Genetic Architecture of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Individuals of African and European Ancestry.

Importance: Black patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) have increased familial risk and worse outcomes than White patients, but most DCM genetic data are from White patients. Objective: To compare the rare variant genetic architecture of DCM by genomic ancestry within a diverse population of patients with DCM. Design: Cross-sectional study enrolling patients with DCM who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic White from June 7, 2016, to March 15, 2020, at 25 US advanced heart failure programs. Variants in 36 DCM genes were adjudicated as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, or of uncertain significance. Exposure: Presence of DCM. Main Outcomes and Measures: Variants in DCM genes classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic/uncertain significance and clinically actionable (pathogenic/likely pathogenic). Results: A total of 505, 667, and 26 patients with DCM of predominantly African, European, or Native American genomic ancestry, respectively, were included. Compared with patients of European ancestry, a lower percentage of patients of African ancestry had clinically actionable variants (8.2% [95% CI, 5.2%-11.1%] vs 25.5% [95% CI, 21.3%-29.6%]), reflecting the lower odds of a clinically actionable variant for those with any pathogenic variant/likely pathogenic variant/variant of uncertain significance (odds ratio, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.17-0.37]). On average, patients of African ancestry had fewer clinically actionable variants in TTN (difference, -0.09 [95% CI, -0.14 to -0.05]) and other genes with predicted loss of function as a disease-causing mechanism (difference, -0.06 [95% CI, -0.11 to -0.02]). However, the number of pathogenic variants/likely pathogenic variants/variants of uncertain significance was more comparable between ancestry groups (difference, -0.07 [95% CI, -0.22 to 0.09]) due to a larger number of non-TTN non-predicted loss of function variants of uncertain significance, mostly missense, in patients of African ancestry (difference, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.00-0.30]). Published clinical case-based evidence supporting pathogenicity was less available for variants found only in patients of African ancestry (P < .001). Conclusion and Relevance: Patients of African ancestry with DCM were less likely to have clinically actionable variants in DCM genes than those of European ancestry due to differences in genetic architecture and a lack of representation of African ancestry in clinical data sets.

Rare Variant Genetics and Dilated Cardiomyopathy Severity: The DCM Precision Medicine Study.

BACKGROUND: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) can lead to advanced disease, defined herein as necessitating a durable left ventricular assist device or a heart transplant (LVAD/HT). DCM is known to have a genetic basis, but the association of rare variant genetics with advanced DCM has not been studied. METHODS: We analyzed clinical and genetic sequence data from patients enrolled between 2016 and 2021 in the US multisite DCM Precision Medicine Study, which was a geographically diverse, multiracial, multiethnic cohort. Clinical evaluation included standardized patient interview and medical record query forms. DCM severity was classified into 3 groups: patients with advanced disease with LVAD/HT; patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) only; or patients with no ICD or LVAD/HT. Rare variants in 36 DCM genes were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic or variants of uncertain significance. Confounding factors we considered included demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, access to care, DCM duration, and comorbidities. Crude and adjusted associations between DCM severity and rare variant genetic findings were assessed using multinomial models with generalized logit link. RESULTS: Patients' mean (SD) age was 51.9 (13.6) years; 42% were of African ancestry, 56% were of European ancestry, and 44% were female. Of 1198 patients, 347 had LVAD/HT, 511 had an ICD, and 340 had no LVAD/HT or ICD. The percentage of patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants was 26.2%, 15.9%, and 15.0% for those with LVAD/HT, ICD only, or neither, respectively. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities, patients with DCM with LVAD/HT were more likely than those without LVAD/HT or ICD to have DCM-related pathogenic or likely pathogenic rare variants (odds ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.5-3.6]). The association did not differ by ancestry. Rare variant genetic findings were similar between patients with DCM with an ICD and those without LVAD/HT or ICD. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced DCM was associated with higher odds of rare variants in DCM genes adjudicated as pathogenic or likely pathogenic, compared with individuals with less severe DCM. This finding may help assess the risk of outcomes in management of patients with DCM and their at-risk family members. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03037632.

