Fluxes of the Amazon River plume nutrients and microbes into marine sponges.

Sponges have co-evolved with microbes for over 400 myr. Previous studies have demonstrated that sponges can be classified according to the abundance of microbes in their tissues as Low Microbial Abundance (LMA) and High Microbial Abundance (HMA). While LMA sponges rely mainly on water column microbes, HMA appear to rely much more on symbiotic fermentative and autotrophic microbes maintained in their tissues. However, it is unclear if this pattern holds when comparing different species of tropical sponges under extreme nutrient conditions and sediment loads in the water column, such as the Great Amazon Reef System (GARS), which covers an area of ~56,000 km2 off the Amazon River mouth. Sponges are the major GARS benthic components. However, these sponges' microbiome across the GARS is still unknown. Here, we investigated water quality, isotopic values (δ13C and δ15N), metagenomic and lipidomic profiles of sponges obtained from different sectors throughout the GARS. >180 million shotgun metagenomic reads were annotated, covering 22 sponge species. Isotopic and lipidomic analyses suggested LMA sponges rely on the Amazon River Plume for nutrition. HMA sponges (N = 15) had higher Roseiflexus and Nitrospira abundance, whereas LMA sponges (N = 7) had higher Prochlorococcus and Pelagibacter abundance. Functional data revealed that the LMA sponge microbiomes had greater number of sequences related to phages and prophages as well as electron transport and photophosphorylation which may be related to photosynthetic processes associated with the Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus found in the LMA. The higher phages abundance in LMA sponges could be related to these holobionts' reduced defense towards phage infection. Meanwhile, HMA sponge microbiomes had higher Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR abundance, which may be involved in defense against phage infection. This study sheds light on the nutrient fluxes and microbes from the Amazon River plume into the sponge holobionts.

Increasing population density reduces soybean yield components and productivity

Studies addressing the interaction of different spatial arrangement in soybean are needed in order to achieve management that leads to higher grain yield associated with rational seed use. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield components and productivity of an undetermined growth type soybean as a function of different row spacing and plant densities. The treatments consisted of three row spaces (0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 m) and three plant population densities (30, 40 and 50 plants/m²). There was no interaction of row spaces and plant population on soybean yield. Regarding the overall spacing average, the grain yield of the population of 30/m² plants was higher than the productivity of the populations of 40 and 50/m² plants. The largest populations reduce plant sizes due to greater competition between plants. In addition, smaller populations promote higher individual plant yields due to the increase components of the production. This characteristic is defined as the ability of the plant to change its morphology and yield components in order to adapt to the conditions imposed by the spatial arrangement.

Conserved rhodolith microbiomes across environmental gradients of the Great Amazon Reef.

The Great Amazon Reef System (GARS) covers an estimated area of 56,000 km2 off the mouth of the Amazon River. Living rhodolith holobionts are major benthic components of the GARS. However, it is unclear whether environmental conditions modulate the rhodolith microbiomes. Previous studies suggest that environmental parameters such as light, temperature, depth, and nutrients are drivers of rhodolith health. However, it is unclear whether rhodoliths from different sectors (northern, central, and southern) from the GARS have different microbiomes. We analysed metagenomes of rhodoliths (n = 10) and seawater (n = 6), obtained from the three sectors, by illumina shotgun sequencing (total read counts: 25.73 million). Suspended particulate material and isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (δ13C) indicated a strong influence of the Amazon river plume over the entire study area. However, photosynthetically active radiation at the bottom (PARb) was higher in the southern sector reefs, ranging from 10.1 to 14.3 E.m-2 day-1. The coralline calcareous red algae (CCA) Corallina caespitosa, Corallina officinalis, Lithophyllum cabiochiae, and Hapalidiales were present in the three sectors and in most rhodolith samples. Rhodolith microbiomes were very homogeneous across the studied area and differed significantly from seawater microbiomes. However, some subtle differences were found when comparing the rhodolith microbiomes from the northern and central sectors to the ones from the southern. Consistent with the higher light availability, two phyla were more abundant in rhodolith microbiomes from southern sites (Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria). In addition, two functional categories were enhanced in southern rhodolith microbiomes (iron acquisition and metabolism, and photosynthesis). Phycobiliprotein-coding genes were also more abundant in southern locations, while the functional categories of respiration and sulfur metabolism were enhanced in northern and central rhodolith microbiomes, consistent with higher nutrient loads. The results confirm the conserved nature of rhodolith microbiomes even under pronounced environmental gradients. Subtle taxonomic and functional differences observed in rhodolith microbiomes may enable rhodoliths to thrive in changing environmental conditions.

