Geographical adaptability for optimizing the recommendation of soybean cultivars in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Yield multi-location trials associated to geostatistical techniques with environmental covariables can provide a better understanding of G x E interactions and, consequently, adaptation limits of soybean cultivars. Thus, the main objective of this study is understanding the environmental covariables effects on soybean adaptation, as well as predicting the adaptation of soybean under environmental variations and then recommend each soybean cultivar to favorable environments aiming maximize the average yield. The trials were carried out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replicates over three years, in 28 locations. Thirty-two genotypes (commercial and pre-commercial) representing different maturity groups (7.5-8.5) were evaluated in each trial were covering the Edaphoclimatic Region (REC) 401, 402 and 403. The covariables adopted as environmental descriptors were accumulated rainfall, minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum temperature, photoperiod, relative humidity, soil clay content, soil water avaibility and altitude. After fitting means through Mixed Linear Model, the Regression-Kriging procedure was applied to spacialize the grain yield using environmental covariables as predictors. The covariables explained 32.54% of the GxE interaction, being the soil water avaibility the most important to the adaptation of soybean cultivars, contributing with 7.80%. Yield maps of each cultivar were obtained and, hence, the yield maximization map based on cultivar recommendation was elaborated.

Baking Process Effects and Combined Cowpea Flour and Sorghum Bran on Functional Properties of Gluten-Free Cookies.

Gluten-related disorders, including celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, are growing worldwide. The only treatment for both disorders is a lifelong gluten-free diet. However, gluten-free foods are generally poorer in nutrients, less healthy, and have a high cost. Sorghum and cowpea are gluten-free grains with high levels of phenolic compounds (PC) and a low cost. Their phenolic profile is structurally different; thus, the blend of both can provide synergistic/complementary health benefits to the final product. This study analyzed the effect of baking process and the blend of cowpea flour (CP) and sorghum bran (SB) on the levels of PC, resistant starch (RS), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and antioxidant capacity (AC) of gluten-free cookies. Eleven rice or cowpea cookie formulations were made with or without white sorghum bran (WSB) or black sorghum bran (BSB). Baking increased the extractability of PC, AC, and the NDF of almost all formulations. The PC and AC were, respectively, about twice and 3-5 times higher in cookies containing BSB compared to the others. There was a minor effect of WSB on the PC and AC. Although there were losses, the retention of RS of cookies after the baking process was between 49.8 and 92.7%. Sorghum bran has excellent potential for use as a functional ingredient in healthy food production. The combined CP and SB have great potential to improve the nutritional and functional properties of gluten-free products, especially the PC, RS, and NDF contents.

Genetic divergence of strawberry cultivars under different managements / Divergência genética de cultivares de morango em diferentes manejos

Developing strawberry cultivars that can be grown on a large scale, it is necessary to gather desirable characteristics such as: tolerance to Tetranychus urticae, high fruit yield and wide adaptability to several cropping managements. Therefore, our objective was to study the genetic diversity among 13 strawberry cultivars under different managements and to recommend promising crosses to obtain segreganting populations with high fruit yield and T. urticae tolerance. Trial was performed under field conditions at the Centro Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural Centro Serrano of the Instituto Capixaba for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Incaper), Domingos Martins-ES. We evaluated strawberry cultivars Albion, Aleluia, Aromas, Camarosa, Camino Real, Campinas, Diamante, Dover, Festival, Seascape, Toyonoka, Tudla, and Ventana, cultivated in three cropping managements: open field, low tunnel and high tunnel. Experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications. Variables evaluated were: number of two-spotted spider mite/cm2 on the leaf (NTSSM), total number of fruits (TNF), number of commercial fruits (NCF) and fruit yield (YIE, t/ha). We applied the generalized Mahalanobis distance and Tocher's optimization method to study the genetic diversity among cultivars in each management, and the relative contribution of traits to genetic diversity was evaluated according to the criterion described by Singh (1981). For the low tunnel and high tunnel environments, the crosses Aleluia x Camarosa, Aleluia x Aromas and Aleluia x Festival are the most promising to generate segregating populations with a higher possibility to appearance transgressive individuals, while for the open field cultivation system, we recommend the cross among Aleluia x Toynoka. The variables that most contributed for genetic dissimilarity were total number of fruits, fruit yield and number of commercial fruits for the environments open field, low tunnel and high tunnel, respectively.