Screening for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in At-Risk First-Degree Relatives.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular screening is recommended for first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the yield of FDR screening is uncertain for DCM patients without known familial DCM, for non-White FDRs, or for DCM partial phenotypes of left ventricular enlargement (LVE) or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). OBJECTIVES: This study examined the yield of clinical screening among reportedly unaffected FDRs of DCM patients. METHODS: Adult FDRs of DCM patients at 25 sites completed screening echocardiograms and ECGs. Mixed models accounting for site heterogeneity and intrafamilial correlation were used to compare screen-based percentages of DCM, LVSD, or LVE by FDR demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and proband genetics results. RESULTS: A total of 1,365 FDRs were included, with a mean age of 44.8 ± 16.9 years, 27.5% non-Hispanic Black, 9.8% Hispanic, and 61.7% women. Among screened FDRs, 14.1% had new diagnoses of DCM (2.1%), LVSD (3.6%), or LVE (8.4%). The percentage of FDRs with new diagnoses was higher for those aged 45 to 64 years than 18 to 44 years. The age-adjusted percentage of any finding was higher among FDRs with hypertension and obesity but did not differ statistically by race and ethnicity (16.2% for Hispanic, 15.2% for non-Hispanic Black, and 13.1% for non-Hispanic White) or sex (14.6% for women and 12.8% for men). FDRs whose probands carried clinically reportable variants were more likely to be identified with DCM. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular screening identified new DCM-related findings among 1 in 7 reportedly unaffected FDRs regardless of race and ethnicity, underscoring the value of clinical screening in all FDRs.

Effectiveness of the Family Heart Talk Communication Tool in Improving Family Member Screening for Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Results of a Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Managing disease risk among first-degree relatives of probands diagnosed with a heritable disease is central to precision medicine. A critical component is often clinical screening, which is particularly important for conditions like dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that remain asymptomatic until severe disease develops. Nonetheless, probands are frequently ill-equipped to disseminate genetic risk information that motivates at-risk relatives to complete recommended clinical screening. An easily implemented remedy for this key issue has been elusive. METHODS: The DCM Precision Medicine Study developed Family Heart Talk, a booklet designed to help probands with DCM communicate genetic risk and the need for cardiovascular screening to their relatives. The effectiveness of the Family Heart Talk booklet in increasing cardiovascular clinical screening uptake among first-degree relatives was assessed in a multicenter, open-label, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. The primary outcome measured in eligible first-degree relatives was completion of screening initiated within 12 months after proband enrollment. Because probands randomized to the intervention received the booklet at the enrollment visit, eligible first-degree relatives were limited to those who were alive the day after proband enrollment and not enrolled on the same day as the proband. RESULTS: Between June 2016 and March 2020, 1241 probands were randomized (1:1) to receive Family Heart Talk (n=621) or not (n=620) within strata defined by site and self-identified race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, or Hispanic). Final analyses included 550 families (n=2230 eligible first-degree relatives) in the Family Heart Talk arm and 561 (n=2416) in the control arm. A higher percentage of eligible first-degree relatives completed screening in the Family Heart Talk arm (19.5% versus 16.0%), and the odds of screening completion among these first-degree relatives were higher in the Family Heart Talk arm after adjustment for proband randomization stratum, sex, and age quartile (odds ratio, 1.30 [1-sided 95% CI, 1.08-∞]). A prespecified subgroup analysis did not find evidence of heterogeneity in the adjusted intervention odds ratio across race/ethnicity strata (P=0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Family Heart Talk, a booklet that can be provided to patients with DCM by clinicians with minimal additional time investment, was effective in increasing cardiovascular clinical screening among first-degree relatives of these patients. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03037632.

Circulating hemopexin modulates anthracycline cardiac toxicity in patients and in mice.

Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (Dox) are effective chemotherapies, but their use is limited by cardiac toxicity. We hypothesized that plasma proteomics in women with breast cancer could identify new mechanisms of anthracycline cardiac toxicity. We measured changes in 1317 proteins in anthracycline-treated patients (n = 30) and replicated key findings in a second cohort (n = 31). An increase in the heme-binding protein hemopexin (Hpx) 3 months after anthracycline initiation was associated with cardiac toxicity by echocardiography. To assess the functional role of Hpx, we administered Hpx to wild-type (WT) mice treated with Dox and observed improved cardiac function. Conversely, Hpx-/- mice demonstrated increased Dox cardiac toxicity compared to WT mice. Initial mechanistic studies indicate that Hpx is likely transported to the heart by circulating monocytes/macrophages and that Hpx may mitigate Dox-induced ferroptosis to confer cardioprotection. Together, these observations suggest that Hpx induction represents a compensatory response during Dox treatment.

