain termination sequencing. Total IgE and Vitamin D were estimated by ELISA. House dust mite sensitization was assessed by an in-vivo skin prick test. RESULTS: FLG deletion (2282del4) was present in 4% of the patients and all these were heterozygous carriers, whereas FLG null mutation (R501X) was not present in any of the cases. In the control group, both the mutations were not found. CT genotype and T allele of LELP-1 (rs7534334) were significantly associated with elevated IgE levels, early-onset, HDM sensitization, and disease severity (P < 0.05). However, the genotypic and allelic distribution of LELP-1 among the cases and controls was found to be insignificant. CONCLUSION: The low frequency of 2282del4 deletion and the absence of R501X mutation suggest that filaggrin deficiency does not confer a major risk for AD in the Indian population. However, significant association of LELP-1 (rs7534334) variant allele with clinical variables may serve as a novel biomarker for the severity of Atopic Dermatitis as well as an indicator for the allergen-specific immunotherapy and hence bears important clinical implications and needs to study on larger sample size and diverse populations.