Detailed 1 H and 13 C NMR structural assignments of four sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Eremanthus elaeagnus (Asteraceae).

A complete 1 H and 13 C NMR analysis for a group of four sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Eremanthus elaeagnus (Asteraceae) is described in this work. 1 H NMR, 13 C {1 H} NMR, gCOSY, gHMQC, and gHMBC experiments were performed to provide sufficient structural information to allow an unequivocal assignment. All hydrogen coupling constants were measured, clarifying all hydrogen signal multiplicities.

Aplicabilidade do índice forame magno em crânios humanos de indivíduos do nordeste brasileiro / Applicability of the foramen magnum index on human skulls of individuals from northeastern Brazil

Introdução: O Índice Forame Magno (IFM) é um método secundário para o estabelecimento do sexo no processo de identificação humana. Objetivo: Averiguar a aplicabilidade do IFM para a determinação do sexo em uma amostra brasileira. Material e Método: Estudo cego e transversal, com amostra composta por 209 crânios pertencentes ao Centro de Estudos em Antropologia Forense da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco/Universidade de Pernambuco (CEAF/FOP/UPE). Com o uso de paquímetro digital de precisão, foram realizadas medidas correspondentes à largura e ao comprimento do forame magno, aplicando-as à fórmula IFM = largura/comprimento x 100. O sexo foi classificado de acordo com tabela de referência para o índice supracitado. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se os testes T-Student e Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5,0%. Resultados: Todas as variáveis quantitativas apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os sexos (p<0,05), porém não houve discrepâncias entre os mesmos quanto à utilização do IFM (p=0,965). O acerto do IFM para o sexo masculino (99,1%), mas para o sexo feminino este método não classificou nenhum crânio corretamente. Conclusão: As dimensões do Forame Magno apresentaram dimorfismo sexual, porém o IFM não deve ser utilizado como metodologia para a determinação do sexo da amostra brasileira estudada.

Introduction: The Foramen Magnum Index (IMF) is a secondary method for the establishment of the sex in the process of human identification. Objective: To investigate the applicability of FMI to the determination of sex in a Brazilian sample. Material and Method: Blind and transversal study, with sample composed of 209 skulls belonging to the Forensic Anthropology Center of the Dentistry School of Pernambuco/Universidade de Pernambuco (CEAF/FOP/UPE). With the aid of a digital caliper, measurements were made on the width and length of the Foramen Magnum, applying them to the FMI formula FMI = width/length x 100. The sex was classified according with the reference table to the above mentioned index. For the statistical procedures, were used the testes Student T and Pearson's Chi-Square, with a significance level of 5%. Results: All the quantitative variables presented statistically significant differences for the sexes (p<0,05), but there were no discrepancies between them regarding the use of the FMI (p=0.965). The concordances of the FMI for males (99.1%) were higher than those of females, which did not have any cranial classification correctly. Conclusion: The FMI should not be used as a single methodology for determining the sex of the Brazilian sample studied

Metagenomics of Coral Reefs Under Phase Shift and High Hydrodynamics.

Local and global stressors have affected coral reef ecosystems worldwide. Switches from coral to algal dominance states and microbialization are the major processes underlying the global decline of coral reefs. However, most of the knowledge concerning microbialization has not considered physical disturbances (e.g., typhoons, waves, and currents). Southern Japan reef systems have developed under extreme physical disturbances. Here, we present analyses of a three-year investigation on the coral reefs of Ishigaki Island that comprised benthic and fish surveys, water quality analyses, metagenomics and microbial abundance data. At the four studied sites, inorganic nutrient concentrations were high and exceeded eutrophication thresholds. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (up to 233.3 µM) and microbial abundance (up to 2.5 × 105 cell/mL) values were relatively high. The highest vibrio counts coincided with the highest turf cover (∼55-85%) and the lowest coral cover (∼4.4-10.2%) and fish biomass (0.06 individuals/m2). Microbiome compositions were similar among all sites and were dominated by heterotrophs. Our data suggest that a synergic effect among several regional stressors are driving coral decline. In a high hydrodynamics reef environment, high algal/turf cover, stimulated by eutrophication and low fish abundance due to overfishing, promote microbialization. Together with crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks and possible of climate changes impacts, theses coral reefs are likely to collapse.

