RESUMO
The global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses an unprecedented stress on healthcare systems internationally. These Health system-wide demands call for efficient utilisation of resources at this time in a fair, consistent, ethical and efficient manner would improve our ability to treat patients. Excellent co-operation between hospital units (especially intensive care unit [ICU], emergency department [ED] and cardiology) is critical in ensuring optimal patient outcomes. The purpose of this document is to provide practical guidelines for the effective use of interventional cardiology services in Australia and New Zealand. The document will be updated regularly as new evidence and knowledge is gained with time. Goals Considerations.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Consenso , Infecções por Coronavirus , Cuidados Críticos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Austrália/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Cardiologia/normas , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Humanos , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Many studies have found genetic effects to contribute to alcoholism risk in both men and women. Based on preliminary evidence for shared genetic risk between smoking and drinking problems, a reanalysis of alcohol challenge data on 412 Australian twins was performed to explore the possibility that smoking may diminish or moderate the intoxicating effects of alcohol. We found history of smoking to be strongly associated with self-reported intoxication after alcohol challenge in women (women: r = -0.44 +/- 0.08; men: r = -0.21 +/- 0.08), comparable with self-reported average weekly consumption of alcohol, which was more strongly associated in men (women: r = -0.37 +/- 0.07; men: r = -0.54 +/- 0.06). Structural equation model-fitting indicated a strong association between heavy drinking and smoking, but the association between smoking and postalcohol intoxication remained even when the effects of heavy drinking were controlled for. These results prompt the question of whether smoking cigarettes directly influences the transition from moderate to excessive use of alcohol by diminishing feelings of alcohol intoxication.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo/genética , Genótipo , Fumar/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Intoxicação Alcoólica/genética , Intoxicação Alcoólica/psicologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Austrália , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/psicologiaRESUMO
The number of published reports associating hepatotoxicity with paracetamol ingestion at therapeutic or near-therapeutic dose levels is small but is, nevertheless, suggestive of a relationship. There is however, mounting evidence that certain groups of patients, such as alcohol-dependent people, patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs (particularly anti-convulsant and anti-tuberculosis medications) as well as those with certain infectious diseases, are rendered more susceptible to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Seventy-four case reports where therapeutic or near-therapeutic doses of paracetamol resulted in hepatic injury are reviewed and factors and mechanisms which might explain this apparently increased vulnerability to damage are discussed.
RESUMO
Male subjects (n = 10) were given ethanol (0.75 g/kg) at four equally spaced times in the 24 hr cycle (9 am, 3 pm, 9 pm 3 am) in random order. Blood ethanol concentrations were monitored by breath analysis and measurements were made of the blood or plasma levels of ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, pyruvate, lactate and cortisol. Blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature were measured before and at 60 and 120 min after ethanol administration and the effects of ethanol on a number of behavioural parameters and mood were studied. After ethanol ingestion, there was a significant decrease in body temperature, systolic blood pressure, plasma cortisol and pyruvate levels, whilst acetate levels and the lactate:pyruvate ratio were significantly increased. Standing steadiness, critical flicker fusion threshold and divided attention tracking control were significantly impaired under ethanol and self-report data indicated a significant decrease in alertness, co-ordination, concentration and attentiveness. Although a significantly higher peak blood ethanol concentration was attained at the 9 am session, other time-of-day differences did not reach significance and the pharmacokinetics of ethanol were essentially unchanged. Since the only significant diurnal variations in the response to ethanol identified in this study (apart from the subjective results) were for plasma cortisol concentrations and body temperature (both of which are well known to exhibit diurnal rhythmicity), it appears that major circadian variability in the metabolic and/or behavioural effects of ethanol is unlikely to occur.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/sangue , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Etanol/farmacocinética , Adolescente , Adulto , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Testes Respiratórios , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Plasma acetate concentration is increased during alcohol metabolism. However, measures which increase the rate of alcohol metabolism do not always increase plasma acetate concentration. Plasma samples from normal male subjects who had been given alcohol and then either fructose or glucose were analysed for acetate. Although each of these carbohydrates increased the mean rate of alcohol metabolism, only fructose increased the plasma acetate concentration. It was concluded that the further metabolism of acetate produced from alcohol may be increased by glucose.
Assuntos
Acetatos/sangue , Alcoolismo/sangue , Etanol/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Frutose/administração & dosagem , Solução Hipertônica de Glucose/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica/fisiologiaRESUMO
Ten male subjects were given alcohol by intravenous infusion and maintained at a constant blood alcohol level. The rate of alcohol metabolism was measured before and after an oral dose of fructose (100 g), as the amount of alcohol required to maintain the steady state. The mean rate of alcohol metabolism increased by 80% after fructose but there was considerable variation among the subjects, which was related to their plasma fructose concentrations. Blood lactate increased after fructose to a greater degree than blood pyruvate, resulting in a significant increase in [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio. Since fructose increased the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio when it increased alcohol metabolism, the action of fructose cannot be explained by a decrease in the liver cytoplasmic [NADH]/[NAD] ratio and some other mechanism must be sought.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/sangue , Etanol/farmacocinética , Frutose/administração & dosagem , Lactatos/sangue , Piruvatos/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Ácido Láctico , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido Pirúvico , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
A dose-response study of the effect of orally administered delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on human mood and skills performance was conducted. Using five dose levels of THC (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg) with 16 volunteers per dosage group, mood and performance measures were recorded at five testing occasions, one before and four after drug administration. The slope of the linear regression of performance on the test battery was significant for up to 200 minutes after dosage. That is to say, oral THC, at the doses used, produced significant dose-dependent impairment of performance for a period in excess of three hours. A similar time course for the effect of THC on the subjective assessment of intoxication ('stone') suggested a correlation between drug-induced impairment skills and the effects on mood.
