Huanshaodan regulates microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming to alleviate neuroinflammation in AD mice through mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Abnormal glucose metabolism in microglial is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reprogramming of microglial glucose metabolism is centered on regulating the way in which microglial metabolize glucose to alter microglial function. Therefore, reprogramming microglial glucose metabolism is considered as a therapeutic strategy for AD. Huanshaodan (HSD) is a Chinese herbal compound which shows significant efficacy in treating AD, however, the precise mechanism by which HSD treats AD remains unclear. This study is aim to investigate whether HSD exerts anti-AD effects by regulating the metabolic reprogramming of microglial through the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. SAMP8 mice and BV2 cells were used to explore the alleviative effect of HSD on AD and the molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro. The pharmacodynamic effects of HSD was evaluated by behavioral tests. The pathological deposition of Aß in brain of mice was detected by immunohistochemistry. ELISA method was used to measure the activity of HK2 and the expression of PKM2, IL-6 and TNF-α in hippocampus and cortex tissues of mice. Meanwhile, proteins levels of p-mTOR, mTOR, HIF-1α, CD86, Arg1 and IL-1ß were detected by Western-blot. LPS-induced BV2 cells were treated with HSD-containing serum. The analysis of the expression profiles of the CD86 and CD206 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the BV2 polarization. Glucose, lactic acid, ATP, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, as well as lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities were evaluated in the BV2. Western-blot analysis was employed to detect mTOR, p-mTOR, HIF-1α and IL-1ß levels in BV2. And the mTOR agonist MHY1485 (MHY) was chosen to reverse validate. In this study, it is found that HSD improved cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice and reduced Aß deposition, suppressed the levels of glycolysis and neuroinflammation in mice. In LPS-induced BV2 cells, HSD also regulated glycolysis and neuroinflammation, and suppressed the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. More importantly, these effects were reversed by MHY. It is demonstrated that HSD regulated microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming by inhibiting the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway, alleviated neuroinflammation, and exerted anti-AD effects. This study provided scientific evidence for the clinical application of HSD for treating AD.

Light-promoted stereoselective late-stage difunctionalization and anti-tumor activity of oridonin.

The late-stage difunctionalization of diterpene oridonin by light-promoted direct oxyamination with various O-benzoylhydroxylamines was carried out to afford C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonin derivatives (1-25) for the first time. Though as a radical reaction, it features high stereoselectivity to only produce C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of these C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins against the human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was evaluated by MTT assay, showing that most of the synthesized compounds possessed moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines superior or similar to the parent compound oridonin. The derivative 25 with a N-methyl-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) substitution showed better cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 value of 11.75 µM) than oridonin (IC50 value of 17.95 µM).

Selective extraction and analysis of phenolic acids in herbal plants using Fe3O4@MXene@PEI aerogel.

A magnetic MXene aerogel (Fe3O4@MXene@PEI) was prepared by crosslinking amino modified MXene with polyethyleneimine using epichlorohydrin as a cross-linker. Adsorption properties of Fe3O4@MXene@PEI aerogel for phenolic acids were evaluated by adsorption kinetics and isotherms experiments, showing that the high adsorption affinity was governed by multilayer chemisorption process. An efficient MSPE/HPLC method was developed for the determination of phenolic acids with excellent selectivity, good linearity (0.025-5.0 µg mL-1), low LODs (0.007-0.017 µg mL-1), and satisfactory recoveries (80.0-120.0 %). Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the Fe3O4@MXene@PEI purified compounds was superior to that of the conventional method as demonstrated by the results of scavenging experiments on 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Finally, 65 organic acids were identified in the Fe3O4@MXene@PEI treated honeysuckle extracts by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS analysis. The proposed sorbent exhibits remarkable promise for the selective separation and purification of organic acids from herbal products.

[Effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on TREM2/Akt/GSK3ß pathway in cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 transgenic mice].