Self-sampling coupled to the detection of HPV 16 and 18 E6 protein: A promising option for detection of cervical malignancies in remote areas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate both the performance and acceptability of a method coupling self-sampling with detection of cervical malignancy via elevated HPV 16 and 18 E6 oncoproteins (OncoE6™ Cervical Test) in remote areas in Brazil. METHODS: Women living in rural villages in proximity to Coari city, Amazonas, Brazil were invited to participate in a cervical cancer screening study. 412 subjects were enrolled; there were no refusals. In addition to E6 protein detection, DNA was extracted from the brushes and evaluated for HPV genotypes by PCR (PGMY09/11), followed by typing by the Papillocheck™ if positive. Subjects who were found to be positive for OncoE6 or HPV-DNA were referred for colposcopy. RESULTS: For 110 subjects (27%) this was the first cervical cancer exam. Overall the HPV-DNA prevalence was 19.1% (n = 79); 1.4% (n = 6) were positive by the OncoE6 Test. Fifty-six women attended the invitation for colposcopy where nine had an abnormal cervix and were subsequently biopsied. Histopathological analysis revealed 2 CIN3, 2 carcinomas and 5 CIN1. OncoE6 called two out of the three HPV 16 or 18 associated CIN3+ lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that self-administered sample collection in combination with OncoE6 Test is feasible in this population. This could enable expanded screening coverage while ensuring a high specificity which is imperative given the remote geographic location, since women bearing abnormal test results would necessitate travel and logistical burden to access colposcopy and treatment.

Microbial and Functional Biodiversity Patterns in Sponges that Accumulate Bromopyrrole Alkaloids Suggest Horizontal Gene Transfer of Halogenase Genes.

Marine sponge holobionts harbor complex microbial communities whose members may be the true producers of secondary metabolites accumulated by sponges. Bromopyrrole alkaloids constitute a typical class of secondary metabolites isolated from sponges that very often display biological activities. Bromine incorporation into secondary metabolites can be catalyzed by either halogenases or haloperoxidases. The diversity of the metagenomes of sponge holobiont species containing bromopyrrole alkaloids (Agelas spp. and Tedania brasiliensis) as well as holobionts devoid of bromopyrrole alkaloids spanning in a vast biogeographic region (approx. Seven thousand km) was studied. The origin and specificity of the detected halogenases was also investigated. The holobionts Agelas spp. and T. brasiliensis did not share microbial halogenases, suggesting a species-specific pattern. Bacteria of diverse phylogenetic origins encoding halogenase genes were found to be more abundant in bromopyrrole-containing sponges. The sponge holobionts (e.g., Agelas spp.) with the greatest number of sequences related to clustered, interspaced, short, palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) exhibited the fewest phage halogenases, suggesting a possible mechanism of protection from phage infection by the sponge host. This study highlights the potential of phages to transport halogenases horizontally across host sponges, particularly in more permissive holobiont hosts, such as Tedania spp.

Virioplankton Assemblage Structure in the Lower River and Ocean Continuum of the Amazon.

