Unlocking the potential of flavonoids: Natural solutions in the fight against colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, underscoring the importance of understanding the diverse molecular and genetic underpinnings of CRC to improve its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review delves into the adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis model, emphasizing the "APC-KRAS-TP53" signature events in CRC development. CRC is categorized into four consensus molecular subtypes, each characterized by unique genetic alterations and responses to therapy, illustrating its complexity and heterogeneity. Furthermore, we explore the role of chronic inflammation and the gut microbiome in CRC progression, emphasizing the potential of targeting these factors for prevention and treatment. This review discusses the impact of dietary carcinogens and lifestyle factors and the critical role of early detection in improving outcomes, and also examines conventional chemotherapy options for CRC and associated challenges. There is significant focus on the therapeutic potential of flavonoids for CRC management, discussing various types of flavonoids, their sources, and mechanisms of action, including their antioxidant properties, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. This article presents evidence of the synergistic effects of flavonoids with conventional cancer therapies and their role in modulating the gut microbiome and immune response, thereby offering new avenues for CRC treatment. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to CRC research and treatment, incorporating insights from genetic, molecular, and lifestyle factors. Further research is needed on the preventive and therapeutic potential of natural compounds, such as flavonoids, in CRC, underscoring the need for personalized and targeted treatment strategies.

Novel Functional Food Properties of Forest Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Merr.) Phytochemicals for Treating Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights from a Combined Computational and In Vitro Approach.

Metabolic syndrome is a global health problem. The use of functional foods as dietary components has been increasing. One food of interest is forest onion extract (FOE). This study aimed to investigate the effect of FOE on lipid and glucose metabolism in silico and in vitro using the 3T3-L1 mouse cell line. This was a comprehensive study that used a multi-modal computational network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking in silico and 3T3-L1 mouse cells in vitro. The phytochemical components of FOE were analyzed using untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Next, an in silico analysis was performed to determine FOE's bioactive compounds, and a toxicity analysis, protein target identification, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were carried out. FOE's effect on pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition was determined. Finally, we determined its effect on lipid accumulation and MAPK8, PPARG, HMGCR, CPT-1, and GLP1 expression in the preadipocyte 3T3-L1 mouse cell line. We showed that the potential metabolites targeted glucose and lipid metabolism in silico and that FOE inhibited pancreatic lipase levels, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase in vitro. Furthermore, FOE significantly (p < 0.05) inhibits targeted protein expressions of MAPK8, PPARG, HMGCR, CPT-1, and GLP-1 in vitro in 3T3-L1 mouse cells in a dose-dependent manner. FOE contains several metabolites that reduce pancreatic lipase levels, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and targeted proteins associated with lipid and glucose metabolism in vitro.

Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors. It is characterized by persistent elevation of BP levels, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability play crucial roles in hypertension development. L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an analog of L-arginine, inhibits endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzymes, leading to decreased NO production and increased BP. Animal models exposed to L-NAME manifest hypertension, making it a useful design for studying the hypertension condition. Natural products have gained interest as alternative approaches for managing hypertension. Flavonoids, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and other plant sources, have potential cardiovascular benefits, including antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids have been extensively studied in cell cultures, animal models, and, to lesser extent, in human trials to evaluate their effectiveness against L-NAME-induced hypertension. This comprehensive review summarizes the antihypertensive activity of specific flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, and chrysin, in L-NAME-induced hypertension models. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties that mitigate oxidative stress, a major contributor to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. They enhance endothelial function by promoting NO bioavailability, vasodilation, and the preservation of vascular homeostasis. Flavonoids also modulate vasoactive factors involved in BP regulation, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1. Moreover, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammation-mediated hypertension. This review provides compelling evidence for the antihypertensive potential of flavonoids against L-NAME-induced hypertension. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action suggest their ability to target multiple pathways involved in hypertension development. Nonetheless, the reviewed studies contribute to the evidence supporting the useful of flavonoids for hypertension prevention and treatment. In conclusion, flavonoids represent a promising class of natural compounds for combating hypertension. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource summarizing the current knowledge on the antihypertensive effects of specific flavonoids, facilitating further investigation and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for hypertension management.

The Importance of Philanthropy Foundation for the Future Sustainability of Agriculture and Nutrition: An Opinion Study on Practical Applications, Policies, and Strategies.