Tissue plasminogen activator in left ventricular assist device-related intravascular hemolysis after failed augmented anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to examine the efficacy and safety of adding fibrinogen-guided low-dose multi-day Alteplase™ tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the management of intravascular hemolysis (IVH) in patients with the HeartMate II (HM-II) continuous flow (CF) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) who failed to achieve IVH resolution with conventional augmented anticoagulation (AAC). BACKGROUND: IVH in patients with LVAD is often treated with AAC, failing which pump exchange is considered. We hypothesized that a trial of low-dose tPA after failed AAC therapy could resolve IVH and prevent pump exchange in some patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 31 HM-II CF LVAD patients admitted to our center from January 2015 to January 2020 for IVH management who received tPA following failed AAC. Primary 6-month outcomes included successful IVH resolution, unsuccessful IVH resolution requiring pump exchange, gastrointestinal bleeding, ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and death. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients with IVH were treated with tPA following failed AAC. Successful resolution of IVH occurred in 22/31 (71%) patients. Pump exchange occurred in 9/31 (29%) patients. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 7/31 (22.6%) patients. Ischemic CVA occurred in 6/31 (19.4%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Management of IVH with administration of low-dose tPA after failed AAC is feasible and may prevent pump exchange in some patients.

TTR variants in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: An investigation of the DCM Precision Medicine Study.

PURPOSE: The cardiac phenotype of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hTTR) usually presents as a restrictive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and, although rarely observed as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), TTR is routinely included in DCM genetic testing panels. However, the prevalence and phenotypes of TTR variants in patients with DCM have not been reported. METHODS: Exome sequences of 729 probands with idiopathic DCM were analyzed for TTR and 35 DCM genes. RESULTS: Rare TTR variants were identified in 2 (0.5%; 95% CI = 0.1%-1.8%) of 404 non-Hispanic White DCM probands; neither of them had features of hTTR. In 1 proband, a TTR His110Asn variant and a variant of uncertain significance in DSP were identified, and in the other proband, a TTR Val50Met variant known to cause hTTR and a likely pathogenic variant in FLNC were identified. The TTR Val142Ile variant was identified in 8 (3.0%) non-Hispanic Black probands, comparable with African/African American Genome Aggregation Database controls (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.46-1.99). CONCLUSION: Among the 729 DCM probands, 2 had rare TTR variants identified without the features of hTTR, and both had other plausible genetic causes of DCM. Moreover, the frequency of TTR Val142Ile was comparable to a control sample. These findings suggest that hTTR variants may have a limited role in patients with DCM without TTR-specific findings.

Prevalence and Cumulative Risk of Familial Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Importance: Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) aggregates in families, and early detection in at-risk family members can provide opportunity to initiate treatment prior to late-phase disease. Most studies have included only White patients, yet Black patients with DCM have higher risk of heart failure-related hospitalization and death. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of familial DCM among DCM probands and the age-specific cumulative risk of DCM in first-degree relatives across race and ethnicity groups. Design, Setting, and Participants: A family-based, cross-sectional study conducted by a multisite consortium of 25 US heart failure programs. Participants included patients with DCM (probands), defined as left ventricular systolic dysfunction and left ventricular enlargement after excluding usual clinical causes, and their first-degree relatives. Enrollment commenced June 7, 2016; proband and family member enrollment concluded March 15, 2020, and April 1, 2021, respectively. Exposures: The presence of DCM in a proband. Main Outcomes and Measures: Familial DCM defined by DCM in at least 1 first-degree relative; expanded familial DCM defined by the presence of DCM or either left ventricular enlargement or left ventricular systolic dysfunction without known cause in at least 1 first-degree relative. Results: The study enrolled 1220 probands (median age, 52.8 years [IQR, 42.4-61.8]; 43.8% female; 43.1% Black and 8.3% Hispanic) and screened 1693 first-degree relatives for DCM. A median of 28% (IQR, 0%-60%) of living first-degree relatives were screened per family. The crude prevalence of familial DCM among probands was 11.6% overall. The model-based estimate of the prevalence of familial DCM among probands at a typical US advanced heart failure program if all living first-degree relatives were screened was 29.7% (95% CI, 23.5% to 36.0%) overall. The estimated prevalence of familial DCM was higher in Black probands than in White probands (difference, 11.3% [95% CI, 1.9% to 20.8%]) but did not differ significantly between Hispanic probands and non-Hispanic probands (difference, -1.4% [95% CI, -15.9% to 13.1%]). The estimated prevalence of expanded familial DCM was 56.9% (95% CI, 50.8% to 63.0%) overall. Based on age-specific disease status at enrollment, estimated cumulative risks in first-degree relatives at a typical US advanced heart failure program reached 19% (95% CI, 13% to 24%) by age 80 years for DCM and 33% (95% CI, 27% to 40%) for expanded DCM inclusive of partial phenotypes. The DCM hazard was higher in first-degree relatives of non-Hispanic Black probands than non-Hispanic White probands (hazard ratio, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.26 to 2.83]). Conclusions and Relevance: In a US cross-sectional study, there was substantial estimated prevalence of familial DCM among probands and modeled cumulative risk of DCM among their first-degree relatives. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03037632.