The Amazon River watershed and its associated plume comprise a vast continental and oceanic area. The microbial activities along this continuum contribute substantially to global carbon and nutrient cycling, and yet there is a dearth of information on the diversity, abundance, and possible roles of viruses in this globally important river. The aim of this study was to elucidate the diversity and structure of virus assemblages of the Amazon River-ocean continuum. Environmental viral DNA sequences were obtained for 12 locations along the river's lower reach (n = 5) and plume (n = 7). Sequence assembly yielded 29,358 scaffolds, encoding 82,546 viral proteins, with 15 new complete viral genomes. Despite the spatial connectivity mediated by the river, virome analyses and physical-chemical water parameters clearly distinguished river and plume ecosystems. Bacteriophages were ubiquitous in the continuum and were more abundant in the transition region. Eukaryotic viruses occurred mostly in the river, while the plume had more viruses of autotrophic organisms (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) and heterotrophic bacteria (Pelagibacter). The viral families Microviridae and Myoviridae were the most abundant and occurred throughout the continuum. The major functions of the genes in the continuum involved viral structures and life cycles, and viruses from plume locations and Tapajós River showed the highest levels of functional diversity. The distribution patterns of the viral assemblages were defined not only by the occurrence of possible hosts but also by water physical and chemical parameters, especially salinity. The findings presented here help to improve understanding of the possible roles of viruses in the organic matter cycle along the river-ocean continuum. IMPORTANCE The Amazon River forms a vast plume in the Atlantic Ocean that can extend for more than 1,000 km. Microbial communities promote a globally relevant carbon sink system in the plume. Despite the importance of viruses for the global carbon cycle, the diversity and the possible roles of viruses in the Amazon are poorly understood. The present work assesses, for the first time, the abundance and diversity of viruses simultaneously in the river and ocean in order to elucidate their possible roles. DNA sequence assembly yielded 29,358 scaffolds, encoding 82,546 viral proteins, with 15 new complete viral genomes from the 12 river and ocean locations. Viral diversity was clearly distinguished by river and ocean. Bacteriophages were the most abundant and occurred throughout the continuum. Viruses that infect eukaryotes were more abundant in the river, whereas phages appeared to have strong control over the host prokaryotic populations in the plume.

Social knowledge and the construction of drinking water preference. / Saberes sociais e a construção da preferência pela água de consumo humano.

The analytical categories of Health Surveillance territorialization and daily life guided the design of this study, which aimed to understand from the methodological framework of qualitative research the factors involved in the use of individual supply solutions (ISS) as drinking water sources. We conducted semi-structured interviews with residents of 22 households set at a municipality in the Zona da Mata Mineira. Statements were fully transcribed, processed through content analysis and interpreted based on the psychosocial theory of social representations. It was possible to apprehend the social and affective components of social representations. The social component characterized by the representation of water from IWSS ISS water as clean and of good quality seemed to drive or justify the "resistance" of individuals to use water from public supply. The affective component referred to the use of IWSS water from ISS as a return to and protection of individuals' origins, a way to strengthen respondents' identity. The results pointed out that people's perceptions and demands might guide actions aimed to stimulate trust in the use of public system water and the choice of this source of supply, contributing to health protection.

Resumo A territorialização em Vigilância em Saúde e o cotidiano como categorias analíticas nortearam o delineamento do presente estudo, que procurou, a partir do referencial metodológico da pesquisa qualitativa, compreender fatores imbricados na utilização de soluções de abastecimento individual como fonte de água para consumo humano. Realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores de 22 domicílios, de um município da Zona da Mata Mineira. Os depoimentos foram integralmente transcritos, tratados pela análise de conteúdo e interpretados com base na teoria psicossocial das representações sociais. Foi possível apreender os componentes social e afetivo das representações sociais. O componente social, revelado pela representação da água proveniente de soluções de abastecimento individual (SAI)como limpa e de boa qualidade, pareceu conduzir ou justificar a "resistência" dos indivíduos em usar a água do abastecimento público. O componente afetivo esteve relacionado ao uso da água proveniente de SAI como retorno e defesa das origens, como forma de reforçar a identidade dos sujeitos. Os resultados sinalizaram que percepções e demandas da população podem nortear ações que visem estimular a confiança na água proveniente do sistema público e a opção por essa fonte de abastecimento contribuindo com a proteção da saúde.