The Chinese medical mechanism of Huanglian Jieduo Decoction on treating Alzheimer's disease(AD) characterized by "toxin damaging brain collateral" is still unclear. This study aims to explore the mechanism of Huanglian Jieduo Decoction on regulating triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)/protein kinase B(Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3ß(GSK3ß) pathway to improve the cognitive deficit in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. APP/PS1 mice of approximately nine months old were randomly divided into the model group, the low, medium, and high(2.5, 5, and 10 g·kg~(-1)) groups of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction, and 0.75 mg·kg~(-1) donepezil hydrochloride group, and the C57BL/6J mice with the same age were taken as the normal group. After one month of continuous oral administration, a Morris water maze was performed to detect the learning and memory ability of mice. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was applied to observe the morphology of neuronal cells in the cortical area of mice. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the protein expressions of ß-amyloid(Aß_(1-42)), CD86, and arginase 1(Arg1). The mRNA levels of interleukin(IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 in the cortex of mice were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR). The protein expressions of TREM2, phosphoinositide-3 kinase(PI3K), Akt, GSK3ß, and beta-catenin(ß-catenin) in mouse cortex were determined by Western blot. The results indicated that the escape latency of the model group was significantly prolonged, and the residence time in the target quadrant and the number of crossing the platform were significantly reduced compared with the normal group. Mice in the model group had a significantly lower number of neurons in the cortex and showed nuclear pyknosis and a significant increase in the expressions of Aß_(1-42) and CD86. The mRNA levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 in tissue were significantly increased, IL-10 were increased, while Arg1 were significantly decreased. The expression of TREM2, p-PI3K(Y607), p-Akt(T308), p-GSK3ß(Ser9), and ß-catenin in the cortex were significantly down-regulated. Compared with the model group, the escape latency of the mice in the administration group was significantly shortened, and the number of crossing the platform and the residence time in the target quadrant were significantly increased. Furthermore, the number of neurons in the cortex of mice was increased, and nuclear pyknosis was improved. Aß_(1-42) deposition was decreased significantly. The mRNA levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and CD86 were significantly decreased, while IL-10 and Arg1 levels were significantly increased. The expression of TREM2, p-PI3K(Y607), p-Akt(T308), p-GSK3ß(Ser9), and ß-catenin protein in the cortex of each administration group was significantly up-regulated compared with the model group. In conclusion, Huanglian Jiedu Decoction reduced the expression of Aß_(1-42) and neuroinflammation to a neuro-protective effect, thereby improving the learning and memory ability in APP/PS1 mice, which may be related to the TREM2/Akt/GSK3ß signaling pathway.

Regulator of Ribosome Synthesis 1 (RRS1) Stabilizes GRP78 and Promotes Breast Cancer Progression.

Regulator of ribosome synthesis 1 (RRS1), a crucial regulatory factor in ribosome biogenesis, exerts a remarkable impact on the progression of breast cancer (BC). However, the exact mechanisms and pathways have not yet been fully elucidated. To investigate the impact of RRS1 on BC growth and metastasis, along with its underlying mechanisms. We discovered that RRS1 is overexpressed in BC tissues and cell lines. This study aims to regulate the level of RRS1 through lentiviral transfection technology to explore its potential function in BC cells. Knockdown of RRS1 resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, whereas overexpression had the opposite effects. We firstly identified the interaction between RRS1 and Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78) using Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) combined with mass spectrometry analysis, providing evidences of co-localization and positive regulation between RRS1 and GRP78. We observed that RRS1 inhibited the degradation of GRP78 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, resulting in the stabilization of GRP78. In addition, our findings suggested that RRS1 promoted BC progression by activating the GRP78-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway. In conclusion, this newly discovered RRS1/GRP78 signaling axis provides a molecular and theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanisms of breast cancer invasion and metastasis.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG1 promotes breast cancer progression by regulating the miR-641/RRS1 axis.

An increasing number of studies have indicated the crucial involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the onset and progression of malignancies. However, a complete understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of abnormally expressed lncRNAs on breast cancer (BC) remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the influence of the lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) on BC progression and its underlying mechanism. Our findings revealed a conspicuous up-regulation of SNHG1 in both BC tissues and cells. The downregulation of SNHG1 was observed to inhibit BC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes, while simultaneously promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA pull-down assays established that SNHG1 targeted miR-641 expression, while miR-641 targeted RRS1. Rescue studies demonstrated that in vitro SNHG1 silencing could be reversed by the miR-641 inhibitor, as well as by RRS1 upregulation. Moreover, in vivo downregulation of SNHG1 was found to inhibit BC growth. Through the inhibition of the miR-641 level, SNHG1 elevated the level of the downstream target RRS1, thereby fostering BC growth, migration, and invasion while inhibiting apoptosis. These findings suggest that SNHG1 may represent a potential therapeutic target for BC treatment.

