RESUMO
Avian influenza is a highly infectious disease in poultry and although the risk of human infection is low, concerns exist that it could evolve into a new human strain of pandemic potential if reassortment with a human influenza virus occurs. In January 2007, the UK government introduced a programme to vaccinate poultry workers to reduce the potential of such an event. This study evaluates the delivery, uptake and costs of the programme in three counties of England. A questionnaire survey was completed by consultants in public health in all the Primary Care Trusts in Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in May 2007. The delivery of the programme varied between Primary Care Trusts, including being delivered in some cases by clinics in primary care, by general practitioners and occupational health services in others. The uptake of vaccination was low ranging from 7% to 29% at a cost of £29 to £132 per person vaccinated. Vaccination of poultry workers as a public health measure to prevent an influenza pandemic is likely to be ineffective with the level of coverage found in this evaluation in our region.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Influenza Aviária/transmissão , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Animais , Galinhas , Análise Custo-Benefício , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/economia , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Exposição Ocupacional , Saúde Ocupacional , Saúde Pública , Estações do AnoAssuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Caliciviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Norovirus/genética , Saúde Ocupacional , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) was used to study the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA changes in the rat cerebral cortex following unilateral frontal and somatosensory cortical lesion by devascularisation. 4 days after the lesion, a significant transient increase in GAD mRNA level in the ipsilateral cortex was observed when compared with contralateral, ipsi-sham operated and ipsi-normal control cortices. The change occurred throughout the ipsilateral neocortex, with no significant difference between the magnitude of increase in frontal, parieto-occipital, parieto-temporal, cingulate or retrosplenial areas; no obvious change was seen in pyriform, entorhinal or hippocampal cortices. This unexpected GAD mRNA increase in neocortex may be part of a long term adaptive functional alteration and changes in the gene expression of the cerebral cortex following focal cortical injury.