Saberes sociais e a construção da preferência pela água de consumo humano / Social knowledge and the construction of drinking water preference

Resumo A territorialização em Vigilância em Saúde e o cotidiano como categorias analíticas nortearam o delineamento do presente estudo, que procurou, a partir do referencial metodológico da pesquisa qualitativa, compreender fatores imbricados na utilização de soluções de abastecimento individual como fonte de água para consumo humano. Realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores de 22 domicílios, de um município da Zona da Mata Mineira. Os depoimentos foram integralmente transcritos, tratados pela análise de conteúdo e interpretados com base na teoria psicossocial das representações sociais. Foi possível apreender os componentes social e afetivo das representações sociais. O componente social, revelado pela representação da água proveniente de soluções de abastecimento individual (SAI)como limpa e de boa qualidade, pareceu conduzir ou justificar a "resistência" dos indivíduos em usar a água do abastecimento público. O componente afetivo esteve relacionado ao uso da água proveniente de SAI como retorno e defesa das origens, como forma de reforçar a identidade dos sujeitos. Os resultados sinalizaram que percepções e demandas da população podem nortear ações que visem estimular a confiança na água proveniente do sistema público e a opção por essa fonte de abastecimento contribuindo com a proteção da saúde.

Abstract The analytical categories of Health Surveillance territorialization and daily life guided the design of this study, which aimed to understand from the methodological framework of qualitative research the factors involved in the use of individual supply solutions (ISS) as drinking water sources. We conducted semi-structured interviews with residents of 22 households set at a municipality in the Zona da Mata Mineira. Statements were fully transcribed, processed through content analysis and interpreted based on the psychosocial theory of social representations. It was possible to apprehend the social and affective components of social representations. The social component characterized by the representation of water from IWSS ISS water as clean and of good quality seemed to drive or justify the "resistance" of individuals to use water from public supply. The affective component referred to the use of IWSS water from ISS as a return to and protection of individuals' origins, a way to strengthen respondents' identity. The results pointed out that people's perceptions and demands might guide actions aimed to stimulate trust in the use of public system water and the choice of this source of supply, contributing to health protection.

A queiloscopia na identificação humana: o papel da calibração / Cheiloscopy in human identification: the role of calibration

Introdução: Calibração é um processo metodológico que garante a reprodutibilidade observacional dos dados coletados pelo examinador, sendo, portanto, essencial em estudos de identificação humana. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância do processo de calibração como parte dos procedimentos necessários a uma pesquisa queiloscópica (técnica de identificação através dos lábios). Material e método: Foram coletadas 20 impressões labiais, sendo a mesma dividida em oito subquadrantes, classificando-se o padrão sulcular (I ­ vertical completo; I' ­ vertical incompleto; II ­ bifurcados; III ­ entrecruzados; IV ­ reticulares e V ­ indefinidos). As impressões foram analisadas em dois momentos (intervalo de 8 dias) para medir a concordância por meio da estatística Kappa. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram concordância insatisfatória, sendo necessário repetir o processo com 20 impressões distintas. Na primeira calibração, obtiveram-se valores de Kappa entre 0,65 à 0,87 com concordância satisfatória (boa à perfeita) em sete das oito regiões analisadas. Apenas um subquadrante obteve Kappa regular (0,54). Na segunda calibração, todos os subquadrantes apresentaram valores de concordância boa à perfeita (0,75 à 1,00) existindo melhora de 75%. Conclusão: A Queiloscopia é uma técnica que exige atenção no quesito da classificabilidade, uma vez que a minuciosidade dos sulcos e subjetividade de predominância requerem calibração efetiva para que a confiabilidade da pesquisa seja mantida.

Introduction: Calibration is an step of the methodological process which ensures reproducibility of observational data collected by the examiner, being therefore essential in human identification studies. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of the calibration process as part of the procedures necessary to a cheiloscopy research (identification technique through the lips). Methods: Twenty lip prints were collected and each one was divided into eight subquadrants. Then, the pattern of grooves of each subquadrant was classified into one of the following patterns: I - complete vertical lines; I'- incomplete vertical lines; II ­ branched lines; III ­ crossed lines; IV - reticular lines; and V ­ undefined lines). The lip prints were analyzed twice, with an interval of 8 days between them, to measure agreement by Kappa statistics. Results: The results showed poor agreement, being necessary to repeat all the process with 20 different lip prints. In the first calibration, the Kappa values varied from 0.65 to 0.87 with a satisfactory reliability (good to perfect) in seven of the eight regions analyzed, but one subquadrant got regular Kappa (0.54). In the second calibration process, all subquadrants showed values of agreement good toperfect (0.75 to 1.00), implying an improvement of 75%. Conclusion: Cheiloscopy is a technique that demands attention in the classification of grooves patterns, since the thoroughness of the grooves and the predominance of subjectivity require calibration so that the research' reliability is maintained.