Novel tetranuclear grid-like Zn(II) complexes derived from dihydrazone pyrimidine derivatives as antitumor agents.

Due to the antitumor properties, Zn(II) complexes have attracted more and more attention. Herein, three novel tetranuclear Zn(II) complexes 1-3 based on dihydrazone pyrimidine derivatives H2L1-H2L3 were synthesized and characterized using IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, XRD, TG and elemental analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1-3 all displayed a [2 × 2] grid-like topology. The stability in solution, lipophilicity, confocal imaging and antitumor activities were investigated. Complexes 1-3 displayed high structural stability, membrane permeability and different lipophilicities. They can target mitochondria due to the cation charge. The MTT assay indicated that all of them exhibited stronger antiproliferative activity than the corresponding derivatives H2L1-H2L3 and the well-known cisplatin against all the selected tumor cells (BGC-823, BEL-7402, MCF-7 and A549), with IC50 values ranging from 2.83 µM to 7.97 µM. AO/EB double staining, flow cytometry and ROS detection suggested that complexes 1 and 2 could induce BGC-823 apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. UV-Vis spectra, CD spectra, viscosity analysis and molecular docking revealed that complexes 1 and 2 interact with DNA mainly via partial intercalation and groove binding. Tetranuclear [2 × 2] grid-like Zn(II) complexes have the potential to be promising antitumor agents in the future.

Design, synthesis and in vitro/in vivo anticancer activity of tranylcypromine-based triazolopyrimidine analogs as novel LSD1 inhibitors.

Histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is responsible for the demethylation of mono-/dimethylated lysine residue on histone proteins. LSD1 plays an extensive and essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of many human diseases such as cancers, and thus is becoming an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Tranylcypromine (TCP) is an important chemical template for developing irreversible LSD1 inhibitors, representing a major chemotype of clinical candidates. Here we report a novel pool of TCP derivatives with triazolopyrimidine as a privileged heterocylic motif. Starting from ticagrelor, a clinically available antiplatelet agent, as a hit compound, our medicinal efforts have led to the identification of compound 9j with nanomolar inhibitory potency against LSD1 as well as broad-spectrum antiproliferative activities against tumor cells. Enzyme studies show that compound 9j is selective over MAO-A/B enzymes, and also cellular active to elevate the expression of H3K4me2 by inhibiting LSD1 in cells. Furthermore, in a H1650 xenograft mouse model, oral administration of compound 9j at low 10 and 20 mg/kg dosages could enable a significant reduction in tumor size and a remarkable extension of survival. The current work is expected to provide an additional strategy to achieve new TCP-based LSD1 inhibitors.

Ribosome Biogenesis Regulator 1 Homolog (RRS1) Promotes Cisplatin Resistance by Regulating AEG-1 Abundance in Breast Cancer Cells.

Many ribosomal proteins are highly expressed in tumors and are closely related to their diagnosis, prognosis and pathological characteristics. However, few studies are available on the correlation between ribosomal proteins and chemoresistance. RRS1 (human regulator of ribosome synthesis 1), a critical nuclear protein involved in ribosome biogenesis, also plays a key role in the genesis and development of breast cancer by protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. Given that apoptosis resistance is one of the causes of the cisplatin resistance of tumor cells, our aim was to determine the relationship between RRS1 and cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells. Here, we report that RRS1 is associated with cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells. RRS1 silencing increased the sensitivity of MCF-7/DDP cells to cisplatin and inhibited cancer cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle distribution and enhancing apoptosis. AEG-1 (astrocyte elevated gene-1) promotes drug resistance by interfering with the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of MDR1 (multidrug resistance gene 1), thereby enhancing drug efflux. We found that RRS1 binds to and stabilizes AEG-1 by inhibiting ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation, which then promotes drug efflux by upregulating MDR1. Furthermore, RRS1 also induces apoptosis resistance in breast cancer cells through the ERK/Bcl-2/BAX signaling pathway. Our study is the first to show that RRS1 sensitizes breast cancer cells to cisplatin by binding to AEG-1, and it provides a theoretical basis to improve the efficacy of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (Shu Dihuang) exerts neuroprotective effects on ICV-STZ-induced Alzheimer's disease mice through modulation of INSR/IRS-1/AKT/GSK-3ß signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota.

Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata (RRP, Shu Dihuang in Cinese) is widely used as primal medicine in Chinese herbal formula for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism of RRP for AD remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of RRP on intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced AD model mice and its potential mechanism. ICV-STZ mice were continuously gavaged with RRP for 21 days. The pharmacological effects of RRP were evaluated by behavioral tests, brain tissue H&E staining and hippocampal tau protein phosphorylation levels. The expression levels of insulin receptor (INSR), IRS-1, pSer473-AKT/AKT and pSer9-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß proteins in hippocampal and cortical tissues were detected by Western-blot method. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the changes of intestinal microbiota in mice. The compounds in RRP were analyzed by mass spectrometry and their binding ability to INSR proteins was detected by molecular docking. The results showed that RRP ameliorated cognitive dysfunction and neuronal pathological changes of brain tissue in ICV-STZ mice, reduced tau protein hyperphosphorylation, INSR, IRS-1, pSer473-AKT/AKT, and pSer9-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß levels in hippocampal and cortical tissues. Meanwhile, RRP reversed ICV-STZ-induced dysregulation of intestinal microbiota in AD mice. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the RRP consisted mainly of seven compounds, namely Acteoside (Verbascoside), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF), Apigenin7-O-glucuronide, Icariin, Gallic acid, Quercetin-3ß-D-glucoside, and Geniposide. Molecular docking results further indicated that the compounds in RRP have binding ability to INSR protein and potential multiple synergistic effects. RRP ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and brain histopathological changes in AD mice. The mechanism of RRP ameliorating AD may be related to the regulation of INSR/IRS-1/AKT/GSK-3ß signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota. This study supports the potential anti-AD efficacy of RRP and initially reveals the pharmacological mechanism of RRP, providing a theoretical basis for further clinical application of RRP.

Pre-treatment systemic immune-inflammation index as a non-invasive biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 20 studies.

INTRODUCTION: To systematically assess the predictive significance of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: Relevant studies published before November 2022 were retrieved from public databases. Hazard ratio (HR), standardised mean difference (SMD) and relative risk (RR) were calculated to estimate associations of SII with prognosis, treatment responses and clinicopathological features. RESULTS: Twenty studies involving 6887 patients were eligible. The meta-analysis results revealed a high SII level was associated with worse overall survival (HR: 1.45, p < 0.001), progression-free survival (HR: 1.63, p = 0.001), cancer-specific survival (HR: 1.86, p < 0.001), lower overall response rate (RR: 0.62, p = 0.003), disease control rate (RR: 0.69, p = 0.002), larger tumour size (SMD: 0.39, p = 0.001), poorer IMDC risk (RR: 7.09, p < 0.001), higher Fuhrman grade (RR: 1.54, p = 0.004), tumour stage (RR: 1.67, p = 0.045), the presence of distant metastasis (brain: RR, 2.04, p = 0.001; bone: RR, 1.33, p = 0.024) and tumour necrosis (RR: 1.57, p = 0.031). Subgroup analysis showed SII predicted OS and PFS for non-Asian, but CSS for both Asian and non-Asian populations. CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment SII may be a promising predictor of clinical outcomes for RCC patients.