Food security, food sustainability, and malnutrition represent critical global challenges. Th urgency of comprehensive action is evident in the need for research collaboration between the food industry, agriculture, public health, and nutrition. This article highlights the role of philanthropy, of a non-profit organization, in supporting research and development and filling financial gaps. The article also explores the interplay of nutrition, agriculture, and government and policy, positioning philanthropy as a catalyst for transformative change and advocating for collaborative efforts to comprehensively address global food challenges. In addition, the discussion also underscores the ethical complexities surrounding charitable food aid, especially in terms of the dignity and autonomy of its recipients. The paper concludes by proposing future directions and implications, advocating for diversified intervention portfolios and collaborative efforts involving governments, businesses, and local communities. Apart from that, the importance of answering and alleviating ethical dilemmas related to food charity assistance needs to be a concern for future studies related to philanthropy because of the significant challenges faced by the contemporary food system, which include food security, health, and nutritional sustainability.

Unveiling antioxidant capacity of standardized chitosan-tripolyphosphate microcapsules containing polyphenol-rich extract of Portulaca oleraceae.

The medicinal plant Portulaca oleraceae has a long history of usage in traditional medicine. Plant extracts have several interesting pharmacological effects but have some drawbacks that can be addressed via capsulation with chitosan. This work set out to do just that tally up the antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich P. olerace extract and see how capsulation affected them. The reflux extraction and response surface methodology (RSM) were carried out to optimize the phenolic and flavonoid content of P. oleraceae extract. Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to determine the secondary metabolite present in the extract. The microcapsules of extract-loaded chitosan were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized in terms of size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and morphology of microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to observe the successful production of microcapsules with a principal component analysis (PCA) approach. The antioxidant activity of microcapsules was established using the radical scavenging method. According to RSM, the highest amounts of TPC and TFC were obtained at 72.894 % ethanol, 2.031 h, and 57.384 °C. The compounds were employed from the optimized extract of P. oleraceae including phenolics and flavonoids. The microcapsules were secured with a %EE of 43.56 ± 2.31 %. The characteristics of microcapsules were approved for the obtained product's successful synthesis according to the PCA. The microcapsules have antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.0001). The findings of this study underscored the benefits of employing chitosan as a nanocarrier for extract, offering a promising approach to enhance plant-derived therapies.

Unraveling Light-Activated Insulin Action in Regulating Blood Glucose: New Photoactivatable Insight as a Novel Modality in Diabetes Management.

Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D), is the main component of metabolic syndrome. It is highly prevalent and has drastically increased with sedentary lifestyles, notably behaviors linked to ease of access and minimal physical activity. Central to this condition is insulin, which plays a pivotal role in regulating glucose levels in the body by aiding glucose uptake and storage in cells, and what happens to diabetes? In diabetes, there is a disruption and malfunction in insulin regulation. Despite numerous efforts, effectively addressing diabetes remains a challenge. This article explores the potential of photoactivatable drugs in diabetes treatment, with a focus on light-activated insulin. We discuss its advantages and significant implications. This article is expected to enrich the existing literature substantially, offering a comprehensive analysis of potential strategies for improving diabetes management. With its minimal physical intrusion, light-activated insulin promises to improve patient comfort and treatment adherence. It offers precise regulation and localized impact, potentially mitigating the risks associated with conventional diabetes treatments. Additionally, light-activated insulin is capable of explicitly targeting RNA and epigenetic factors. This innovative approach may pave the way for more personalized and effective diabetes treatments, addressing not only the symptoms but also the underlying biological causes of the disease. The advancement of light-activated insulin could revolutionize diabetes management. This study represents a pioneering introduction to this novel modality for diabetes management.

Revealing Novel Source of Breast Cancer Inhibitors from Seagrass Enhalus acoroides: In Silico and In Vitro Studies.