Methyl and p-Bromobenzyl Esters of Hydrogenated Kaurenoic Acid for Controlling Anthracnose in Common Bean Plants.

Kaurenoic acid derivatives were prepared and submitted to in vitro assays with the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, which causes anthracnose disease in the common bean. The most active substances were found to be methyl and p-bromobenzylesters, 7 and 9, respectively, of the hydrogenated kaurenoic acid, which presented a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.097 and 0.131 mM, respectively, while the commercial fungicide methyl thiophanate (MT) presented a MIC of 0.143 mM. Substances 7 (1.401 mM) and 9 (1.886 mM) reduced the severity of anthracnose in common bean to values statistically comparable to MT (2.044 mM). According to an in silico study, both compounds 7 and 9 are inhibitors of the ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) enzyme produced by other organisms, the amino acid sequence of which could be detected in fungal genomes. These substances appeared to act against C. lindemuthianum by inhibiting its KSI. Therefore, substances 7 and 9 are promising for the development of new fungicides.

Insights into the Microbial and Viral Dynamics of a Coastal Downwelling-Upwelling Transition.

Although previous studies have described opposing states in upwelling regions, i.e., the rise of cold nutrient-rich waters and prevalence of surface warm nutrient-poor waters, few have addressed the transition from one state to the other. This study aimed to describe the microbial and viral structure during this transition and was able to obtain the taxonomic and metabolic compositions as well as physical-chemical data. This integrated approach allowed for a better understanding of the dynamics of the downwelling upwelling transition, suggesting that a wealth of metabolic processes and ecological interactions are occurring in the minute fractions of the plankton (femto, pico, nano). These processes and interactions included evidence of microbial predominance during downwelling (with nitrogen recycling and aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis), different viral predation pressures over primary production in different states (cyanobacteria vs eukaryotes), and a predominance of diatoms and selected bacterial and archaeal groups during upwelling (with the occurrence of a wealth of nitrogen metabolism involving ammonia). Thus, the results provided insights into which microbes, viruses and microbial-mediated processes are probably important in the functioning of upwelling systems.

Potential metabolic strategies of widely distributed holobionts in the oceanic archipelago of St Peter and St Paul (Brazil).

Sponges are one of the most complex symbiotic communities and while the taxonomic composition of associated microbes has been determined, the biggest challenge now is to uncover their functional role in symbiosis. We investigated the microbiota of two widely distributed sponge species, regarding both their taxonomic composition and their functional roles. Samples of Didiscus oxeata and Scopalina ruetzleri were collected in the oceanic archipelago of St Peter and St Paul and analysed through metagenomics. Sequences generated by 454 pyrosequencing and Ion Torrent were taxonomically and functionally annotated on the MG-RAST server using the GenBank and SEED databases, respectively. Both communities exhibit equivalence in core functions, interestingly played by the most abundant taxa in each community. Conversely, the microbial communities differ in composition, taxonomic diversity and potential metabolic strategies. Functional annotation indirectly suggests differences in preferential pathways of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolisms, which may indicate different metabolic strategies.

A política nacional de atenção básica nos centros municipais de saúde da área programática 1.0 / La política nacional de atención primaria en centros de salud municipal del área programática 1.0 / The national policy of primary care in municipal centers of health from programmatic area 1.0

Objective: discussing the national policy of primary care in the Unified Health System with health professionals from three municipal health centers. Method: a qualitative, descriptive-reflective and action research. The population was health professionals that serve women and children. We selected all professionals of municipal health centers program area of 1.0. For data collection were conducted three seminars which were recorded and transcribed, with carved minutes. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing Anna Nery under Protocol No. 37/08. Results: the data were subjected to thematic analysis, followed by the construction of four categories. Conclusion: the subjects believe that the greatest difficulty in carrying out the principles of primary health care is a lack of human resources to carry out educational activities within the collective as the individual is realized.