Cyanidin inhibits glioma stem cells proliferation through the Wnt signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Cyanidin has a protective effect on the nervous system and has been reported to treat tumor effectively. However, its impact on glioma stem cells (GSC) is unknown. METHODS: Using seven GSC lines, the anti-tumor effect of cyanidin is tested. The effect of cyanidin on the cell viability in each cell line is evaluated. Wnt signaling pathway-related genes are checked after treatment of cyanidin. Cytoplasmic/nuclear ß-catenin protein levels post cyanidin treatment is detected. Protein levels of c-Myc after cyanidin treatment are determined. Twist1 and Snail1 protein levels after cyanidin treatment are checked as well. RESULTS: Cyanidin significantly reduces the cell viability of all GSCs, and exhibited the most substantial effect in GBM2 but no apparent effect in 293T cells. It can regulate the Wnt signaling pathway of all GSC lines. In the GBM2, GBM7, G166, and G179 cell lines, there is upregulation of WNT1 and MYC genes, while in the G144 and GliNS2 cell line, these two genes are down-regulated after cyanidin treatment. Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein levels of ß-catenin in all cell lines are down-regulated. Cyanidin treatment significantly decreases the protein level for c-Myc in the GBM2 cell line compared with untreated cells, not in G144 or GliNS2 cells. Furthermore, cyanidin strongly reduces the expression of Twist1 and Snail1 in GBM2, G179, and G144 cell lines, while the GliNS2 cells show an opposite change in the cytoplasm and no change in nuclear. CONCLUSION: Cyanidin exerts an anti-tumor effect in glioma stem cell lines, probably through the Wnt signaling pathway.

Multiplexed strategies toward clinical translation of extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), of which exosomes are a representative subgroup, are naturally secreted nanoparticles with a variety of payloads. With the intrinsic merits of stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and large capacity, EVs are widely regarded as effective carriers of drug delivery. However, disadvantages, such as low yield, complicated isolation procedures, and low loading efficiency, hinder its clinical translation. In this review, we systematically summarize the advances in EV (especially exosomes) engineering for clinical application, focusing on strategies toward high yield, facile isolation, efficient cargo loading, improved delivery, and optimized manufacturing, which might unleash the infinite power of EVs in clinical translation.

Measuring Well-Being of Migrant Gig Workers: Exampled as Hangzhou City in China.

The consistent innovations and applications of information technology drive the vigorous development of the gig economy, and generate gig workers such as food delivery workers and couriers, and make a great contribution to stabilizing employment and increasing income. Gig workers, mostly made up of migrants, and suffer from job and status difficulties. Research on the well-being of migrant gig workers can reveal the practical problems and provide suggestions for narrowing the wealth gap to promote social fairness and justice. Taking Hangzhou city in China as an example, this paper explores the well-being of food delivery workers, couriers, and online car-hailing drivers as representatives of migrant gig workers. Firstly, the relevant data are acquired through the questionnaire. Secondly, the characteristics of this group are analyzed through descriptive analysis, namely: most of them are migrant workers aged between 20 and 39 with low occupation satisfaction due to insufficient social security coverage and limited well-being, despite relatively high income. Based on the analysis of differences in demographic variables and structural equation modeling, the factors affecting the well-being of migrant gig workers are studied, which mainly are occupation satisfaction, social interaction, and social security. The results show that occupation satisfaction is positively affected by family characteristics, social interaction, and social security. In addition, family characteristics and social security positively impact social interaction, but the former has no significant effect on well-being. Finally, this paper enriches the research on the well-being of specific migrant gig workers and gives policy suggestions for enhancing the well-being of migrant gig workers in Hangzhou city from the perspective of optimizing the mechanism, pilot construction, and platform provision.

Down-regulation of EVA1A by miR-103a-3p promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation and migration.

