Trans fatty acids in human milk in Poland and their association with breastfeeding mothers' diets.

AIM: To determine the content of trans fatty acids in human milk in relation to breastfeeding mothers' diet. METHODS: Samples of milk were collected from 100 breastfeeding mothers and 7-d dietary records and anthropometry from 69 mothers were obtained. RESULTS: The following total trans fatty acids contents (median (lower-upper quartile); % wt/wt) in milk samples were determined: 1) data for Spring: colostrum--1.37 (1.00-2.00), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.59 (1.49-3.34) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.36 (1.55-3.92); 2) data for Autumn: colostrum--1.80 (1.42-2.48), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.41 (1.79-4.31) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.77 (1.53-4.18). The major sources of trans fatty acids in mothers' diets were bakery products, confectionery and snacks. Mothers who had high level of trans isomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. CONCLUSIONS: Bakery products, confectionery and snacks are a major source of trans fatty acids in maternal diet in Poland. The levels of trans fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy.

[Correctness of diagnosis of celiac disease based on personal data]. / Prawidlowosc rozpoznawania celiakii na podstawie wlasnego materialu.

A way of coeliac disease diagnosis was assessed in 348 children, Only 14% of patients has been examined according to ESPGAN recommendations and in the proper time. Diagnosis has been completed in 123 patients, and coeliac disease has been diagnosed only in 38 of them. The I biopsy has not been performed in 96 children, the II biopsy--in 136 children, gluten-free diet has not been observed in 105 children after the I biopsy. Other causes of diagnostic failures included: prolongation of the consecutive stages and improper histological evaluation, change of biopsies order, erroneous clinical evaluation. Diagnosis according to ESPGAN recommendations is practically very difficult and time consuming. Immunological markers of coeliac disease (IgA EmA, ARA) should lead to simplification and adjustment of those recommendations in Poland.