Enhalus arcoides is a highly beneficial type of seagrass. Prior studies have presented proof of the bioactivity of E. acoroides, suggesting its potential to combat cancer. Therefore, this study aims to delve deeper into E. acoroides bioactive molecule profiles and their direct biological anticancer activities potentials through the combination of in-silico and in-vitro studies. This study conducted metabolite profile analysis on E. acoroides utilizing HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS analysis. Two extraction techniques, ethanol and hexane, were employed for the extraction process. Furthermore, the in-silico study was conducted using molecular docking simulations on the HER2, EGFR tyrosine kinase and HIF-1α protein receptor. Afterward, the antioxidant activity of E. acoroides metabolites was examined to ABTS, and the antiproliferative activity was tested using an MTT assay. An in-silico study revealed its ability to combat breast cancer by inhibiting the HER2/EGFR/HIF-1α pathway through molecular docking. In addition, the MTT assay demonstrated that higher dosages of metabolites from E. acoroides increased the effectiveness of toxicity against cancer cell lines. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the metabolites possess the ability to function as potent antioxidants, effectively inhibiting a series of carcinogenic mechanisms. Ultimately, this study showed a new approach to unveiling the E. acoroides metabolites' anticancer activity through inhibiting HER2/EGFR/HIF-1α receptors, with great cytotoxicity and a potent antioxidant property to prevent a carcinogenic cascade.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as a new anticancer molecular strategy in breast histology via Her2, IL33, EGFR, and MUC1.

The prevalence of breast cancer among patients in Indonesia is significant. Indonesian individuals maintain the belief that cancer cannot be cured alone by pharmaceuticals and treatment; herbal remedies must be used in conjunction. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, also known as Haramonting, is an indigenous Indonesian medicinal plant renowned for its copious antioxidant properties. The objective of study was to assess the impact of haramonting on breast cancer by examining the expression of various biomarker proteins associated with breast cancer. Haramonting was administered to breast cancer model mice at different doses over a period of 30 days. Subsequently, blood and breast samples were obtained for immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Authors have discovered that there has been a notable rise in the proliferation of epithelial cells in the duct lobes, resulting in the formation of ducts and lobules. Additionally, the researchers discovered that the breasts exhibited distinct clinical and histological alterations. Haramonting possesses the capacity to restore the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to normal levels in the blood serum of rats afflicted with cancer. The histopathological analysis of the breast tissue revealed elevated levels of Her2, IL33, EGFR, and MUC1. The authors also discovered a notable increase in the growth of epithelial cells, with two or more layers of cells reaching towards the centre of the duct. The size of the epithelial cells exhibits variability; however, this state ameliorates with the administration of a dosage of 300 mg/kgBW of this botanical specimen. This study proposes that Haramonting may be effective in treating breast cancer.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (haramonting) protects against allethrin-exposed pulmo damage in rats: mechanistic interleukins.

Inhaling Allethrin (C19H26O3) may induce oxidative stress in lung cells by causing the formation of free radi-cals. Interleukins (IL) are a group of secreted cytokines or proteins and signaling molecules initially produced as an immune response by leukocytes. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (haramonting) contains antioxidants that may prevent lung damage induced by allethrin-containing electric mosquito repellents. In this study, six groups of rats were exposed to allethrin via an electric mosquito repellent, including positive, negative, and comparison control groups and three groups were administered Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk at 100 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg/kg BW. After 30 days, the pulmonary tissue and the blood were taken for immunohisto-chemical and ELISA analysis. The accumulation of inflammatory cells causes the thickening of the alveolar wall structures. Injuries were more prevalent in the A+ group than in the other groups. The connection between the alveoli and blood capillaries, which can interfere with alveolar gas exchange, is not regulated, and the lu-minal morphology is aberrant, causing damage to the alveolar epithelial cells. Exposure to electric mosquito coils containing allethrin can increase the expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-8, interleukin-9, and interleu-kin-18 in blood serum and tissues while decreasing the expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Like the Vitamin C group, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa can increase alveolar histological alterations by decreasing the ex-pression of IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-18 while increasing IL-6 and IL-10. So that this plant can be developed in the future as a drug to prevent lung harm from exposure.

HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: current treatment landscape, future therapeutic horizons, and herbal approaches.