BACKGROUND: EVA1A (Eva-1 homolog A), a novel protein involved in autophagy and apoptosis, functions as a tumor suppressor in some human primary cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While it is consistently downregulated in several cancers, its involvement in hepatocarcinogenesis is still largely unknown. METHODS: We first detected the expression of EVA1A in HCC tissues and cell lines using RT‒qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting and detected the expression of miR-103a-3p by RT‒qPCR. Then, bioinformatics prediction, dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and western blotting were used to screen and identify the upstream microRNA of EVA1A. After manipulating the expression of miR-103a-3p or EVA1A, wound healing, invasion, proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, autophagy, mitosis and mitochondrial function assays, including mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS and ATP production assays, were performed to investigate the functions of miR-103a-3p targeting EVA1A in HCC cells. Apoptosis-related proteins were assessed by RT‒qPCR (TP53) or western blotting (TP53, BAX, Bcl-2 and caspase-3). Autophagy level was evaluated by observing LC3 puncta and examining the protein levels of p62, Beclin1 and LC3-II/I. RESULTS: We found that EVA1A expression was decreased while miR-103a-3p expression was increased in HCC tissues and cell lines and that their expression was inversely correlated in HCC patients. The expression of miR-103a-3p was associated with HCC tumor stage and poor prognosis. miR-103a-3p could target EVA1A through direct binding to its 3'-UTR and suppress its expression. Overexpression of miR-103a-3p significantly downregulated the expression of EVA1A, TP53 and BAX, upregulated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and promoted HCC cell migration, invasion and proliferation, while repression of miR-103a-3p dramatically upregulated the expression of EVA1A, TP53, BAX and cleaved-caspase-3, inhibited HCC cell migration, invasion and proliferation, and caused mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Overexpression of EVA1A significantly attenuated the cancer-promoting effects of miR-103a-3p in HCC cells, while knockdown of EVA1A alleviated the mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis caused by miR-103a-3p inhibition. Overexpression of EVA1A did not induce significant changes in autophagy levels, nor did it affect G2/M transition or mitosis. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the downregulation of the tumor suppressor EVA1A by miR-103a-3p potentially acts as a key mediator in HCC progression, mainly by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting metastasis. The miR-103a/EVA1A/TP53 axis provides a new potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

LiuweiDihuang improved cognitive functions in SAMP8 mice by inhibiting COX-2 expression and subsequent neuroinflammation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: LiuweiDihuang (LW) pills was mainly used to treatment of children's fontanelle incomplete closure, enuresis and nervous system development delays and other diseases.Following the deepening of pharmacological research, LW has a good effect on neurological diseases include senile dementia. However, the neuroprotection mechanism of LW on Alzheimer's disease (AD) through regulation of inflammation remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: Here, we aimed to explore the effects and mechanism of LW on learning and memory deficits in SAMP8 mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice aged 6 months were treated with LW for 2 months and BV2, C6 and HT22 cells were treated with LW pharmaceutic serum and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) continuously. Then, cognitive tests were performed, including the Morris water maze and Y maze tests. The mRNA level of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α) were examined in cells and the cortex and hippocampus by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of postsynaptic density protein 95, synaptophysin and various inflammatory factors were detected in the cortex and hippocampus by Western blot. Furthermore, Ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and Aß were examined in the brain of AD mice by immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry. And synaptic loss and neuronal ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: We found that LW suppressed LPS-induced COX-2 expression in vitro. Importantly, LW dramatically improved spatial learning and memory in SAMP8 mice through inhibiting Aß accumulation and restoring structural synaptic integrity. Furthermore, LW inhibited the glial activation and neuroinflammation (COX-2, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the cortex and hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the present data not only indicated that LW is an effective agent on improving the learning and memory deficits through mitigating neuroinflammation but highlighted the LW can be a potential therapeutic drug for AD therapy.

Downregulated RRS1 inhibits invasion and metastasis of BT549 through RPL11­c­Myc­SNAIL axis.

Regulator of ribosome synthesis 1 (RRS1) is a key factor in ribosome biosynthesis and other cellular functions. High level of RRS1 in breast cancer cell lines is associated with increased cell proliferation, invasion and migration. RRS1 controls the assembly of the 60s subunit and maturation of 25S rRNA during ribosome biosynthesis. In this study, lentiviral transfection of sh­RNA was used to knock down the level of RRS1, to detect the effect of RRS1 on cell function and to explore the specific mechanism of RRS1 affecting cell invasion and metastasis by COIP and dual­luciferase reporter gene assays. The present study found that RRS1 knockdown reduced the accumulation of ribosome protein L11 (RPL11) in the nucleolus, which then migrated to the nucleoplasm and bound to c­Myc. This inhibited trans­activation of SNAIL by c­Myc and eventually decreased the invasion and metastasis capacity of the human breast cancer cell line BT549. Taken together, RRS1 regulates invasion and metastasis of human breast cancer cells through the RPL11­c­Myc­SNAIL axis. The findings are of great significance for exploring the mechanism of breast cancer invasion and metastasis and the corresponding regulatory factors.

