Shifting the paradigm in how we assess and treat perinatal psychopathology.

Both syndromic and subsyndromal episodes of psychiatric disorders are common during and after pregnancy and are associated with adverse consequences for the mother and her baby. Despite remarkable opportunities for the detection of at-risk women, the prevention and treatment of peripartum recurrences of psychiatric disorders remain a challenge for physicians, and allied professionals This brief report discusses the importance of subsyndromal symptoms and offers suggestions to improve the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of perinatal psychiatric disorders.

Weaning and depression: a closer look.

The association of weaning with depression has long been recognized. However, interest in the study of post-weaning depression has waned over the last few decades partly due to changes in the nosology of perinatal psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review the relevant literature and conclude that post-weaning depression is a rare but severe complication of breastfeeding cessation. Given that post-weaning depression is an understudied and often undiagnosed clinical condition, research is needed to address this important unmet need.

Careful considerations for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder during and following pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: The focus on perinatal mental health has expanded recently, though there is less research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, a review of the literature was undertaken and coupled with expert clinical insights to discuss current clinical practice recommendations for PTSD in the perinatal period. AREAS COVERED: This review covers considerations for the assessment, prevention, and treatment of PTSD during the perinatal period. Within these sections, evidence-based and promising practices are outlined. Extra attention is afforded to treatment, which includes considerations from both psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological perspectives. This review closes with coverage of three important and related areas of consideration, including bereavement, intimate partner violence, and childhood sexual abuse. EXPERT OPINION: Psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD during pregnancy are limited, and no strong recommendations can be supported at this time while evidence points toward the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapies and eye movement desensitization therapy as first-line treatments postpartum though research evidence is also limited. Research on psychopharmacological interventions is similarly scarce, though selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be beneficial. Clinicians should also be mindful of additional considerations that may be needed for the treatment of PTSD in the context of bereavement, intimate partner violence, and history of sexual violence.

Occurrence of postpartum manic or mixed episodes in women with bipolar I disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Accurate information on the frequency and prevalence of manic or mixed episodes is important for therapeutic, prognostic, and safety concerns. We aimed to estimate the risk of relapse of manic and mixed episodes after delivery in women with bipolar I disorder or schizoaffective disorder-bipolar type. METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane databases was carried out on November 17, 2022, using the terms ((bipolar disorder) OR (manic depressive illness)) AND (mania)) AND (postpartum)) AND (recurrence)) AND (relapse). The search was updated on March 29, 2023. Case studies and qualitative analyses were excluded. Twelve studies reporting on 3595 deliveries in 2183 women were included in the quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The overall pooled estimate of postpartum relapse risk was 39% (95% CI = 29, 49; Q(11) = 211.08, p < 0.001; I2 = 96.31%). Among those who had a relapse, the pooled estimate of risk for manic and mixed episodes was 38% (95% CI = 28, 50; Q(11) = 101.17, p < 0.001; I2 = 91.06%). Using data from the nine studies that reported the percentage of medication use during pregnancy, we estimated a meta-regression model with the percent medication use as a continuous explanatory variable. The estimated prevalence of relapse was 58.1% (95% CI, 9.6 to 39.3 to 76.8) for studies with no medication use and 25.9% (95% CI, 10.5-41.3) for studies with 100% medication use. The difference between the two prevalence estimates was statistically significant, z = -2.099, p = 0.0359. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an overall pooled estimate of postpartum relapse risk of 39%, while the pooled estimate of risk for manic and mixed episodes was 38%. These findings highlight the need to educate patients with bipolar I disorder, and their healthcare professionals about the high risk of relapse of manic or mixed episodes after delivery.

Insomnia During the Perinatal Period and its Association with Maternal and Infant Psychopathology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: While sleep serves important regulatory functions for mental health, sleep disturbances, in particular insomnia, may contribute to mental disorders. Since insomnia symptoms are frequent during the perinatal period, the aim of this work is to systematically review the potential association between perinatal insomnia and maternal and infant psychopathology. RECENT FINDINGS: A systematic search was conducted according with PRISMA guidelines, and meta-analytic calculations were conducted. Totally, 34 studies were included and involved 835,021 perinatal women. Four meta-analysis yielded four statistically significant random-effect models. All models show that women with perinatal symptoms of insomnia possess increased odds of developing clinically relevant symptoms of depression OR = 3.69, p = 0.001 and anxiety OR = 2.81; p < 0.001, as well as increased suicidal risk OR = 3.28; p < 0.001, and distress in the newborn OR = 2.80 (P = 0.007). These findings emphasize the role of assessing and addressing insomnia during the perinatal period to mitigate its negative effect on maternal and infant mental health via sleep regulation.

Prophylactic Management of Women With Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and the Perinatal Period: Clinical Scenario-Based Practical Recommendations From A Group of Perinatal Psychiatry Authors.

ABSTRACT: Many women with bipolar disorder experience episodes of illness or relapses over the perinatal period, especially in the immediate postpartum period. Risks associated with treated/untreated psychopathologies and fetal exposure to bipolar medications make the management of bipolar disorder during these periods challenging for clinicians and patients. In light of the available effectiveness and reproductive safety data, the current clinical update based on the opinions of a group of international perinatal psychiatry authors recommends general considerations and specific management strategies for each possible clinical scenario, including mixed features, predominant polarity, diagnosis of subtypes of bipolar disorder, severity of previous episodes, and risk of recurrence of mood episodes.

Tocophobia: a nosological quagmire.