HIV/AIDS is still a major worldwide health concern, and Indonesia is making efforts to mitigate its effects. Antiretroviral therapy (ARV), which aims to decrease viral replication, boost immunological function, and lengthen the lifespans of persons living with HIV/AIDS, is the cornerstone of Indonesia's strategy. The availability of ARV has significantly increased, yet problems including stigma and the requirement for regular medication adherence still exist. To address the broader needs of those affected by HIV/AIDS, Indonesia lays a major focus on comprehensive care, which includes mental health and social support, in addition to ARV. Data show that, despite progress, there is still a stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS, which affects patient outcomes and access to care. With vigorous research into cutting-edge antiretroviral medications and treatment techniques, Indonesia has a thriving future therapeutic landscape. The goals of these programs are to increase treatment effectiveness, decrease side effects, and increase access to cutting-edge treatments. Preventive methods, such as PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), are making progress, and efforts to find a cure are gaining prominence. Notably, HIV/AIDS management plan of Indonesia heavily relies on natural remedies. Patient care incorporates traditional Indonesian medicine, such as jamu and several herbal medicines. Although there is little scientific proof to support the effectiveness of these herbal remedies, complementary and alternative therapies frequently employ them to manage symptoms and promote general wellness. In terms of the 95-95-95 targets, Indonesia is making an effort to comply with these international goals by seeking to diagnose 95% of HIV-positive individuals, provide sustained ARV to 95% of those diagnosed, and achieve viral suppression in 95% of ARV recipients. Although there are gaps in reaching these aims, progress is being made, in part because of the aforementioned challenges. In summary, Indonesia employs a multimodal approach to HIV/AIDS management, including traditional herbal cures, continuous research into cutting-edge treatments, and conventional ARV. In order to enhance overall health outcomes and create a healthier society, the future of HIV/AIDS treatment in Indonesia is concentrated on expanding therapeutic alternatives, reaching the 95-95-95 targets, decreasing stigma, and improving access to care.

Phyllanthus emblica: a comprehensive review of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties.

Phyllanthus emblica Linn, a prominent member of the euphorbiaceae family, exhibits extensive distribution across a multitude of tropical and subtropical nations. Referred to as "Balakka" in Indonesia, this plant assumes various names across regions, such as "kimalaka," "balakka," "metengo," "malaka," and "kemloko" in North Sumatra, Ternate, Sundanese, and Java respectively. Phyllanthus emblica thrives in tropical locales like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, while also making its presence felt in subtropical regions like India, China, Uzbekistan, and Sri Lanka. The fruits of Balakka are enriched with bioactive constituents recognized for their wide-ranging benefits, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cholesterol, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, chemoprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antimutagenic, and antimicrobial properties. Comprising a spectrum of phenolic compounds (such as tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids), alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoids, organic acids, amino acids, and vitamins, the bioactive components of Malacca fruit offer a diverse array of health-promoting attributes. In light of these insights, this review aims to comprehensively examine the pharmacological activities associated with P. emblica and delve into the intricate composition of its phytochemical constituents.

Vernonia amygdalina Ethanol Extract Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via TGFß, Cytochrome c, and Apoptosis.

Doxorubicin (DOX) has been extensively utilized in cancer treatment. However, DOX administration has adverse effects, such as cardiac injury. This study intends to analyze the expression of TGF, cytochrome c, and apoptosis on the cardiac histology of rats induced with doxorubicin, since the prevalence of cardiotoxicity remains an unpreventable problem due to a lack of understanding of the mechanism underlying the cardiotoxicity result. Vernonia amygdalina ethanol extract (VAEE) was produced by soaking dried Vernonia amygdalina leaves in ethanol. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups: K- (only given doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw), KN (water saline), P100, P200, P400, P4600, and P800 (DOX 15 mg/kgbw + 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kgbw extract); at the end of the study, rats were scarified, and blood was taken directly from the heart; the heart was then removed. TGF, cytochrome c, and apoptosis were stained using immunohistochemistry, whereas SOD, MDA, and GR concentration were evaluated using an ELISA kit. In conclusion, ethanol extract might protect the cardiotoxicity produced by doxorubicin by significantly reducing the expression of TGF, cytochrome c, and apoptosis in P600 and P800 compared to untreated control K- (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina may protect cardiac rats by reducing the apoptosis, TGF, and cytochrome c expression while not producing the doxorubicinol as doxorubicin metabolite. In the future, Vernonia amygdalina could be used as herbal preventive therapy for patient administered doxorubicin to reduce the incidence of cardiotoxicity.

Analysis of Antidiabetic Activity of Squalene via In Silico and In Vivo Assay.