Objetivo: discutir a política nacional de atenção básica do Sistema Único de Saúde junto aos profissionais de saúde de três centros municipais de saúde. Método: qualitativo, descritivo-reflexivo e pesquisa-ação. A população foi os profissionais de saúde que atendem mulheres e crianças. Foram selecionados todos os profissionais dos centros municipais de saúde da área programática 1.0. Para coleta de dados foram realizados três seminários que foram gravados, transcritos e lavrados com atas. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, sob protocolo nº 37/08. Resultados: os dados foram submetidos à análise temática, seguida da construção de quatro categorias. Conclusão: os sujeitos acreditam que a maior dificuldade de realizar os princípios da atenção básica é por falta de recursos humanos para realizar ações educativas no âmbito coletivo já que no individual é realizado.

Objetivo: discutir la política nacional de atención primaria del Sistema Único de Salud, con profesionales provenientes de tres centros municipales de salud. Método: cualitativa, descriptiva reflexiva y investigación acción. La población fue los profesionales que atienden a las mujeres y los niños. Se seleccionaron todos los profesionales de los centros municipales del área programática 1.0. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron tres seminarios que fueron grabados y transcritos, con minuto tallado. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery en virtud del protocolo 37/08. Resultados: los datos se sometieron a análisis temático, seguido por la construcción de cuatro categorías. Conclusión: La dificultad en el cumplimiento de la política es la falta de recursos humanos para llevar a cabo actividades educativas dentro de la colectividad como el individuo se realiza.

Vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no âmbito municipal: contornos, desafios e possibilidades / Drinking-water quality surveillance in the municipal context: contours, challenges and possibilities

A amplitude das atribuições da vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano (VQACH) associada à heterogeneidade dos municípios brasileiros (perfil demográfico e epidemiológico, recursos humanos e financeiros) impõe ao nível local de gestão o desafio de implementar com efetividade e sustentabilidade as ações previstas no modelo de atuação da VQACH. Tendo como cenário de estudo um município mineiro de pequeno porte, o trabalho apresenta desafios e possibilidades vivenciados durante a implementação do modelo. O atendimento às ações estratégicas e básicas e aos princípios doutrinários, organizacionais e executivos previstos no modelo de atuação foi verificado e as estratégias para o enfrentamento dos desafios impostos ao exercício da VQACH foram apresentadas. A conformação de uma equipe de profissionais em quantidade e qualidade compatíveis com as ações de VQACH foi aspecto fundamental, além da melhor explicitação de procedimentos como análise integrada dos sistemas de informação e análise e classificação do grau de risco à saúde das diferentes formas de abastecimento de água. O estudo permite adiantar aos gestores dos diferentes níveis de governo desafios e estratégias para contorná-los, bem como instrumentaliza a coordenação da VQACH no nível federal sobre questões que necessitam tratamento mais detalhado e específico...

The magnitude of drinking-water quality surveillance (DWQS) attributions in meeting its primary function of health protection, associated with the heterogeneity of Brazilian municipalities (demographic and epidemiological profile, human and financial resources), is an important challenge in implementing actions which are effective and sustainable at the local level. The study presents the experience in rolling out the national operation model for DWQS in a small municipality in Minas Gerais state. The paper whether the strategic and basic actions and the doctrinal, organizational and executive principles provided in the operation model were achieved and how they were accomplished. Also, certain strategies for confronting the challenges imposed by DWQS assignment were presented. The existence of a well prepared and measured professional team is a fundamental aspect in achieving the DWQS objectives. In addition, some procedures should have clear guidelines, such as the integrated analysis of information systems and analysis and health risk classification of water supplies. In conclusion, different challenges must be overcome to implement drinking-water quality surveillance at the local level and managers could experience some difficulties. Federal level managers should be aware of issues that require more detailed and specific treatment...