Identification of AGT and CD44 in methotrexate-resistant colorectal cancer and reversal of methotrexate-resistance.

This study aims to screen out hub genes in 2 methotrexate-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HT29 and Caco2), compared with parental CRC cells and reverse methotrexate-resistance in methotrexate-resistant CRC. GEO database and R software were utilized to analyze the gene expression profiles GSE11440 and GSE16066. Venn diagram was used to identify intersection differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GSE11440 and GSE16066. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) was utilized to screen out central node genes. Hub genes were determined by volcano graphs, heatmaps and box plots. The functional enrichment analysis was exhibited with DAVID. The GEPIA was used to obtain survival curves to analyze association between patient prognosis and hub genes. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of hub genes. CCK-8 assay was used to show MTX-resistant CRC cell viability following CD44 inhibitor (THIQ) and AGT inhibitor (O6-BG) treatments. In our results, there were 180 intersection DEGs between GSE11440 and GSE16066. CD44 and AGT were screened out as hub genes by PPI, heatmaps, volcano and box plots. In the 2 MTX-resistant CRC cells, the expressions of CD44 and AGT were up-regulated compared with parental CRC cells. The results of western blotting showed that CD44 and AGT were up-regulated in MTX-resistant HT29 and Caco2 cells compared with parental CRC cells. CCK-8 assay results showed that the combination of MTX with O6-BG or THIQ could significantly reduce the activity of MTX-resistant CRC cells. This research screened out CD44 and AGT in MTX-resistant CRC cells by bioinformatics and suggested that the combination of MTX with O6-BG or THIQ could enhance the sensitivity of MTX-resistant CRC cells to MTX. This research provides a new strategy for overcoming MTX-resistance in CRC.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, DNA Binding, and Molecular Docking of Hybrid 4,6-Dihydrazone Pyrimidine Derivatives as Antitumor Agents.

In the present paper, on the basis of molecular hybridization, a series of 4,6-dihydrazone pyrimidine derivatives containing the pyridine moiety were synthesized, structurally characterized, and evaluated in vitro for their antitumor activity. According to the results, all the tested compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum antitumor activity against selected tumor cell lines (MCF-7, BGC-823, A549, and BEL-7402) and no obvious toxicity toward normal cells HL-7702. In particular, compounds 10a and 10f were found to be the most promising antitumor agents among the tested compounds against BGC-823 cells (IC50 = 9.00 µM and 7.89 µM) and BEL-7402 cells (IC50 = 6.70 µM and 7.66 µM), respectively. Compounds 10a and 10f exhibited higher potency against BGC-823 and BEL-7402 than the positive control 5-FU (IC50 = 15.18 µM and 15.81 µM). Further mechanism investigations demonstrated that compounds 10a and 10f could significantly increase the level of cellular ROS and induce early apoptosis of BGC-823 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the DNA binding results from UV/Vis, CD spectroscopy, and molecular docking studies indicated that 10a and 10f bind with DNA via groove binding and partial intercalation. These results demonstrated that 10a and 10f may serve as novel lead compounds for the discovery of more dihydrazone pyrimidine derivatives with improved antitumor potency and selectivity.

The mining and construction of a knowledge base for gene-disease association in mitochondrial diseases.

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous genetic metabolic diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) gene mutations. Mining the gene-disease association of mitochondrial diseases is helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases, for carrying out early clinical diagnosis for related diseases, and for formulating better treatment strategies for mitochondrial diseases. This project researched the relationship between genes and mitochondrial diseases, combined the Malacards, Genecards, and MITOMAP disease databases to mine the knowledge on mitochondrial diseases and genes, used database integration and the sequencing method of the phenolyzer tool to integrate disease-related genes from different databases, and sorted the disease-related candidate genes. Finally, we screened 531 mitochondrial related diseases, extracted 26,723 genes directly or indirectly related to mitochondria, collected 24,602 variant sites on 1474 genes, and established a mitochondrial disease knowledge base (MitDisease) with a core of genes, diseases, and variants. This knowledge base is helpful for clinicians who want to combine the results of gene testing for diagnosis, to understand the occurrence and development of mitochondrial diseases, and to develop corresponding treatment methods.