Cardiovascular Risks with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Monoclonal Antibody Therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have changed the therapeutic landscape across a range of solid malignancies. However, there is little data regarding the cardiovascular (CV) impact of these agents. The purpose of this review is to discuss reported CV effects, pathophysiology, pre-treatment screening, diagnostic workup, and treatment recommendations in this patient population. RECENT FINDINGS: It is apparent that CV events are not class dependent, and while infrequently reported in clinical trials, unique CV toxicity may occur with EGFR inhibitors, including structural, electrical, and vascular events. There remains an unmet need to fully elucidate the spectrum of CV events associated with EGFR inhibitors. Early CV screening, close clinical monitoring, coupled with a multidisciplinary approach between medical and cardio-oncology is needed to minimize the potentially detrimental impact of cardiotoxicity in this patient population.

Targeted treatments of AL and ATTR amyloidosis.

The therapeutic landscape for cardiac amyloidosis is rapidly evolving. In the last decade, our focus has shifted from dealing with the inevitable complications of continued extracellular infiltration of amyloid fibrils to earlier identification of these patients with prompt initiation of targeted therapy to prevent further deposition. Although much of the focus on novel targeted therapies is within the realm of transthyretin amyloidosis, light chain amyloidosis has benefited due to an overlap particularly in the final common pathway of fibrillogenesis and extraction of amyloid fibrils from the heart. Here, we review the targeted therapeutics for transthyretin and light chain amyloidosis. For transthyretin amyloidosis, the list of current and future therapeutics continues to evolve; and therefore, it is crucial to become familiar with the underlying mechanistic pathways of the disease. Although targeted therapeutic choices in AL amyloidosis are largely driven by the hematology team, the cardiac adverse effect profiles of these therapies, particularly in those with advanced amyloidosis, provide an opportunity for early recognition to prevent decompensation and can help inform recommendations regarding therapy changes when required.

Defining Vasoplegia Following Durable, Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.

This study aimed to develop a definition of vasoplegia that reliably predicts clinical outcomes. Vasoplegia was evaluated using data from the electronic health record for each 15-minute interval for 72 hours following cardiopulmonary bypass. Standardized definitions considered clinical features (systemic vascular resistance [SVR], mean arterial pressure [MAP], cardiac index [CI], norepinephrine equivalents [NEE]), threshold strategy (criteria occurring in any versus all measurements in an interval), and duration (criteria occurring over multiple consecutive versus separated intervals). Minor vasoplegia was MAP < 60 mm Hg or SVR < 800 dynes⋅sec⋅cm-5 with CI > 2.2 L/min/m2 and NEE ≥ 0.1 µg/kg/min. Major vasoplegia was MAP < 60 mm Hg or SVR < 700 dynes⋅sec⋅cm-5 with CI > 2.5 L/min/m2 and NEE ≥ 0.2 µg/kg/min. The primary outcome was incidence of vasoplegia for eight definitions developed utilizing combinations of these criteria. Secondary outcomes were associations between vasoplegia definitions and three clinical outcomes: time to extubation, time to intensive care unit discharge, and nonfavorable discharge. Minor vasoplegia detected anytime within a 15-minute period (MINOR_ANY_15) predicted the highest incidence of vasoplegia (61%) and was associated with two of three clinical outcomes: 1 day delay to first extubation (95% CI: 0.2 to 2) and 7 day delay to first intensive care unit discharge (95% CI: 1 to 13). The MINOR_ANY_15 definition should be externally validated as an optimal definition of vasoplegia.