Body fat percentiles of Brazilian adolescents according to age and sexual maturation: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine body fat percentiles of adolescents in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, according to gender, age, and sexual maturation. METHODS: This study involved 4,690 adolescents aged 10-15 years across 31 schools in the city of São Paulo. Sexual maturation was assessed in terms of Tanner stage. The body fat percentage was calculated using skinfold thickness. Percentile curves were calculated using the LMS (curve, mean, and coefficient of variation) method. RESULTS: The mean body fat percentages were lower in boys aged 10-12 and 13-15 years than in girls. Body fat percentages decreased progressively with sexual maturation in boys, but increased in girls. The 85th, 95th, and 97th percentiles represent the cutoff points for moderately elevated, elevated, and very elevated body fat percentages, respectively, in pre-pubescent boys (85th, 95th, and 97th percentiles: 32.54, 95 41.04, and 97, respectively) and pubescent boys (31.09, 36.30, and 44.33, respectively). These cutoff points were lower in pre-pubescent girls (29.52, 35.01, and 41.82, respectively) and in the 97th percentile in pubescent girls (31.55, 36.20, and 41.86, respectively). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, these are the first body fat percentages cutoff points according to sexual maturation for adolescents aged 10-15 years in Brazil. Our results provide a significant contribution to the assessment of body composition in this population.

Ambiência dos centros municipais de saúde na atenção básica à mulher e à criança e suas condições para as linhas de cuidado / Environment of municipal health centers in primary care of women and children and their conditions for care lines

Resumen:

Este artículo surge en la investigación “Atención Primaria de Salud de la Mujer y del Niño-Líneas de Cuidado para la Atención Integral e Implicaciones para la Práctica Profesional” y se realizó en Centros de Salud Municipales de Salud (CMS) del área programática AP 1.0 del municipio de Río de Janeiro. Los objetivos son conocer los principales aspectos estructurales, funcionales y condiciones de los centros; caracterizarlos con base en estos asuntos y elaborar el diagnóstico del ambiente para contribuir a la socialización de los datos, tanto para los profesionales como para la población. Estudio descriptivo–reflexivo, de naturaleza cualitativa, método investigación-acción. La construcción del diagnóstico del ambiente fue a partir de entrevistas con los gestores, documentos históricos y observaciones. Los datos se sometieron a análisis temático y se construyeron las categorías: “origen/creación del CMS”, “estilo de gestión en la Atención Primaria”, “condiciones laborales y su relación con el cuidado”, “local de cobertura y población atendida”, “acciones desarrolladas y alianzas”. El ambiente contribuye con las relaciones interpersonales y el funcionamiento laboral de los CMS.

Abstract:

This article appears in the investigation “Primary Health Care of Women and Child-lines for comprehensive care and implications for professional practice” and was carries out at Municipal Health Centers Health (CMH) AP Program Area 1.0 do Rio de Janeiro municipality. The main objectives were to understand the structural, functional and Centers conditions; characterize them based on these issues and make the diagnosis of the Environment to contribute to the socialization of data, both for professionals and for the population. Descriptive study-reflexive, qualitative, action research method. Construction of environmental diagnosis was based on interviews with managers, historical documents and observations. The data were analyzed and thematic categories: “Origin/creation of CMS”, “style management in Primary Care”, “working conditions and relationships with care”, “local coverage and population served”, “developed and joint actions” were built. The atmosphere contributes to interpersonal relationships and job performance of CMS.

Objetivos: um dos objetivos do ensino no Espaço Europeu do Ensino Superior é proporcionar conhecimento de qualidade aos alunos, bem como ferramentas para pesquisa e divulgação dos resultados.

Metodologia: este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar os resultados da experiência de ensino na formação da transferência de conhecimento, através do uso de uma conferência de simulação científica. Baseado num modelo de investigaçao-ação, planejamos um programa de trabalho para os alunos num curso para o Diploma em Enfermagem da Universidade de Huelva (Espanha) em 2009/10.

Resultados: o ensino foi avaliado pelos estudantes como innovador e motivador nas pesquisas de avaliação. Houve também uma melhoria significativa nas habilidades de comunicação dos participantes.

Discussâo: assim, o congresso de simulação aparece como uma estratégia útil pedagógica para atingir os objetivos, é estimulante e atraente para professores e alunos.

Solvent effect in reactions using Stryker's reagent.

The solvent has a significant influence in the rate of reactions promoted by Stryker's reagent. The reactions performed in THF were, in most cases, faster than in toluene.