Urbanization and kidney dysfunction in Brazilian indigenous people: a burden for the youth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of urbanization influences the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in northeastern Brazil and includes individuals aged between 30 and 70 years from two specific indigenous groups who volunteered to participate in the study: the Fulni-ô people (lowest degree of urbanization) and the Truká group (greater degree of urbanization). Cultural and geographical parameters were used to characterize and measure the magnitude of urbanization. We excluded individuals with known cardiovascular disease or renal failure who required hemodialysis. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a single measurement of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. RESULTS: A total of 184 indigenous people from the Fulni-ô group and 96 from the Truká group with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range: 15.2) were included. We found a chronic kidney disease rate of 4.3% in the total indigenous population, generally affecting an older population: 41.7% over 60 years old (p<0.001). The Truká people had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 6.2%, with no differences in kidney dysfunction across age groups. The Fulni-ô participants had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 3.3%, with a higher proportion of kidney dysfunction in older participants (of the six Fulni-ô indigenous people with chronic kidney disease, five were older). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher degree of urbanization seems to negatively influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people.

Urbanization and kidney dysfunction in Brazilian indigenous people: a burden for the youth

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of urbanization influences the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in northeastern Brazil and includes individuals aged between 30 and 70 years from two specific indigenous groups who volunteered to participate in the study: the Fulni-ô people (lowest degree of urbanization) and the Truká group (greater degree of urbanization). Cultural and geographical parameters were used to characterize and measure the magnitude of urbanization. We excluded individuals with known cardiovascular disease or renal failure who required hemodialysis. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a single measurement of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. RESULTS: A total of 184 indigenous people from the Fulni-ô group and 96 from the Truká group with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range: 15.2) were included. We found a chronic kidney disease rate of 4.3% in the total indigenous population, generally affecting an older population: 41.7% over 60 years old (p<0.001). The Truká people had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 6.2%, with no differences in kidney dysfunction across age groups. The Fulni-ô participants had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 3.3%, with a higher proportion of kidney dysfunction in older participants (of the six Fulni-ô indigenous people with chronic kidney disease, five were older). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher degree of urbanization seems to negatively influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people.

Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study / Urbanização Associa-se com Tendência a Maior Mortalidade Cardiovascular em Populações Indígenas: o Estudo PAI

Abstract Background: The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the urbanization process. Objectives: To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil. Methods: We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (≥ 30 y/o) from 2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states). Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on anthropological criteria:9,10 Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankararé); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tuxá, Truká, and Tumbalalá). Mortality rates of highly urbanized cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was established for p value < 0.05. Results: There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%, respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010, there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and 41%, respectively. Conclusions: Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in this population.

Resumo Fundamento: O risco cardiovascular das diversas comunidades indígenas não está bem estabelecido e pode ser influenciado pelo processo de urbanização a que se submetem esses povos. Objetivos: Investigar o perfil da mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) das populações indígenas durante o rápido processo de urbanização altamente influenciado por intervenções governamentais de infraestrutura no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Avaliamos a mortalidade de populações indígenas (≥ 30 anos) do Vale do São Francisco (Bahia e Pernambuco) no período de 2007-2011. Considerou-se mortalidade CV se a causa de morte constasse no grupo de doenças CV do CID-10 ou se tivesse sido registrada como morte súbita. As populações indígenas foram divididas em dois grupos conforme o grau de urbanização baseado em critérios antropológicos: Grupo 1 - menos urbanizadas (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri e Pankararé); e Grupo 2 - mais urbanizadas (Tuxá, Truká e Tumbalalá). Taxas de mortalidade de cidades altamente urbanizadas (Petrolina e Juazeiro) nas proximidades das áreas indígenas foram também avaliadas. A análise explorou tendências na porcentagem de mortalidade CV para cada população estudada. Adotou-se o valor de p < 0,05 como significância estatística. Resultados: Houve 1.333 mortes indígenas nas tribos da Bahia e de Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 no Grupo 1 (1,8% da população de 2012) e 73 no Grupo 2 (3,7% da população de 2012), mortalidade CV de 24% e 37%, respectivamente (p = 0,02). Entre 2007 e 2009, houve 133 mortes no Grupo 1 e 44 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 23% e 34%, respectivamente. Entre 2009 e 2010, houve 148 mortes no Grupo 1 e 29 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 25% e 41%, respectivamente. Conclusões: A urbanização parece influenciar os aumentos de mortalidade CV dos povos indígenas vivendo de modo tradicional. Mudanças no estilo de vida e ambientais devidas à urbanização somadas à subótima atenção à saúde podem estar implicadas no aumento do risco CV nos povos indígenas.

Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study.

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the urbanization process. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (≥ 30 y/o) from 2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states). Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on anthropological criteria:9,10 Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankararé); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tuxá, Truká, and Tumbalalá). Mortality rates of highly urbanized cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was established for p value < 0.05. RESULTS: There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%, respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010, there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and 41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in this population.

Avaliação do estilo de vida de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio admitidos em uma unidade coronariana / Lifestyle assessment of patients with acute myocardial of admitted in a coronary unit

OBJETIVO: Descrever o estilo de vida de pacientes admitidos em uma unidade coronariana com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, observacional, realizado entre março e junho de 2012, em um hospital da cidade de Juazeiro (BA). O questionário utilizado foi o FANTASTIC, que é uma ferramenta validada internacionalmente, inclusive no Brasil. O questionário foi aplicado aos pacientes durante os primeiros dias de internação na unidade fechada, e os dados secundários foram coletados nos prontuários. RESULTADOS: Responderam ao questionário 57 pacientes, sendo 63,2% do sexo masculino, com idade média 61,3±10,9 anos e índice de massa corporal médio de 27,0±4,4kg/m2. A média de pontuação pelo questionário foi de 57,2±7,2, e 63,2% apresentaram um "bom" estilo de vida pela classificação previamente padronizada. As mulheres apresentaram um escore de estilo de vida melhor do que os homens (61,1±5,1 pontos versus 55,0±7,3 pontos; p=0,001). Houve menor pontuação nos domínios nutrição, atividade física e tabagismo. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio apresentaram um escore "bom" pelo questionário FANTASTIC. Alguns domínios, no entanto, mostram valores baixos, como atividade física, nutrição e tabagismo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lifestyle of patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Observational cohort study, conducted between March and June, 2012, in a hospital of Juazeiro (BA), Brazil. The questionnaire used was FANTASTIC, that is an internationally validated tool, including Brazil. This was administered to patients during the first days in the coronary care unit and the secondary data were collected from the medical records. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients answered the questionnaire, 63.2% male, mean age 61.3±10.9 years and mean body mass index of 27.0±4.4kg/m2 . Mean score of the questionnaire was 57.2±7.2; and 63.2% had a "good" lifestyle by previously standardized classification. Women had a better lifestyle score than men (61.1±5.1 points versus 55.0±7.3 points; p=0.001) There were lower scores in the areas nutrition, physical activity and smoking questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Acute myocardial infarction patients had a "good" score in the FANTASTIC questionnaire. Some domains, however, were undesirably low: physical activity, nutrition and smoking.