Association between digoxin use and gastrointestinal bleeding in contemporary continuous flow left ventricular assist device support.

BACKGROUND: Assess the association between digoxin use and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in a multicenter continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) cohort. METHODS: Patients implanted with continuous flow LVADs with data on GIB and digoxin use from two centers were included in the analysis (n = 649). GIB events were captured up to 2 years of follow-up. Digoxin use was defined as digoxin prescribed at discharge or within the first 3 months after LVAD implantation. A negative binomial regression model was performed to determine the association between digoxin use and number of GIB events over the follow-up period. RESULTS: Mean age of the cohort was 57 years (±14) and 45% (293/649) were bridge to transplant (BTT). Digoxin was prescribed in 33% of patients. Digoxin use was associated with an unadjusted 32% reduction in the incidence of rate of all cause GIB (IRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-0.99, p = 0.049). After adjusting for age, sex, Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profile, renal function, and implanting center there was still a 34% reduction in the incidence rate (IRR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45-0.99, p = 0.048). When limiting the analysis to those with likely arteriovenous malformation associated GIB, the association strengthened (unadjusted: IRR 0.48, 95 % CI 0.26-0.89, p = 0.02, adjusted: IRR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.25-0.9, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter study, inclusive of contemporary devices, digoxin use was associated with reduced GIB events. Prospective data will be required to confirm this association.

A principal components analysis of factors associated with successful implementation of an LVAD decision support tool.

BACKGROUND: A central goal among researchers and policy makers seeking to implement clinical interventions is to identify key facilitators and barriers that contribute to implementation success. Despite calls from a number of scholars, empirical insights into the complex structural and cultural predictors of why decision aids (DAs) become routinely embedded in health care settings remains limited and highly variable across implementation contexts. METHODS: We examined associations between "reach", a widely used indicator (from the RE-AIM model) of implementation success, and multi-level site characteristics of nine LVAD clinics engaged over 18 months in implementation and dissemination of a decision aid for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) treatment. Based on data collected from nurse coordinators, we explored factors at the level of the organization (e.g. patient volume), patient population (e.g. health literacy; average sickness level), clinician characteristics (e.g. attitudes towards decision aid; readiness for change) and process (how the aid was administered). We generated descriptive statistics for each site and calculated zero-order correlations (Pearson's r) between all multi-level site variables including cumulative reach at 12 months and 18 months for all sites. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to examine any latent factors governing relationships between and among all site characteristics, including reach. RESULTS: We observed strongest inclines in reach of our decision aid across the first year, with uptake fluctuating over the second year. Average reach across sites was 63% (s.d. = 19.56) at 12 months and 66% (s.d. = 19.39) at 18 months. Our PCA revealed that site characteristics positively associated with reach on two distinct dimensions, including a first dimension reflecting greater organizational infrastructure and standardization (characteristic of larger, more established clinics) and a second dimension reflecting positive attitudinal orientations, specifically, openness and capacity to give and receive decision support among coordinators and patients. CONCLUSIONS: Successful implementation plans should incorporate specific efforts to promote supportive and mutually informative interactions between clinical staff members and to institute systematic and standardized protocols to enhance the availability, convenience and salience of intervention tool in routine practice. Further research is needed to understand whether "core predictors" of success vary across different intervention types.