Assuntos
Afeto/efeitos dos fármacos , Dronabinol/administração & dosagem , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Adulto , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Dronabinol/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Ten subjects received alcohol by intravenous infusion on two occasions, after five-day periods on high- or low-carbohydrate diets. Blood [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratios were significantly higher during fasting alcohol metabolism after the low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. The carbohydrate/fat balance in the diet may affect cytoplasmic-mitochondrial NADH transfer. Dietary composition may modify the metabolic changes caused by alcohol.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Etanol/farmacocinética , Lactatos/sangue , Piruvatos/sangue , Adulto , Intoxicação Alcoólica/sangue , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Láctico , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido PirúvicoRESUMO
We have tested whether the effect of carbohydrate on the rate of alcohol metabolism can be reproduced by glucose alone. Ten male subjects were given ethanol by intravenous infusion until a steady state was established and 100 g glucose in solution was then taken orally. The rate of alcohol metabolism, measured as the rate of infusion required to maintain a constant breath alcohol reading, increased significantly after glucose but there were differences between the subjects. The presence or absence of a change in the rate of alcohol metabolism after glucose was associated with the subject's fasting rate and with their glucose tolerance.
Assuntos
Etanol/metabolismo , Glucose/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Etanol/sangue , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The rate of metabolism of ethanol in humans has been assessed by intravenous infusion of ethanol/saline under feedback control to maintain a constant blood alcohol concentration. After equilibration, meals consisting predominantly of carbohydrate, fat or protein were eaten and changes in ethanol metabolic rate were found. Carbohydrate caused a significant increase in this rate and fat or protein caused small but non-significant decreases. Infusion of ethanol/saline resulted in a temporary fall in plasma free fatty acid levels and a steady rise in plasma triglycerides. The changes in alcohol metabolism following carbohydrate cannot be accounted for by changes in insulin, free fatty acid or lactate/pyruvate levels.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Proteínas Alimentares/farmacologia , Etanol/sangue , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Testes Respiratórios , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Available evidence that antihistamine-induced impairment of human psychomotor performance constitutes a traffic hazard is reviewed against a set of criteria which could theoretically be applied to any drug or group of drugs. Two distinct classes of histamine antagonists, which act at different receptors (H1 and H2) are now available and they should be considered separately. H1-Antagonists are freely available to the public and are consumed in enormous quantities. They are a rather heterogeneous group of drugs which share the common property of antagonising some of the effects of histamine. Other effects, particularly sedation, are prominent with many of the older members of the group and these drugs can be shown to impair performance in laboratory tasks and to interact additively with alcohol and other central nervous system depressant drugs. Despite this potential for impairment of driving ability, they are seldom suggested as causative factors in traffic crashes. This may, of course, be due to inadequacy of reportage. A number of new histamine H1-antagonists have been developed recently which only gain limited access to the central nervous system and appear to be less likely to cause impairment of performance skills. Histamine H2-antagonists have a much more restricted and closely supervised use in medicine and of the two agents currently available (cimetidine and ranitidine), only cimetidine appears to pose traffic safety problems largely because of its ability to interfere with the metabolism of other drugs which depress the central nervous system. Appropriate prescribing should eliminate this problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Condução de Veículo , Cimetidina/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/farmacologia , Cimetidina/metabolismo , Interações Medicamentosas , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/metabolismo , Humanos , Ranitidina/metabolismo , Ranitidina/farmacologiaAssuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Etanol/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulso Arterial/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Cutânea/efeitos dos fármacos , Gêmeos Dizigóticos , Gêmeos Monozigóticos , Gêmeos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , GravidezAssuntos
Etanol/sangue , Variação Genética , Gêmeos , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Feminino , Humanos , Cinética , MasculinoRESUMO
The antinociceptive effects of O-methylflavinantine (OMF), a morphinandienone alkaloid, were investigated in the mouse hot plate and abdominal constriction tests (nociceptive agents: 5-Hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin, prostaglandin, E (1) (PGE (1), formic acid and phenylquinone). The potency of OMF in the hot plate test was approximately 10 times less than that of morphine and the effect was naloxone reversible. In the abdominal constriction test, morphine was 78-650 times more potent than OMF, depending on the nociceptive agent used, but a higher dose of naloxone was necessary to reverse the response to formic acid. Pretreatment of mice with reserpine (1 mg/kg, s.c., 24 h) reduced and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg, i.p., 3 h) potentiated the antinociceptive effects of both morphine and OMF in the hot plate test. The results are considered to indicate that OMF possesses centrally mediated antinociceptive activity which is similar to that of morphine.
RESUMO
Methodology developed in our laboratories for testing the interactive effects of ethanol and drugs on human psychomotor performance is discussed. An attempt has been made to relate the findings of our studies to the results of real-life impairment, particularly in traffic crashes. Proposals for more comprehensive testing of drug--ethanol interactions have been put forward which may increase the predictive value of such tests.