´Para desenvolver cultivares de morango que podem ser cultivados em larga escala é necessário reunir características desejáveis como: tolerância ao Tetranychus urticae, alta produtividade de frutos e ampla adaptabilidade a diversos sistemas de cultivo. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi estuda a diversidade genética entre 13 cultivares de morango sob diferentes manejos e recomendar cruzamentos promissores para obtenção de populações segregantes com alta produtividade de frutos e tolerantes ao T. urticae. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de campo no Centro Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural Centro Serrano do Instituto Capixaba de Assistência Técnica e Extenção Rural (Incaper), Domingos Martins-ES, no mês de outubro (primavera). Foram avaliadas as cultivares Albion, Aleluia, Aromas, Camarosa, Camino Real, Campinas, Diamante, Dover, Festival, Seascape, Toyonoka, Tudla e Ventana, cultivadas em três sistemas de cultivo: campo aberto, túnel baixo e túnel alto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número de ácaro/cm² na folha (NTSSM), número total de frutos (TNF), número de frutos comerciais (NCF) e produtividade de frutos (YIE, t/ha). Foram empregadas a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e o método de otimização de Tocher para o estudo da diversidade genética entre os cultivares em cada manejo, e a contribuição relativa dos caracteres para a diversidade genética foi avaliada segundo o critério de Singh (1981). Para os manejos túnel baixo e túnel alto, os cruzamentos entre os cultivares Aleluia x Camarosa, Aleluia x Aromas e Aleluia x Festival são os mais promissores para gerar populações segregantes com alta possibilidade de aparecimento de indivíduos transgressivos, enquanto que para o campo aberto recomenda-se o cruzamento entre os cultivares Aleluia x Toynoka. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade genética foram o número total de frutos, produtividade e número de frutos comerciais para os ambientes campo aberto, túnel baixo e túnel alto, respectivamente.

Tocochromanols and carotenoids in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.): diversity and stability to the heat treatment.

The content and stability (retention) to dry heat in a conventional oven (DHCO) and extrusion of tocochromanols and carotenoids in sorghum genotypes were evaluated. One hundred sorghum genotypes showed high variability in tocochromanol content (280.7-2962.4 µg/100g in wet basis) and 23% of the genotypes were classified as source of vitamin E. The total carotenoid varied from 2.12 to 85.46 µg/100g in one hundred sorghum genotypes. According to the genetic variability for carotenoids and tocochromanols, the 100 genotypes were grouped into 7 groups. The retention of the total tocochromanols and α-tocopherol equivalent decreased after extrusion (69.1-84.8% and 52.4-85.0%, respectively) but increased after DHCO (106.8-114.7% and 109.9-115.8%, respectively). Sorghum carotenoids were sensitive to extrusion (30.7-37.1%) and DHCO (58.6-79.2%). In conclusion, the tocochromanols profile in sorghum varied widely and the genotypes presented high genetic variability for carotenoids and tocochromanols. Sorghum was a source of tocochromanols, which increased after DHCO and decreased after extrusion. The carotenoid content in sorghum decreased after DHCO and extrusion.

Análise de trilha de caracteres forrageiros do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. ) / Path coefficient analysis of forage characteristics of elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum schum. )

Os objetivos deste trabalho consistiram em obter estimativas de coeficientes de correlação fenotípicos, genotípicos e residuais, e avaliar os desdobramentos das correlações genotípicas em efeitos diretos e indiretos (análise de trilha) das variáveis altura média das plantas, diâmetro médio do colmo e número de perfilhos por metro linear (variáveis independentes explicativas) na produção de matéria seca (variável dependente principal) de clones de capim-elefante em dois cortes realizados nas condições edafoclimáticas do norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Houve grande diferença nas estimativas obtidas nos dois cortes, entretanto o estudo permitiu concluir que a altura das plantas no corte exerce influência na produção de matéria seca principalmente nas situações de clones de alta capacidade de perfilhamento. As características número de perfilhos por metro linear e diâmetro de perfilhos foram capazes de explicar melhor o potencial de produção de matéria seca, atuando, respectivamente, de forma direta e inversamente proporcionais sobre a variável básica, alternando-se em função das condições ambientais ocorridas durante o crescimento.