Reduced Sulcal Depth in Central Sulcus of Major Depressive Disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, and present various symptoms such as the dysregulation of mood, cognition, and behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the morphometric change in MDD patients by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and sulcal depth analyses. Forty-six MDD patients (mean age, SD; 36.07±14.34), and 23 age- and sex-matched normal controls (NML) (mean age, SD; 36.78±14.42) were included. Coronal 3D T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained with the resolution of isotropic 1.0 mm. To check morphological changes of brain, T1 MRIs were objectively processed by VBM and sulcal depth methods. In sulcal depth analysis, depressed patients showed reduced sulcal depth in the areas of left posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, central sulcus (Rolando's fissure), and Heschl's gyrus. And right posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus, temporal plane of the superior temporal gyrus, anterior transverse collateral sulcus, and central sulcus (Rolando's fissure) were also reduced compared to NML. But, VBM analyses did not showed significant finding. Reduced sulcal depth in the motor and emotion related areas were found in patients with MDD. Especially reduced sulcal depth in bilateral central sulci which are connecting between primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex seems to be related with social and physical anhedonia in MDD.

The interaction between fuzzy subsets and groupoids.

We discuss properties of a class of real-valued functions on a set X (2) constructed as finite (real) linear combinations of functions denoted as [(X, ∗); µ ], where (X, ∗) is a groupoid (binary system) and µ is a fuzzy subset of X and where [(X, ∗); µ ](x, y): = µ (x ∗ y) - min{µ (x), µ (y)}. Many properties, for example, µ being a fuzzy subgroupoid of X, ∗), can be restated as some properties of [(X, ∗); µ]. Thus, the context provided opens up ways to consider well-known concepts in a new light, with new ways to prove known results as well as to provide new questions and new results. Among these are identifications of many subsemigroups and left ideals of (Bin(X), □) for example.

On abelian and related fuzzy subsets of groupoids.

We introduce the notion of abelian fuzzy subsets on a groupoid, and we observe a variety of consequences which follow. New notions include, among others, diagonal symmetric relations, several types of quasi orders, convex sets, and fuzzy centers, some of whose properties are also investigated.