Baseline global longitudinal strain predictive of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in long-term cancer survivors. Decreased GLS predicts decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients receiving anthracyclines, but knowledge regarding the clinical utility of baseline GLS in patients at low-risk of (CTRD) is limited. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseline echocardiographic assessment of global longitudinal strain (GLS) before treatment with anthracyclines is predictive of (CTRD) in a broad cohort of patients with normal baseline LVEF. METHODS: Study participants comprised 188 patients at a single institution who underwent baseline 2-dimensional (2D) speckle-tracking echocardiography before treatment with anthracyclines and at least one follow-up echocardiogram 3 months after chemotherapy initiation. Patients with a baseline LVEF <55% were excluded from the analysis. The primary endpoint, (CTRD), was defined as an absolute decline in LVEF > 10% from baseline and an overall reduced LVEF <50%. Potential and known risk factors were evaluated using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (12.23%) developed (CTRD). Among patients with (CTRD), the mean GLS was -17.51% ± 2.77%. The optimal cutoff point for (CTRD) was -18.05%. The sensitivity was 0.70 and specificity was 0.70. The area under ROC curve was 0.70. After adjustment for cardiovascular and cancer therapy related risk factors, GLS or decreased baseline GLS ≥-18% was predictive of (CTRD) (adjusted hazards ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.00, 1.36; p = 0.044 for GLS, or hazards ratio 3.54; 95% confidence interval 1.34, 9.35; p = 0.011 for decreased GLS), along with history of tobacco use, pre-chemotherapy systolic blood pressure, and cumulative anthracycline dose. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline GLS or decreased baseline GLS was predictive of (CTRD) before anthracycline treatment in a cohort of cancer patients with a normal baseline LVEF. This data supports the implementation of strain-protocol echocardiography in cardio-oncology practice for identifying and monitoring patients who are at elevated risk of (CTRD).

Musculoskeletal pathology as an early warning sign of systemic amyloidosis: a systematic review of amyloid deposition and orthopedic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Transthyretin and immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidoses cause amyloid deposition throughout various organ systems. Recent evidence suggests that soft tissue amyloid deposits may lead to orthopedic conditions before cardiac manifestations occur. Pharmacologic treatments reduce further amyloid deposits in these patients. Thus, early diagnosis improves long term survival. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The primary purpose of this systematic review was to characterize the association between amyloid deposition and musculoskeletal pathology in patients with common orthopedic conditions. A secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between amyloid positive biopsy in musculoskeletal tissue and the eventual diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. METHODS: We performed a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were level I-IV evidence articles that analyzed light-chain or transthyretin amyloid deposits in common orthopedic surgeries. Study methodological quality, risk of bias, and recommendation strength were assessed using MINORS, ROBINS-I, and SORT. RESULTS: This systematic review included 24 studies for final analysis (3606 subjects). Amyloid deposition was reported in five musculoskeletal pathologies, including carpal tunnel syndrome (transverse carpal ligament and flexor tenosynovium), hip and knee osteoarthritis (synovium and articular cartilage), lumbar spinal stenosis (ligamentum flavum), and rotator cuff tears (tendon). A majority of studies reported a mean age greater than 70 for patients with TTR or AL positive amyloid. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review has shown the presence of amyloid deposition detected at the time of common orthopedic surgeries, especially in patients ≥70 years old. Subtyping of the amyloid has been shown to enable diagnosis of systemic light-chain or transthyretin amyloidosis prior to cardiac manifestations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Delayed autologous stem cell transplantation following cardiac transplantation experience in patients with cardiac amyloidosis.

This study sought to retrospectively investigate the outcomes of patients with light-chain amyloidosis (AL) with advanced cardiac involvement who were treated with a strategy of heart transplantation (HT) followed by delayed autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at 1-year posttransplant. Patients with AL amyloidosis with substantial cardiac involvement have traditionally had very poor survival (eg, several months). A few select centers have reported their outcomes for HT followed by a strategy of early ASCT (ie, 6 months) for CA. The outcomes of patients undergoing a delayed strategy have not been reported. All patients with AL amyloidosis at a single institution undergoing evaluation for HT from 2004-2018 were included. Retrospective analyses were performed. Sixteen patients underwent HT (including two combined heart-kidney transplant) for AL amyloidosis. ASCT was performed in a total of nine patients to date at a median 13.5 months (12.8-32.9 months) post-HT. Survival was 87.5% at 1 year and 76.6% at 5 years, comparable to institutional outcomes for nonamyloid HT recipients. In addition to these 16 patients, two patients underwent combined heart-lung transplantation. A strategy of delayed ASCT 1-year post-HT for patients with AL amyloidosis is feasible, safe, and associated with comparable outcomes to those undergoing an earlier ASCT strategy.