Fear of childbirth exists on a continuum of severity, and the most severe form is commonly referred to as tocophobia. Although a rare entity, tocophobia is a common reason for requesting an elective cesarean section. It is generally considered a specific phobia but is not recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a diagnostic entity. To improve the assessment and treatment of tocophobia, research is warranted to clarify its relationship with commonly occurring psychiatric disorders in pregnancy.

Preventing recurrence of postpartum depression by regulating sleep.

INTRODUCTION: Women are at a high risk of recurrence of depression in the postpartum period. Given the circumscribed duration of the risk period and knowledge of its triggers, postpartum depression should be easily preventable. However, prophylactic drug studies have reported contradictory findings partly due to the heterogeneity of the disorder. Currently, there are no studies on the efficacy of psychotherapy in the prevention of postpartum depression in women with major depressive or bipolar disorder. AREAS COVERED: This review evaluates the results of controlled medication and psychotherapeutic studies in the prevention of depression in women with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder; it further suggests that the management of sleep loss/insomnia may be an effective strategy in the prevention of postpartum depression. EXPERT OPINION: A thorough understanding of the clinical course of the antecedent mood disorder and historical treatment response is necessary before the implementation of strategies for the prevention of postpartum depression. Targeting disturbed and/or insufficient sleep - a common and early transdiagnostic symptom of peripartum psychiatric disorders - may be a more effective intervention for the prevention of postpartum depression and psychiatric comorbidities in some individuals than the traditional approach of antidepressant use.

Relationship of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder With Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Since depression represents the most predominant mood polarity in bipolar disorder (BD), the prevalence rates of a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in women with BD and those of a diagnosis of BD in women with PMDD deserve systematic review.Data Sources: A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews databases was carried out on November 19, 2021, using the terms [late luteal phase disorder OR premenstrual dysphoric disorder] AND comorbidity AND bipolar disorder. Articles from 1987-2021 were searched. Case studies, intervention studies, reviews, and systematic analyses were excluded.Study Selection: All studies that included a diagnosis of PMDD and BD were included.Data Extraction: The selected articles were reviewed to extract data using a data extraction form developed for this study.Results: A total of 5 studies were included in the review. Extant literature, although limited, suggests that PMDD is more common among women with BD than in the general population. Similarly, BD is more common among women with PMDD than in the general population. The proportion of people with PMDD and diagnosed with BD ranged from 10% to 15%. Conversely, the proportion of people with BD who received a diagnosis of PMDD ranged from 27% to 76%.Conclusions: Only a small number of relevant studies were available, and the findings from these were limited by the failure to employ prospective monitoring of symptoms-perhaps the most important feature necessary for confirming PMDD and differentiating it from premenstrual exacerbation of BD. Given the important clinical and heuristic implications, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship between the two disorders in order to improve their detection, diagnosis, and treatment.

Antiseizure medication-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorder: a pragmatic review.

INTRODUCTION: With a lifetime prevalence of 2.3%, obsessive compulsive disorder is a chronic, disabling condition that is associated with significant social and occupational impairment. Up to 30% of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder have a lifetime diagnosis of tic disorders. Antiseizure medication is increasingly used for a variety of physical and psychiatric illnesses. Clarification of the relationship between these symptoms/disorders and use of antiseizure medication is critically important for diagnostic and treatment purposes. AREAS COVERED: Studies on antiseizure-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders are reviewed. The literature search strategy identified 89 articles. Twenty-nine articles were included in the final results. Of these, 24 are case reports or case studies, 2 cross-sectional studies, 1 chart review, 1 population-based case-control study and 1 observational prospective study assessing lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate, zonisamide, and carbamazepine. EXPERT OPINION: This study highlighted the temporal relationship of antiseizure medication use and onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and tics. Monitoring for medication-induced obsessive compulsions or tics should be undertaken when prescribing antiseizure medication for treatment of mood disorders or epilepsy. Further research identifying the causal relationship between antiseizure medication and de novo onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorder is required.

Insomnia evaluation and treatment during peripartum: a joint position paper from the European Insomnia Network task force "Sleep and Women," the Italian Marcè Society and international experts task force for perinatal mental health.

Insomnia symptoms are frequent during peripartum and are considered risk factors for peripartum psychopathology. Assessing and treating insomnia and related conditions of sleep loss during peripartum should be a priority in the clinical practice. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review on insomnia evaluation and treatment during peripartum which may be useful for clinicians. The literature review was carried out between January 2000 and May 2021 on the evaluation and treatment of insomnia during the peripartum period. The PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched for literature published according to the PRISMA guidance with several combinations of search terms "insomnia" and "perinatal period" or "pregnancy" or "post partum" or "lactation" or "breastfeeding" and "evaluation" and "treatment." Based on this search, 136 articles about insomnia evaluation and 335 articles on insomnia treatment were found and we conducted at the end a narrative review. According to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 41 articles were selected for the evaluation part and 22 on the treatment part, including the most recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Evaluation of insomnia during peripartum, as for insomnia patients, may be conducted at least throughout a clinical interview, but specific rating scales are available and may be useful for assessment. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), as for insomnia patients, should be the preferred treatment choice during peripartum, and it may be useful to also improve mood, anxiety symptoms, and fatigue. Pharmacological treatment may be considered when women who present with severe forms of insomnia symptoms do not respond to nonpharmacologic therapy.

A potential role for olanzapine in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a rare but potentially serious complication of pregnancy. Some women with severe symptoms and possibly psychiatric comorbidities remain symptomatic despite the use of currently available treatments. Due to its favorable safety profile, antiemetic efficacy in other conditions, and 5-HT3 antagonism, olanzapine may be a potentially useful addition to the armamentarium for management of hyperemesis gravidarum resistant to standard- of-care treatment.