Structural Challenges in Native Atrioventricular Valves Replacement.

Atrioventricular (AV) valve disease is a major burden in our Indian subcontinent, where rheumatic heart disease is still prevalent, when compared to the Western world, where degenerative heart disease is more prevalent. Worldwide, nearly 300,000 valve replacements are done every year but not without complications. These challenges can be multidimensional and multiscalar with the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the native patient tissue interacting with the mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves and rings. Understanding the complex and variable anatomy of the AV valves is essential to know the exact pathophysiology of the disease and to decide the treatment of choice.