Squalene has been tested widely in pharmacological activity including anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. This study aims to examine antidiabetic activity of squalene in silico and in vivo models. In the in silico model, the PASS server was used to evaluate squalene antidiabetic properties. Meanwhile, the in vivo model was conducted on a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) with the rats separated into three groups. These include squalene (160 mg/kgbw), metformin (45 mg/kgbw), and diabetic control (DC) (aquades 10 mL/kgbw) administered once daily for 14 days. Fasting Blood Glucose Level (FBGL), Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPPIV), leptin, and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity were measured to analysis antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. Additionally, the pancreas was analysed through histopathology to examine the islet cell. The results showed that in silico analysis supported squalene antidiabetic potential. In vivo experiment demonstrated that squalene decreased FBGL levels to 134.40 ± 16.95 mg/dL. The highest DPPIV level was in diabetic control- (61.26 ± 15.06 ng/mL), while squalene group showed the lowest level (44.09 ± 5.29 ng/mL). Both metformin and squalene groups showed minor pancreatic rupture on histopathology. Leptin levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in diabetic control group (15.39 ± 1.77 ng/mL) than both squalene- (13.86 ± 0.47 ng/mL) and metformin-treated groups (9.22 ± 0.84 ng/mL). SOD activity were higher in both squalene- and metformin-treated group, particularly 22.42 ± 0.27 U/mL and 22.81 ± 0.08 U/mL than in diabetic control (21.88 ± 0.97 U/mL). In conclusion, in silico and in vivo experiments provide evidence of squalene antidiabetic and antioxidant properties.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) a herbal medicine from North Sumatera, Indonesia: Phytochemical and pharmacological review.

Andaliman (Z. acanthopodium DC) is a kind of flowering plant that belongs to the Rutaceae family. The habitats are found in southwestern China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan), Bangladesh, Bhutan, northern India, and northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal), Nepal, Laos, Burma, Vietnam, North Sumatra highlands, Peninsular Malaysia, and northern Thailand. Andaliman is indigenous to North Sumatra, more specifically the Toba Samosir District, North Tapanuli, and the Dairi region. The phytochemical investigation showed some terpenoids as well as other compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins, but they have not been entirely identified. In Indonesia, the plant is employed both in the culinary industry as an additive for flavoring food and in the traditional medical system for treating various diseases. It was reported to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and wound healing properties, alongside other activities related to pregnancy that were tested in vitro and in vivo. The results of the investigation were based on previously published studies. This review serves as information and a summary, thereby making further exploration of Andaliman to be easier.

The Role of Flavonoids as a Cardioprotective Strategy against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review.

Doxorubicin is a widely used and promising anticancer drug; however, a severe dose-dependent cardiotoxicity hampers its therapeutic value. Doxorubicin may cause acute and chronic issues, depending on the duration of toxicity. In clinical practice, the accumulative toxic dose is up to 400 mg/m2 and increasing the dose will increase the probability of cardiac toxicity. Several molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity have been proposed, including oxidative stress, topoisomerase beta II inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation, intracellular iron accumulation, ensuing cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), autophagy, and myofibrillar disarray and loss. Natural products including flavonoids have been widely studied both in cell, animal, and human models which proves that flavonoids alleviate cardiac toxicity caused by doxorubicin. This review comprehensively summarizes cardioprotective activity flavonoids including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and hesperidin against doxorubicin, both in in vitro and in vivo models.

PDGF-ß and IL-18 Expressions on Carcinoma Cervical by Rhodomyrtus tomentosa.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cervical cancer, along with lung and breast cancer, is one of Indonesia's most aggressive gynaecological diseases. <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> has antioxidant and antiproliferative properties that could be developed into herbal medicines for molecular therapy. The IL-18 and PDGF-ß are tumour-promoting agent proteins that may be therapeutic targets for a variety of cancers that were investigated in this study. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Rats were classified into five groups: Group C- is the control group, Group C+ is the cancer model group and Group RHO200 is the <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> 100 mg¹ b.wt., rat group, Group RHO400 is the <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> 200 mg¹ b.wt., rat group and Group RHO400 is the <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> 400 mg¹ b.wt., rat group. The rats were dissected 30 days after receiving <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i>. Immunohistochemistry is used to stain cervical tissues. <b>Results:</b> The expression of IL-18 and PDGF-ß was significantly different (p<0.01). The IL-18 and PDGF-ß were most abundant at the lowest <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> doses (100-200 mg kg¹ b.wt.), while they were least abundant at the 400 mg kg¹ b.wt., doses. Histological analysis revealed that the highest dose of IL-18 and PDGF-ß expression reduced abnormal tissue and the space between tumours, followed by several carcinoma cells that stopped growing. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> can be used as a herbal therapy to reduce the expression of PDGF-ß and IL-18 (two cancer marker agents).